was the eighth ''

shōgun , officially , was the title of the military dictators of Japan during most of the period spanning from 1185 to 1868. Nominally appointed by the Emperor, shoguns were usually the de facto rulers of the country, though during part of the Kamak ...

'' of the

Tokugawa shogunate The Tokugawa shogunate (, Japanese 徳川幕府 ''Tokugawa bakufu''), also known as the , was the military government of Japan during the Edo period from 1603 to 1868. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"''Tokugawa-jidai''"in ''Japan Encyclopedia ...

of Japan, ruling from 1716 until his abdication in 1745. He was the son of Tokugawa Mitsusada, the grandson of Tokugawa Yorinobu, and the great-grandson of

Tokugawa Ieyasu was the founder and first ''shōgun'' of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan, which ruled Japan from 1603 until the Meiji Restoration in 1868. He was one of the three "Great Unifiers" of Japan, along with his former lord Oda Nobunaga and fello ...

Lineage

Yoshimune was not the son of any former ''shōgun''. Rather, he was a member of a cadet branch of the Tokugawa clan. Tokugawa Ieyasu, the founder of the Tokugawa shogunate, well aware of the extinction of the Minamoto line in 1219, had realized that his direct descendants might die out, leaving the Tokugawa family at risk of extinction. Thus, while his son Tokugawa Hidetada was the second ''shōgun'', he selected three other sons to establish the ''

gosanke The , also called simply , or even , were the most noble three branches of the Tokugawa clan of Japan: Owari, Kii, and Mito, all of which were descended from clan founder Tokugawa Ieyasu's three youngest sons, Yoshinao, Yorinobu, and Yorifusa ...

,'' hereditary houses which would provide a ''shōgun'' if there were no male heir. The three ''gosanke'' were the Owari, Kii, and Mito branches. Yoshimune was from the branch of Kii. The founder of the Kii house was one of Tokugawa Ieyasu's sons, Tokugawa Yorinobu. Ieyasu appointed him ''

daimyō were powerful Japanese magnates, feudal lords who, from the 10th century to the early Meiji period in the middle 19th century, ruled most of Japan from their vast, hereditary land holdings. They were subordinate to the shogun and nominal ...

'' of Kii. Yorinobu's son, Tokugawa Mitsusada, succeeded him. Two of Mitsusada's sons succeeded him, and when they died, Tokugawa Yoshimune, Mitsusada's fourth son, became ''daimyō'' of Kii in 1705. Later, he became ''shōgun''. Yoshimune was closely related to the Tokugawa ''shōguns''. His grandfather, Tokugawa Yorinobu, was a brother of second ''shōgun'' Tokugawa Hidetada, while Yoshimune's father, Tokugawa Mitsusada, was a first cousin of third ''shōgun'' Tokugawa Iemitsu. Yoshimune thus was a second cousin to the fourth and fifth ''shōguns'' (both brothers) Tokugawa Ietsuna and

Tokugawa Tsunayoshi was the fifth ''shōgun'' of the Tokugawa dynasty of Japan. He was the younger brother of Tokugawa Ietsuna, as well as the son of Tokugawa Iemitsu, the grandson of Tokugawa Hidetada, and the great-grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu.Nussbaum, Louis-Fr ...

, as well as a second cousin to Tokugawa Tsunashige, whose son became ''shōgun'' Tokugawa Ienobu.

Early life (1684–1716)

Tokugawa Yoshimune was born in 1684 in the rich region of Kii, a region which was then ruled by his father, Tokugawa Mitsusada. Yoshimune's childhood name was Tokugawa Genroku (徳川源六). At that time, his second cousin

was ruling in Edo as ''shōgun''. Kii was a rich region of over 500,000 '' koku,'' but it was still in debt. Even during Mitsusada's time, Kii was in deep debt and had a lot to pay back to the shogunate. In 1697, Genroku underwent the rites of passage and took the name Tokugawa Shinnosuke (徳川新之助). In 1705, when Shinnosuke was just 21 years old, his father Mitsusada and two older brothers died. Thus, the ruling ''shōgun''

appointed him ''daimyō'' of Kii. He took the name Tokugawa Yorimasa (頼方) and began to administer the province. Nonetheless, great financial debt which the domain had owed to the shogunate since his father's and even grandfather's time continued to burden the finances. What made things worse was that in 1707, a

tsunami A tsunami ( ; from ja, 津波, lit=harbour wave, ) is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater exp ...

destroyed and killed many in the coastal areas of Kii Province. Yorimasa did his best to try to stabilize things in Kii, but relied on leadership from Edo. In 1712, Shogun Ienobu died, and was succeeded by his son, the boy-''shōgun''

Tokugawa Ietsugu Tokugawa Ietsugu; 徳川家継 (August 8, 1709 – June 19, 1716) was the seventh ''shōgun'' of the Tokugawa dynasty, who ruled from 1713 until his death in 1716. He was the son of Tokugawa Ienobu, thus making him the grandson of Tokugawa Tsun ...

. Yorimasa decided that he could not rely on conservative Confucianists like

Arai Hakuseki was a Confucianist, scholar-bureaucrat, academic, administrator, writer and politician in Japan during the middle of the Edo period, who advised the ''shōgun'' Tokugawa Ienobu. His personal name was Kinmi or Kimiyoshi (君美). Hakuseki (白 ...

in Edo and did what he could to stabilize Kii Domain. Before he could implement changes, ''shōgun'' Ietsugu died in early 1716. He was only seven years old, and died without an heir, rule thus shogunate selected the next ''shōgun'' from one of the cadet lines.

Family

* Father: Tokugawa Mitsusada * Mother: Oyuri no Kata later (1655–1726) * Half siblings: ** Tokugawa Tsunanori (1665–1705) 4th ''daimyō'' of Kishū and married Tsuruhime, daughter of 5th ''shōgun''

** Jirokichi ** Tokugawa Yorimoto (1680–1705) 5th ''daimyō'' of Kishū ** Sakae-Hime married Uesugi Tsunanori of

Yonezawa Domain was a feudal domain in Edo period Japan, located in Dewa Province (modern-day Yamagata Prefecture), Japan. It was centered at Yonezawa castle in what is now the city of Yamagata, and its territory extended over the Okitama District of Dewa Pro ...

** Norihime married

Ichijō Kaneteru , son of Norisuke, was a '' kugyō'' (court noble) of the Edo period (1603–1868) of Japan. He was also known as . He held regents positions kampaku from 1682 to 1687 and from 1689 to 1690, and sesshō from 1687 to 1689. He married Norihime, ...

** Tsunahime ** Ikuhime married Satake Yoshimitsu * Wife: Fushimi-no-Miya Masako (1691–1710) later Kontokuin * Concubines: ** Osuma no Kata (1688–1713) later Shintokuin ** Okon no Kata (1696–1723) later Hontokuin ** Oume no Kata later Shinshin'in (1700–1721) ** Okume no Kata later Kakujuin (1697–1777) ** Osatsu no Kata * Children: ** Tokugawa Ieshige born by Osuma no Kata ** Tokugawa Munetake by Okon no Kata ** Tokugawa Genjo (1719–1720) by Oume ** Tokugawa Munetada born by Oume ** Yoshihime (1721–1722) later Denjuin by Okume *Illegitimate Son: Tenichi (mother was Shirabyoshi; sentenced to death during Yoshimune's reign) * adopted daughters: ** Tonehime, married Date Munemura of

Sendai Domain The , also known as the , was a domain of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan during the Edo period from 1600 to 1871. The Sendai Domain was based at Aoba Castle in Mutsu Province, in the modern city of Sendai, located in the Tōhoku region of the i ...

** Takehime (1705–1772), daughter of Hirosada Seikan'in and adopted by

and married Shimazu Tsugutoyo of Satsuma Domain later known as Joganin has 1 daughter, Kikuhime

''Shōgun'' (1716–1745)

Yoshimune succeeded to the post of the ''shōgun'' in Shōtoku-1 (1716).Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). ''Annales des empereurs du Japon,'' p. 417. His term as ''shōgun'' lasted for 30 years. Yoshimune is considered among the best of the Tokugawa ''shōguns''. Yoshimune established the ''

gosankyō The were three branches of the Tokugawa clan of Japan. They were descended from the eighth of the fifteen Tokugawa shōguns, Yoshimune (1684–1751). Yoshimune established the ''Gosankyo'' to augment (or perhaps to replace) the ''Gosanke'' ...

'' to augment (or perhaps to replace) the ''

''. Two of his sons, together with the second son of his successor Ieshige, became the founders of the Tayasu, Hitotsubashi and Shimizu lines. Unlike the ''gosanke,'' they did not rule domains. Still, they remained prominent until the end of Tokugawa rule, and some later ''shōguns'' were chosen from the Hitotsubashi line. Yoshimune is known for his financial reforms. He dismissed the conservative adviser

and he began what would come to be known as the

Kyōhō Reforms The were an array of economic and cultural policies introduced by the Tokugawa shogunate between 1722–1730 during the Edo period to improve its political and social status. These reforms were instigated by the eighth Tokugawa ''shōgun'' of Ja ...

. Yoshimune also tried to resurrect the Japanese swordsmithing tradition. Since the beginning of the Edo period, it was quite difficult for smiths to make a living and to be supported by ''daimyōs'', because of the lack of funds. But Yoshimune was quite unhappy with this situation, causing a decline of skills. And so, he gathered smiths from ''daimyō'' fiefs for a great contest, in 1721. The four winners who emerged were all great masters, Mondo no Shō Masakiyo (主水正正清), Ippei Yasuyo (一平安代), the 4th generation Nanki Shigekuni (南紀重国) and Nobukuni Shigekane (信国重包). But it did not work well to arouse interest, quite like tournaments in modern Japan. Yoshimune also ordered the compilation of ''Kyōhō Meibutsu Chō'' (享保名物帳), listing the best and most famous swords all over Japan. This book allowed the beginning of the Shinshintō period of Nihontō history, and indirectly contributed to the Gassan school, who protected the Nihontō tradition before and after the surrender of Japan. Although foreign books had been strictly forbidden since 1640, Yoshimune relaxed the rules in 1720, starting an influx of foreign books and their translations into Japan, and initiating the development of Western studies, or ''

rangaku ''Rangaku'' (Kyūjitai: /Shinjitai: , literally "Dutch learning", and by extension "Western learning") is a body of knowledge developed by Japan through its contacts with the Dutch enclave of Dejima, which allowed Japan to keep abreast of West ...

''. Yoshimune's relaxation of the rules may have been influenced by a series of lectures delivered before him by the astronomer and philosopher Nishikawa Joken.

''Ōgosho'' (1745–1751)

In 1745, Yoshimune retired, took the title ''Ōgosho'' and left his public post to his oldest son. The title is the one that Tokugawa Ieyasu took on retirement in favor of his son Hidetada, who in turn took the same title on his retirement. Yoshimune died on the 20th day of the 5th month of the year

Kan'en was a after and before . This period spanned the years from July 1748 to October 1751. The reigning emperor was .Titsingh, Isaac. (1834) ''Annales des empereurs du japon'', p. 418./ref> Change of era * 1748 : The era name was changed to (me ...

-4 (July 12, 1751).Screech, p. 128. His Buddhist name was Yutokuin and he was buried in

Kan'ei-ji (also spelled Kan'eiji or Kaneiji) is a Tendai Buddhism, Buddhist temple in Tokyo, Japan, founded in 1625 during the Kan'ei era by Tenkai, in an attempt to emulate the powerful religious center Enryaku-ji, in Kyoto. The main object of worship is ...

Notable descendants

Tokugawa Ieshige *

Tokugawa Shigeyoshi was a Japanese samurai of the mid-Edo period who was the founder of the Shimizu-Tokugawa family, one of the Gosankyō, the three lesser branches of the Tokugawa family. He was the second son of Tokugawa Ieshige, the ninth shōgun. His child-hood ...

Tokugawa Ieharu Tokugawa Ieharu (徳川家治) (June 20, 1737 – September 17, 1786) was the tenth ''shōgun'' of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan, who held office from 1760 to 1786. His childhood name was Takechiyo (竹千代). Ieharu died in 1786 and given t ...

** Tokugawa Iemoto (1762–1779) ** Tokugawa Teijiro (1762–1763) ** Manjuhime (1761–1773) ** Chiyohime (1756–1757) Tokugawa Munetada * Yasuhime married Shimazu Shigehide * Sennosuke * Matsudaira Shigemasa * Kanejiro * Kenzaburo * Kuroda Haruyuki (1753–1781) ** Morosaburo * Matsudaira Shigetomi ** Matsudaira Haruyoshi *** Sohime married Matsudaira Naritaka *** Ogimaru *** 3 daughters died in womb *** Zendo *** Norihime, married

Abe Masahiro was the chief senior councilor ('' rōjū'') in the Tokugawa shogunate of the Bakumatsu period at the time of the arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry on his mission to open Japan to the outside world. Abe was instrumental in the eventual signi ...

*** Matsudaira Naritsugu **** Kikuhime **** Yoshimaru **** Kuninosuke * Tokugawa Harusada ** Kiihime married Hosokawa Naritatsu **

Tokugawa Ienari Tokugawa Ienari ( ja, 徳川家斉, November 18, 1773 – March 22, 1841) was the eleventh and longest-serving ''shōgun'' of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan who held office from 1787 to 1837.Hall, John Whitney ''et al.'' (1991) ''Early Modern J ...

** Matsudaira Yoshisue (1785–1804) ** Kuroda Naritaka (1777–1795) *** Kuroda Narikiyo (1795–1851) **** Junhime married Kuroda Nagahiro ** Tokugawa Harukuni (1776–1793) *** Tokugawa Naritomo ** Tokugawa Nariatsu *** Katsuchiyo *** Tokugawa Narinori (1803–1830) *** Nobunosuke *** Rikihime married Arima Yorinori *** Kikuhime married

Okudaira Nobumasa called Okudaira Sadamasa (奥平貞昌), was a Japanese '' daimyō'' of the Sengoku and early Edo periods. Nobumasa's family considered their origins to have been associated with Mikawa Province. The clan was descended through the Akamatsu ...

*** Tsunehime (1805–1858) married

Shimazu Nariakira was a Japanese feudal lord (''daimyō'') of the Edo period, the 28th in the line of Shimazu clan lords of Satsuma Domain. He was renowned as an intelligent and wise lord, and was greatly interested in Western learning and technology. He was e ...

**** Kikusaburo **

Tokugawa Narimasa was a Japanese samurai of the Edo period. The son of Tokugawa Harusada, head of the Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa house, he succeeded Tokugawa Haruaki as head of the Tayasu branch of the Tokugawa house, which had been without a ruler for some time. Hi ...

*** Kinhime (1800–1830) married Tokugawa Narinori of Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family *** Shizuhime (1803–1803) *** Tokugawa Masatoki (1805–1839) *** Naohime (1807–1872) married Tokugawa Naritaka *** Takeshisuke (1799–1800) *** Tsuhime (1800–1801) *** Hi-hime (1805–1860) married Matsudaira Sadamichi of

Kuwana Domain 250px, Reconstructed portion of Kuwana Castle was a Japanese feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, located in Ise Province. It was centered on Kuwana Castle in what is now the city of Kuwana, Mie Prefecture. It was con ...

*** Aihime (1813–1832) married Tokugawa Nariharu *** Tokugawa Yoshihisa (1823–1847) of Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa Family *** Sonosuke (1824–1825) *** Miru'in (1807–1807) *** Kenzaburo (1814–1817) *** Suruda-hime (1807–1820) betrothed to Tsugaru Nobuyuki *** Kinhime (1809–1851) married Tsugaru Nobuyuki *** Kihime (1811–1817) betrothed to Matsudaira Sadakazu of

*** San-sen hime (1818–1820) *** Senjuhime (1821–1860) married Matsudaira Takeshige of

Hamada Domain The was a Japanese domain of the Edo period. It was associated with Iwami Province in modern-day Shimane Prefecture.Yanagawa Domain was a Japanese domain of the Edo period. It was associated with Chikugo Province in modern-day Fukuoka Prefecture on the island of Kyushu. In the han system, Yanagawa was a political and economic abstraction based on periodic cadastral surveys ...

*** Yaehime (1823–1826) *** Ikunosuke (1825–1826) *** Itarihime (1824–1826) **** Fudehime (1830–1886) married

Nabeshima Naomasa was the 10th and final ''daimyō'' of Saga Domain in Hizen Province, Kyūshū, Japan. His honorary title was '' Hizen-no-Kami'', and he was occasionally referred to as “Prince Hizen” in western accounts during the Bakumatsu period. Biograp ...

**** Tokugawa Yoshitsugu *** Matsudaira Shungaku **** Rokunosuke (1872) **** Naohime (1873) **** Kotai (1875) **** Yasuhime (1860–1865) **** Sadahime (1865) **** Setsuko (1876–1936) married Matsudaira Yasutaka **** Matsudaira Yoshichika of Owari tokugawa branch **** Chiyoko married Sanjo Kinyoshi **** Matsudaira Yoshitami ***** Matsudaira Nagayoshi **** Masako married Mori Goro ***** Mori Motoyoshi **** Satoko (1878–1955) married Atsushi Tokugawa ***** Tokugawa Yoshihiro ***** Tokugawa Yoshitomi ***** Tokugawa Yoshinao ***** Tokugawa Yoshitomo ***** Tokugawa Hisako ***** Tokugawa Yoshikuni ***** Tokugawa Kiwako married Todo Toyotora ***

Tokugawa Yoshiyori was a Japanese samurai of the late Edo period. Son of the 3rd generation Tayasu family head, Narimasa, he was head of the Tayasu house twice: in 1839–1863 and 1868–1876. He went to Shizuoka Domain in 1868, and served as the guardian of his s ...

of Tayasu-Tokugawa Family **** Haruhime (1868–1868) **** Okimaru (1871–1871) **** Ryumaro (1862–1862) **** Shizuhime (1866–1912) married Sakai Tadazumi **** Kagahime (1867–1868) **** Kikuhime (1856–1865) **** Tokugawa Takachiyo **** son later Shiun'in (1862–1862) **** Tokugawa Iesato **** Tokugawa Yorimichi (1872–1925) of Kii-Tokugawa Family ***** Senman ***** Tokugawa Haru ***** Tokugawa Yorisada ****** Tokugawa Yoriaki ****** Takako marries Tokugawa Tsuyoshi **** Tokugawa Satotaka ***** Sumiko married Naoyoshi Mizoguchi by Kyoko ***** Tokiko married Tsuchiya Kennao ***** Tsuyako married Tachibana Kantoku ***** Keiko married Okubo Kan'ichi ***** Shuko married Tokugawa Takesada of Matsudo-Tokugawa Family ****** Tokugawa Hirotake ***** Satonari Tokugawa ******

Munefusa Tokugawa is the 11th-generation head of the Tokugawa clan.Library of Congress authority file Tokugawa Munefusa nr2007-10575/ref> He is also the present head of the Tayasu branch of the Gosankyō. Early life Munefusa was born in London. He is a graduate ...

****** Masako married Tokugawa Yoshiyasu of Owari-Tokugawa Family ****** Tokugawa Munemasa (1930–1999) ****** Tokugawa Munehiro ****** Sumiko married Hitoguchi Michiobu ****** Matsudaira Munetoshi (b. 1940) ******* Matsudaira Teruyasu ******* Matsudaira Satoko ******* Matsudaira Uketamasa *** Ryohime (1808–1890) married Sakai Tadaaki **** Sakai Tadamichi ***** Sakai Tadahisa ****** Kikuko married Sakai Tadaatsu ****** Masako married Saji Hidesato ****** Kimiko married Shimohara Hideo ****** Kokiko married Saeki Teruaki ****** Satoko married Takegawa Junpei ****** Kishiko married Saeki Tomoaki ****** Hisako ****** Kiwako ***** Sakai Tadanaga ****** Kiyoko married Nishio Nakamitsu ****** Kazuko married Omura Junyuki ****** Chizuyo married Sakai Tadayasu ******* Sumiko married Ogoshi Tsuyoshi ******* Tsuruko married Oguri Katsuhide ****** Sakai Tadaharu ****** Sakai Tadaakira ******* Sakai Tadahisa ******* Sakai Tadahito ******* Noriko married Fuji Mitsunaga ******* Mashiko married Ishihara Shigechika Tokugawa Munetake * Mikuzumi (1747–1753) * Tanehime (1765–1794) married Tokugawa Harutomi * Sadahime (1767–1813) married Matsudari Haruyoshi * Otogiku (1752–1753) * Osamuhime (1756–1820) married Sakai Tadanori * Keijiro (1745–1753) * Tokugawa Haruaki * Makotohime (1741–1759) Date Shigemura's fiancée * Yuhime (1743–1743) * Tetsunosuke (1747–1752) * Shukuhime (1744–1815) married Nabeshima Shigeharu * Setsuhime (1756–1815) married Mori Haruchika * Nakahime (1751–1779) married Ikeda Shigenobu ** Ikeda Haruyuki (1765–1781) * Matsudaira Sadakuni (1757–1804) inherited

Iyo-Matsuyama Domain 270px, Matsudaira Katsushige, 13th daimyō of Iyo-Matsuyama Domain was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, in what is now central Ehime Prefecture on the island of Shikoku. It was centered around Matsuyama Cast ...

** Matsudaira Sadanori (1793–1803) ** daughter married Sakai Tadayori ** Matsudaira Sadamichi (1805–1835) *** daughter married Matsudaira Katsushige of Hisamatsu-Matsudaira Family *

Matsudaira Sadanobu was a Japanese ''daimyō'' of the mid-Edo period, famous for his financial reforms which saved the Shirakawa Domain, and the similar reforms he undertook during his tenure as chief of the Tokugawa shogunate, from 1787 to 1793. Early life Mat ...

** daughter married Katō Yasuzumi ** daughter married Matsudaira Terutake ** Fukuhime married Matsudaira Sadanori ** daughter married Matsura Hiromu ** Kotohime married Makino Tadatsune of

Nagaoka Domain was a '' fudai'' feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan. It is located in Echigo Province, Honshū. The domain was centered at Nagaoka Castle, located in what is now part of the city of Nagaoka in Niigata Prefecture ...

later married

Naitō Nobuatsu was the 6th Naitō ''daimyō'' of Murakami Domain under the Edo period Tokugawa shogunate of Japan. Nobuatsu was the eldest son of Naitō Nobuyori. the previous ''daimyō''. He was born in Edo, and became ''daimyō'' in 1781 on the death of hi ...

*** Naitō Nobuchika **** Naitō Nobunin ** Sanada Yukitsura (1791–1852) *** daughter married Kutsuki Tsunaeda of Fukuchiyama domain *** Sanada Yukiyoshi (1814–1844) **** Sadahime married Matsudaira Sadamichi of

**** Sanada Yukinori (1836–1869) ***** Masahime married Ishikawa Shigenori ***** Yoshihime married Honda Tadaatsu ***** Sanada Yukiyo (1870–1948) ****** Sanada Yukikuni ****** Sanada Yukikazu ** daughter married Suwa Tadahiro *** Suwa Tadamori ** Matsudaira Sadanaga *** Matsudaira Chikayoshi *** Matsudaira Sadakazu (1812–1841) **** Toyoko married Kuroda Nagatomo **** Matsudaira Sadamichi (1834–1859) ***** Hatsuko married Matsudaira Sadaaki ***** Matsudaira Sadanori (1857–1899) ****** Eiko married Matsudaira Sadaharu *** Itakura Katsukiyo **** Itakura Katsukira *** Toki Yoriyuki (1826–1873) **** Sugoko married Ohara Shigetomo **** Suzuko married Tamura Takaaki **** Tori Yorioki (1848–1911) ***** daughter married Oyamada Nobukura ***** daughter married Okubo Tatsu ***** Tori Yoritoshi (d. 1911) ***** Tori Yuki (d. 1918)

Eras of Yoshimune's rule

The years in which Yoshimune was ''shōgun'' are more specifically identified by more than one

era name A regnal year is a year of the reign of a sovereign, from the Latin ''regnum'' meaning kingdom, rule. Regnal years considered the date as an ordinal, not a cardinal number. For example, a monarch could have a first year of rule, a second year of ...

or ''

nengō The , also known as , is the first of the two elements that identify years in the Japanese era calendar scheme. The second element is a number which indicates the year number within the era (with the first year being ""), followed by the literal ...

''. * Shōtoku (1711–1716) * Kyōhō (1716–1736) * Genbun (1736–1741) * Kanpō (1741–1744) * Enkyō (1744–1748)

Ancestry

Notes

References

* Screech, Timon. (2006). ''Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822.'' London: RoutledgeCurzon. * Titsingh, Isaac. (1822). ''Illustrations of Japan.'' London: Ackerman. * Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). iyun-sai_Rin-siyo/Hayashi_Gahō,_1652.html" ;"title="Hayashi_Gahō.html" ;"title="iyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō">iyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō, 1652">Hayashi_Gahō.html" ;"title="iyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō">iyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō, 1652 ''Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou
Annales des empereurs du Japon.''
Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. * Totman, Conrad. (1967). ''Politics in the Tokugawa bakufu, 1600–1843''. Cambridge:

Harvard University Press Harvard University Press (HUP) is a publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing. It is a member of the Association of American University Presses. After the retir ...

. {{DEFAULTSORT:Tokugawa, Yoshimune 1684 births 1751 deaths 17th-century Japanese people 18th-century shōguns Kishūrenshi-Matsudaira clan Kishū-Tokugawa clan Tokugawa shōguns Tokugawa clan