Transvaluation of values

The revaluation of all values or transvaluation of all values (German: ''Umwertung aller Werte'') is a concept from the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche.

Exposition

Elaborating the concept in '' The Antichrist'', Nietzsche asserts that Christianity, not merely as a religion but also as the predominant moral system of the Western world, inverts nature, and is "hostile to life". As "the religion of pity", it elevates the weak over the strong, exalting that which is "ill-constituted and weak" at the expense of that which is full of life and vitality.

Nietzsche contrasts Christianity with Buddhism. He posits that Christianity is "the struggle against sin", whereas Buddhism is "the struggle against suffering"; to Nietzsche, Christianity limits and lowers humankind by assailing its natural and inevitable instincts as depraved (" sin"), whereas Buddhism advises one merely to eschew suffering. While Christianity is full of " revengefulness" and "antipathy" (e.g., the Last Judgment), Buddhism promotes "benevolence, being kind, as health-promoting." Buddhism is also suggested to be the more "honest" of the two religions, for its being strictly " phenomenalistic", and because "Christianity makes a thousand promises but ''keeps none''." Martyrdom, rather than being a moral high ground or position of strength, is indicative of an "''obtuseness'' to the question of truth."

Similarly, Nietzsche contrasts 19th-century European morality to that of pre-Christian Greek civilization. Because sex is, in Nietzsche's thought, a fundamental affirmation of life, for its being the very process by which human life is created, Christianity's elevation of chastity (including, for example, the story of Mary's virginal pregnancy) is counter to the natural instincts of humanity, and therefore a contradiction of "natural values".

Nietzsche's enthusiasm for what he called "transvaluation" stemmed from his contempt for Christianity and the entirety of the moral system that flowed from it: indeed, "contempt of man", as Nietzsche states near the end of ''The Antichrist''. Nietzsche perceived the moral framework of Christian civilization to be oppressive:
*Reproduction derided as sinful
* Life as an "investment" for the promise of an illustrious afterlife
* Breaking the will to live in the real world ''The Antichrist''
§ 50
/ref> The Christian "proof by power" is that " ith makes blessed: ''therefore'' it is true." However, blessedness is something that the priest merely ''promises'', not demonstrated; "it hangs upon "faith" as a condition—one ''shall'' be blessed ''because'' one believes." in this (the one real) world.

Transvaluation would mean the exaltation of life rather than the exaltation of suffering, and an acceptance of every instinct or lust as organic and therefore valid, and so beyond the scope of moral condemnation. What one desires would be merely what one desires, rather than either sinful or pious. What one desires would be the product of stimuli rather than the product of "will".

''The Revaluation of All Values'' was also the working title of a series of four books Nietzsche was planning to write, only the first of which—''The Antichrist''—he ever completed. However, one of his schemas for '' The Will to Power'' used "The Revaluation of All Values" as a subtitle, and it was this scheme that his sister Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche used to assemble his notes into the final book with that title.

See also

* Master–slave morality

References

Further reading

*
{{Nietzsche

Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche
Value (ethics)
Criticism of Christianity