*
acpi
Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) is an open standard that operating systems can use to discover and configure computer hardware components, to perform power management (e.g. putting unused hardware components to sleep), auto con ...
— Show status of power sources and thermal devices.
*
adduser,
addgroup — Add a user or group to the system.
*
ar — Create, modify, and extract from archives.
*
arch
An arch is a vertical curved structure that spans an elevated space and may or may not support the weight above it, or in case of a horizontal arch like an arch dam, the hydrostatic pressure against it.
Arches may be synonymous with vau ...
— Print machine (hardware) name, same as uname -m.
*
arp — The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
*
arping
arping is a computer software tool for discovering and probing hosts on a computer network. Arping probes hosts on the examined network link by sending link layer frames using the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) request method addressed to a h ...
— Send ARP REQUEST to a neighbour host
*
ascii
ASCII ( ), abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character encoding standard for electronic communication. ASCII codes represent text in computers, telecommunications equipment, and other devices. Because ...
— Display ascii character set.
*
at — Execute commands at a later time.
*
awk — pattern scanning and processing language.
*
base32 — Encode or decode in base32.
*
base64 — Encode or decode in base64.
*
basename — Return non-directory portion of a pathname removing suffix.
*
bc — Arbitrary-precision arithmetic language.
*
blkdiscard — Discard device sectors.
*
blkid — Print type, label and UUID of filesystem on a block device or image.
* — Call ioctls on each listed block device.
*
bunzip2 — Decompress bzip2 files.
* — Decompress bzip2 files to stdout.
*
cal Cal or CAL may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
* ''Cal'' (novel), a 1983 novel by Bernard MacLaverty
* "Cal" (short story), a science fiction short story by Isaac Asimov
* ''Cal'' (1984 film), an Irish drama starring John Lynch and Helen Mir ...
— Print a calendar.
*
cat — Copy (concatenate) files to stdout.
*
catv — Display nonprinting characters as escape sequences.
*
cd — Change the working directory.
*
chattr
is the command in Linux that allows a user to set certain attributes of a file. is the command that displays the attributes of a file.
Most BSD-like systems, including macOS, have always had an analogous command to set the attributes, but no ...
— Change file attributes on a Linux file system.
*
chgrp — Change group of one or more files.
*
chmod — Change mode of listed files.
*
chown — Change owner of one or more files.
*
chroot
A chroot on Unix and Unix-like operating systems is an operation that changes the apparent root directory for the current running process and its children. A program that is run in such a modified environment cannot name (and therefore normal ...
— Run command within a new root directory.
*
chrt — Get/set a process' real-time scheduling policy and priority.
*
chsh — Change your login shell.
* — Change to virtual terminal number N.
*
cksum — For each file, output crc32 checksum value, length and name of file.
*
clear — Clear the screen.
*
cmp — Compare the contents of two files.
*
comm
The command in the Unix family of computer operating systems is a utility that is used to compare two files for common and distinct lines. is specified in the POSIX standard. It has been widely available on Unix-like operating systems s ...
— Select or reject lines common to two files.
*
count
Count (feminine: countess) is a historical title of nobility in certain European countries, varying in relative status, generally of middling rank in the hierarchy of nobility. Pine, L. G. ''Titles: How the King Became His Majesty''. New York ...
— Copy stdin to stdout, displaying simple progress indicator to stderr.
*
cp — Copy files.
*
cpio
cpio is a general file archiver utility and its associated file format. It is primarily installed on Unix-like computer operating systems. The software utility was originally intended as a tape archiving program as part of the Programmer's Work ...
— Copy files into and out of a "newc" format cpio archive.
*
crc32 — Output crc32 checksum for each file.
*
cut — Print selected parts of lines from each FILE to standard output.
*
dd — Convert and copy a file.
*
date — Set/get the current date/time.
*
devmem — Read/write physical address via /dev/mem.
*
df — Shows total/used/available disk space for each filesystem listed on the command line, or all currently mounted filesystems.
*
diff - Compare two files.
*
dirname
dirname is a standard computer program on Unix and Unix-like operating systems. When dirname is given a pathname, it will delete any suffix beginning with the last slash ('/') character and return the result. dirname is described in the Sing ...
— Show directory portion of path.
*
dmesg
dmesg (''diagnostic messages'') is a command on most Unix-like operating systems that prints the message buffer of the kernel. The output includes messages produced by the device drivers.
Command
On many Unix-like systems, the boot process g ...
— Print or control the kernel ring buffer.
*
dnsdomainname — Show domain this system belongs to (same as hostname -d).
*
dos2unix — Convert newline format from dos "\r\n" to unix "\n".
*
du — Show disk usage, space consumed by files and directories.
*
echo — Write each argument to stdout, with one space between each, followed by a newline.
*
egrep — Show lines matching extended regular expressions.
*
eject — Eject DEVICE or default /dev/cdrom.
*
env
env is a shell command for Unix and Unix-like operating systems. It is used to either print a list of environment variables or run another utility in an altered environment without having to modify the currently existing environment. Using env, ...
— Set the environment for command invocation, or list environment variables.
*
expand — Expand tabs to spaces according to tabstops.
*
factor — Factor integers.
*
fallocate — Tell the filesystem to allocate space for a file.
*
false — Return nonzero.
*
fdisk
In computing, the fdisk command-line utility provides disk-partitioning functions, preparatory to defining file systems. fdisk features in the DOS, DR FlexOS, IBM OS/2, and Microsoft Windows operating systems, and in certain ports of ...
— Manipulate disk partition table.
*
fgrep — Show lines matching regular expressions.
*
file — Examine the given files and describe their content types.
*
find — Search directories for matching files.
*
flock — Manage advisory file locks.
*
fold — Filter for folding lines.
*
fmt — Reformat input to wordwrap at a given line length, preserving existing indentation level, writing to stdout.
*
free — Display the total, free and used amount of physical memory and swap space.
*
freeramdisk — Free all memory allocated to specified ramdisk.
* — Freeze or unfreeze a filesystem.
* — Print type of filesystem on a block device or image.
*
fsync
sync is a standard system call in the Unix operating system, which commits all data in the kernel filesystem to non-volatile storage buffers, i.e., data which has been scheduled for writing via low-level I/O system calls. Higher-level I/O lay ...
— Synchronize a file's in-core state with storage device.
*
ftpget — Use File Transfer Protocol (FTP) to get a file from an FTP server.
*
ftpput — Use File Transfer Protocol (FTP) to put a file to an FTP server.
*
getconf — Get system configuration values.
*
grep — Show lines matching regular expressions.
*
groups
A group is a number of persons or things that are located, gathered, or classed together.
Groups of people
* Cultural group, a group whose members share the same cultural identity
* Ethnic group, a group whose members share the same ethnic ide ...
— Print the groups a user is in.
*
gunzip — Decompress gz files.
*
halt — Restart, halt or powerdown the system.
*
head
A head is the part of an organism which usually includes the ears, brain, forehead, cheeks, chin, eyes, nose, and mouth, each of which aid in various sensory functions such as sight, hearing, smell, and taste. Some very simple animals ...
— Copy first lines from files to stdout.
*
help
Help is a word meaning to give aid or signal distress.
Help may refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media
Films
* ''Help'' (2010 film), a Bollywood horror film
* ''Help'' (2021 theatrical film), a British psychological thriller film
* '' ...
— Show usage information for toybox commands.
*
hexedit — Hexadecimal file editor.
*
hostname — Get/set the current hostname.
* — Get/set the hardware clock.
*
i2cdetect — Detect i2c devices.
*
i2cdump — Dump i2c registers.
*
i2cget — Read an i2c register.
*
i2cset — Write an i2c register.
*
iconv
In Unix and Unix-like operating systems, iconv (an abbreviation of internationalization conversion) is a command-line program and a standardized application programming interface (API) used to convert between different character encodings. "It ...
— Convert character encoding of files.
*
id — Print user and group ID.
*
ifconfig — Display or configure network interface.
* — Run a program when a filesystem event occurs.
*
insmod — Load the module named MODULE passing options if given.
*
install — Copy files and set attributes.
*
ionice
nice is a program found on Unix and Unix-like operating systems such as Linux. It directly maps to a kernel call of the same name. nice is used to invoke a utility or shell script with a particular CPU priority, thus giving the process mor ...
— Change the I/O scheduling priority of a process.
* — Display or change I/O priority of existing process.
*
iotop — Rank processes by I/O.
*
kill — Send signal to process.
*
killall — Send a signal (default: TERM) to all processes with the given names.
*
killall5 — Send a signal to all processes outside current session.
*
less — opposite of more
*
link — Create hardlink to a file.
*
ln — Create a link between FROM and TO.
*
logger — Log message (or stdin) to syslog.
*
login — Log in as a user, prompting for username and password if necessary.
*
logname — Print the current user name.
*
losetup In Unix-like operating systems, a loop device, vnd (vnode disk), or lofi (loop file interface) is a pseudo-device that makes a computer file accessible as a block device.
Before use, a loop device must be connected to an extant file in the file ...
— Associate a loopback device with a file, or show current file (if any) associated with a loop device.
*
ls — List files.
*
lsattr — List file attributes on a Linux file system.
*
lsmod — Display the currently loaded modules, their sizes and their dependencies.
*
lspci
lspci is a command on Unix-like operating systems that prints ("lists") detailed information about all PCI buses and devices in the system. It is based on a common portable library ''libpci'' which offers access to the PCI configuration space ...
— List PCI devices.
*
lsusb
lspci is a command on Unix-like operating systems that prints ("lists") detailed information about all PCI buses and devices in the system. It is based on a common portable library ''libpci'' which offers access to the PCI configuration space ...
— List USB hosts/devices.
* — Create a range of special files as specified in a device table.
*
mcookie — Generate a 128-bit strong random number.
*
md5sum — Calculate md5 hash for each input file, reading from stdin if none.
*
microcom — Simple serial console.
*
mix — List OSS sound channels (module snd-mixer-oss), or set volumes.
*
mkdir
The mkdir (make directory) command in the Unix, DOS, DR FlexOS, IBM OS/2, Microsoft Windows, and ReactOS operating systems is used to make a new directory. It is also available in the EFI shell and in the PHP scripting language. In DOS, OS/2, ...
— Create one or more directories.
*
mkfifo
In computing, a named pipe (also known as a FIFO for its behavior) is an extension to the traditional pipe concept on Unix and Unix-like systems, and is one of the methods of inter-process communication (IPC). The concept is also found in OS ...
— Create FIFOs (named pipes).
*
mknod
In Unix-like operating systems, a device file or special file is an interface to a device driver that appears in a file system as if it were an ordinary file. There are also special files in DOS, OS/2, and Windows. These special files ...
— Create a special file NAME with a given type.
*
mkpasswd — Crypt PASSWORD using crypt(3).
*
mkswap — Set up a Linux swap area on a device or file.
*
mktemp — Safely create a new file "DIR/TEMPLATE" and print its name.
*
modinfo — Display module fields for modules specified by name or .ko path.
*
mount
Mount is often used as part of the name of specific mountains, e.g. Mount Everest.
Mount or Mounts may also refer to:
Places
* Mount, Cornwall, a village in Warleggan parish, England
* Mount, Perranzabuloe, a hamlet in Perranzabuloe parish, ...
— Mount new filesystems on directories.
*
mountpoint — Check whether the directory or device is a mountpoint.
*
mv — Move files.
*
nbd-client — Connect to an NBD server.
*
nc/
netcat — Forward stdin/stdout to a file or network connection.
*
netstat
In computing, netstat (''network statistics'') is a command-line network utility that displays network connections for Transmission Control Protocol (both incoming and outgoing), routing tables, and a number of network interface ( network inte ...
— Display networking information.
*
nice
Nice ( , ; Niçard: , classical norm, or , nonstandard, ; it, Nizza ; lij, Nissa; grc, Νίκαια; la, Nicaea) is the prefecture of the Alpes-Maritimes department in France. The Nice agglomeration extends far beyond the administrative ...
— Run a command line at an increased or decreased scheduling priority.
*
nl — Number lines of input.
*
nohup — Run a command that survives the end of its terminal.
*
nproc — Print number of processors.
* — Run COMMAND in an existing (set of) namespaces.
*
od — Dump data in octal/hex.
*
oneit — Simple init program that runs a single supplied command line
*
partprobe — Tell the kernel about partition table changes.
*
passwd — Update user's authentication tokens.
*
paste — Merge corresponding lines from each input file.
*
patch
Patch or Patches may refer to:
Arts, entertainment and media
* Patch Johnson, a fictional character from ''Days of Our Lives''
* Patch (''My Little Pony''), a toy
* "Patches" (Dickey Lee song), 1962
* "Patches" (Chairmen of the Board song ...
— Apply a unified diff to one or more files.
*
pgrep — Search for process(es).
* — Print the PIDs of all processes with the given names.
*
ping — Check network connectivity by sending packets to a host and reporting its response.
*
pivot root — Swap OLD and NEW filesystems (as if by simultaneous mount—move), and move all processes with chdir or chroot under OLD into NEW (including kernel threads) so OLD may be unmounted.
*
pkill
(see ) is a command-line utility initially written for use with the Solaris 7 operating system in 1998. It has since been reimplemented for Linux and some BSDs.
As with the and commands, is used to send signals to processes. The command a ...
— look up or signal processes based on name and other
*
pmap — Report the memory map of a process or processes.
*
poweroff — Restart, halt or powerdown the system.
*
printenv — Print environment variables.
*
printf — Format and print ARGUMENT according to FORMAT, using C printf syntax.
*
prlimit — Print or set resource limits for process number PID.
*
ps — List processes.
*
pwd
In Unix-like and some other operating systems, the pwd command (''print working directory'') writes the full pathname of the current working directory to the standard output.
Implementations
Multics had a pwd command (which was a short name ...
— Print working (current) directory.
*
pwdx — Print working directory of processes listed on command line.
*
readahead — Preload files into disk cache.
*
readlink — Show what symlink points to.
*
realpath — Display the canonical absolute pathname
*
reboot — Restart, halt or powerdown the system.
*
renice — set nice values of running processes
*
reset — Reset the terminal.
*
rev — Output each line reversed, when no files are given stdin is used.
*
rfkill — Enable/disable wireless devices.
*
rm — Remove each argument from the filesystem.
*
rmdir — Remove one or more directories.
*
rmmod — Unload the module named MODULE from the Linux kernel.
*
rtcwake — Enter the given sleep state until the given time.
*
sed — Stream editor.
*
seq — Count from first to last, by increment.
*
setfattr — Write POSIX extended attributes.
*
setsid — Run process in a new session.
*
sha1sum — Calculate sha hash for each input file, reading from stdin if none.
*
shred — Securely delete a file by overwriting its contents with random data.
*
sleep
Sleep is a sedentary state of mind and body. It is characterized by altered consciousness, relatively inhibited Perception, sensory activity, reduced muscle activity and reduced interactions with surroundings. It is distinguished from wakefuln ...
— Wait before exiting.
*
sntp — Simple Network Time Protocol client.
*
sort — Sort all lines of text from input files (or stdin) to stdout.
*
split — Copy INPUT (or stdin) data to a series of OUTPUT (or "x") files with alphabetically increasing suffix (aa, ab, ac... az, ba, bb...).
*
stat — Display status of files or filesystems.
*
strings — Display printable strings in a binary file
*
su — Switch user, prompting for password of new user when not run as root.
*
swapoff — Disable swapping on a given swapregion.
*
swapon — Enable swapping on a given device/file.
*
switch root — Use from PID 1 under initramfs to free initramfs, chroot to NEW_ROOT, and exec NEW_INIT.
*
sync — Write pending cached data to disk (synchronize), blocking until done.
*
sysctl — Read/write system control data (under /proc/sys).
*
tac — Output lines in reverse order.
*
tail
The tail is the section at the rear end of certain kinds of animals’ bodies; in general, the term refers to a distinct, flexible appendage to the torso. It is the part of the body that corresponds roughly to the sacrum and coccyx in mammal ...
— Copy last lines from files to stdout.
*
tar
Tar is a dark brown or black viscous liquid of hydrocarbons and free carbon, obtained from a wide variety of organic materials through destructive distillation. Tar can be produced from coal, wood, petroleum, or peat. "a dark brown or black bi ...
— Create, extract, or list files in a .tar (or compressed t?z) file.
*
taskset — Launch a new task which may only run on certain processors, or change the processor affinity of an existing PID.
*
tee — Copy stdin to each listed file, and also to stdout.
*
test
Test(s), testing, or TEST may refer to:
* Test (assessment), an educational assessment intended to measure the respondents' knowledge or other abilities
Arts and entertainment
* ''Test'' (2013 film), an American film
* ''Test'' (2014 film), ...
— Return true or false by performing tests.
*
time
Time is the continued sequence of existence and event (philosophy), events that occurs in an apparently irreversible process, irreversible succession from the past, through the present, into the future. It is a component quantity of various me ...
— Run command line and report real, user, and system time elapsed in seconds.
*
timeout
Time-out, Time Out, or timeout may refer to:
Time
* Time-out (sport), in various sports, a break in play, called by a team
* Television timeout, a break in sporting action so that a commercial break may be taken
* Timeout (computing), an enginee ...
— Run command line as a child process, sending child a signal if the command doesn't exit soon enough.
*
top — Show process activity in real time.
*
touch — Update the access and modification times of each FILE to the current time.
*
true
True most commonly refers to truth, the state of being in congruence with fact or reality.
True may also refer to:
Places
* True, West Virginia, an unincorporated community in the United States
* True, Wisconsin, a town in the United States
* ...
— Return zero.
*
truncate — Set length of files, extending sparsely if necessary.
*
tty — Show filename of terminal connected to stdin.
* — Create and delete tun/tap virtual ethernet devices.
*
ulimit — Print or set resource limits for process number PID.
*
umount — Unmount the listed filesystems.
*
uname
uname (short for ''unix name'') is a computer program in Unix and Unix-like computer operating systems that prints the name, version and other details about the current machine and the operating system running on it.
History
The uname system ...
— Print system information.
*
unicode
Unicode, formally The Unicode Standard,The formal version reference is is an information technology standard for the consistent encoding, representation, and handling of text expressed in most of the world's writing systems. The standard, ...
— universal character set.
*
uniq — Report or filter out repeated lines in a file.
*
unix2dos — Convert newline format from unix "\n" to dos "\r\n".
*
unlink — Delete one file.
*
unshare — Create new container namespace for this process and its children, so some attribute is not shared with the parent process.
*
uptime — Tell the current time, how long the system has been running, the number of users, and the system load averages for the past 1, 5 and 15 minutes.
*
usleep — Pause for MICROSECONDS microseconds.
*
uudecode — Decode a uuencoded file.
*
uuencode — Encode a binary file.
* — Create and print a new RFC4122 random UUID.
*
vconfig — Create and remove virtual ethernet devices.
*
vmstat
vmstat (''virtual memory statistics'') is a computer system monitoring tool that collects and displays summary information about operating system memory, processes, interrupts, paging and block I/O. Users of vmstat can specify a sampling inte ...
— Print virtual memory statistics.
*
w — Show who is logged on and since how long they logged in.
*
watch
A watch is a portable timepiece intended to be carried or worn by a person. It is designed to keep a consistent movement despite the motions caused by the person's activities. A wristwatch is designed to be worn around the wrist, attached ...
— Run PROG every -n seconds, showing output.
*
wc — Count lines, words, and characters in input.
*
which — Search $PATH for executable files matching filenames.
*
watchdog — software watchdog daemon.
*
who — Print information about logged in users.
*
whoami
In computing, is a command found on most Unix-like operating systems, Intel iRMX 86, every Microsoft Windows operating system since Windows Server 2003, and on ReactOS. It is a concatenation of the words "Who am I?" and prints the effective u ...
— Print the current user name.
*
xargs
xargs (short for "extended arguments" ) is a command on Unix and most Unix-like operating systems used to build and execute commands from standard input. It converts input from standard input into arguments to a command.
Some commands such as g ...
— Run command line one or more times, appending arguments from stdin.
*
xxd — Hexdump a file to stdout.
*
yes
Yes or YES may refer to:
* An affirmative particle in the English language; see yes and no
Education
* YES Prep Public Schools, Houston, Texas, US
* YES (Your Extraordinary Saturday), a learning program from the Minnesota Institute for Talent ...
— Repeatedly output line until killed.
*
zcat
gzip is a file format and a software application used for file compression and decompression. The program was created by Jean-loup Gailly and Mark Adler as a free software replacement for the compress program used in early Unix systems, and in ...
— Decompress gz files to stdout.