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The timeline of the Palestine region is a
* 420–220 ka BP – archaic humans occupy the Qesem Cave.
The timeline of the Palestine region is a timeline
A timeline is a display of a list of events in chronological order. It is typically a graphic design showing a long bar labelled with dates paralleling it, and usually contemporaneous events.
Timelines can use any suitable scale represen ...
of major events in the history of Palestine. For more details on the history of Palestine see History of Palestine
The history of Palestine is the study of the past in the region of Palestine, also known as the Land of Israel and the Holy Land, defined as the territory between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River (where Israel and Palestine are tod ...
. In cases where the year or month is uncertain, it is marked with a slash, for example 636/7 and January/February.
Mesozoic/Cenozoic geological eras
* c. 65–70 million BCE – A ''Prognathodon
''Prognathodon'' is an extinct genus of marine lizard belonging to the mosasaur family. It is classified as part of the Mosasaurinae subfamily, alongside genera like ''Mosasaurus'' and ''Clidastes''. ''Prognathodon'' has been recovered from depo ...
'' dies in the Negev
The Negev or Negeb (; he, הַנֶּגֶב, hanNegév; ar, ٱلنَّقَب, an-Naqab) is a desert and semidesert region of southern Israel. The region's largest city and administrative capital is Beersheba (pop. ), in the north. At its sout ...
region; its complete skull was discovered in a phosphate
In chemistry, a phosphate is an anion, salt, functional group or ester derived from a phosphoric acid. It most commonly means orthophosphate, a derivative of orthophosphoric acid .
The phosphate or orthophosphate ion is derived from phosph ...
mine in the Negev in 1993.
Palaeolithic
* 420–220 ka BP – archaic humans occupy the Qesem Cave.
Epipalaeolithic
*c. 9000 BCE –Natufian
The Natufian culture () is a Late Epipaleolithic archaeological culture of the Levant, dating to around 15,000 to 11,500 years ago. The culture was unusual in that it supported a sedentary or semi-sedentary population even before the introducti ...
hunter-gatherer groups form a permanent settlement that would come to be known as Jericho.
Neolithic
Neolithic (8,500–4,500 BCE). (Snippet view).Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
Chalcolithic (4,500–3,500 BCE).Bronze Age
Early Bronze Age
Early Bronze Age (3,500–2,350 BCE).Intermediate Bronze Age
Intermediate Bronze Age (2,350–2000 BCE).Middle Bronze Age
Middle Bronze Age (2000–1550 BCE).Late Bronze Age
Late Bronze Age (1550–1200 BCE). * c. 1469 BCE – In the Battle of Megiddo,Egyptian
Egyptian describes something of, from, or related to Egypt.
Egyptian or Egyptians may refer to:
Nations and ethnic groups
* Egyptians, a national group in North Africa
** Egyptian culture, a complex and stable culture with thousands of years of ...
forces under the command of Pharaoh
Pharaoh (, ; Egyptian: '' pr ꜥꜣ''; cop, , Pǝrro; Biblical Hebrew: ''Parʿō'') is the vernacular term often used by modern authors for the kings of ancient Egypt who ruled as monarchs from the First Dynasty (c. 3150 BC) until the ...
Thutmose III
Thutmose III (variously also spelt Tuthmosis or Thothmes), sometimes called Thutmose the Great, was the sixth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty. Officially, Thutmose III ruled Egypt for almost 54 years and his reign is usually dated from 2 ...
defeat a large Canaan
Canaan (; Phoenician: 𐤊𐤍𐤏𐤍 – ; he, כְּנַעַן – , in pausa – ; grc-bib, Χανααν – ;The current scholarly edition of the Greek Old Testament spells the word without any accents, cf. Septuaginta : id est Vetus T ...
ite coalition under the king of Kadesh.
Iron Age
Iron Age I
Iron Age I (1200–1000 BCE). IAI can be split into Iron Age IA (1200–1150 BCE) and Iron Age IB (1150–1000 BCE).Iron Age II
Iron Age II (1000–586 BCE). IAII can be split into Iron Age IIA (1000–900 BCE), Iron Age IIB (900–700 BCE), and Iron Age IIc (700–586 BCE). * 925 BCE –Sack of Jerusalem (925 BC)
Shishak, Shishaq or Susac (, Tiberian Hebrew, Tiberian: , ) was, according to the Hebrew Bible, an Egyptian pharaoh who sacked Jerusalem in the 10th century BCE. He is usually identified with the pharaoh Shoshenq I.Troy Leiland Sagrillo. 2015.Sh ...
– Pharaoh Sheshonk I of the Third Intermediate Period
The Third Intermediate Period of ancient Egypt began with the death of Pharaoh Ramesses XI in 1077 BC, which ended the New Kingdom, and was eventually followed by the Late Period. Various points are offered as the beginning for the latt ...
invades Canaan
Canaan (; Phoenician: 𐤊𐤍𐤏𐤍 – ; he, כְּנַעַן – , in pausa – ; grc-bib, Χανααν – ;The current scholarly edition of the Greek Old Testament spells the word without any accents, cf. Septuaginta : id est Vetus T ...
following the Battle of Bitter Lakes. Possibly the same as Shishak
Shishak, Shishaq or Susac (, Tiberian: , ) was, according to the Hebrew Bible, an Egyptian pharaoh who sacked Jerusalem in the 10th century BCE. He is usually identified with the pharaoh Shoshenq I.Troy Leiland Sagrillo. 2015.Shoshenq I and bib ...
, the Pharaoh mentioned in the Bible
The Bible (from Koine Greek , , 'the books') is a collection of religious texts or scriptures that are held to be sacred in Christianity, Judaism, Samaritanism, and many other religions. The Bible is an anthologya compilation of texts ...
in the book of Kings 1, who captured and pillaged Jerusalem (1 Kings 14: 25).
* 853 BCE – The Battle of Qarqar
The Battle of Qarqar (or Ḳarḳar) was fought in 853 BC when the army of the Neo-Assyrian Empire led by Emperor Shalmaneser III encountered an allied army of eleven kings at Qarqar led by Hadadezer, called in Assyrian ''Adad-idir'' and possi ...
in which Jerusalem's forces were likely involved in an indecisive battle against Shalmaneser III
Shalmaneser III (''Šulmānu-ašarēdu'', "the god Shulmanu is pre-eminent") was king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from the death of his father Ashurnasirpal II in 859 BC to his own death in 824 BC.
His long reign was a constant series of campai ...
of Neo-Assyria
The Neo-Assyrian Empire was the fourth and penultimate stage of ancient Assyrian history and the final and greatest phase of Assyria as an independent state. Beginning with the accession of Adad-nirari II in 911 BC, the Neo-Assyrian Empire grew t ...
(Jehoshaphat
Jehoshaphat (; alternatively spelled Jehosaphat, Josaphat, or Yehoshafat; ; el, Ἰωσαφάτ, Iosafát; la, Josaphat), according to 1 Kings 22:41, was the son of Asa, and the fourth king of the Kingdom of Judah, in succession to his fathe ...
King of Judah was allied with Ahab
Ahab (; akk, 𒀀𒄩𒀊𒁍 ''Aḫâbbu'' 'a-ḫa-ab-bu'' grc-koi, Ἀχαάβ ''Achaáb''; la, Achab) was the seventh king of Israel, the son and successor of King Omri and the husband of Jezebel of Sidon, according to the Hebrew Bib ...
King of the Israel
Israel (; he, יִשְׂרָאֵל, ; ar, إِسْرَائِيل, ), officially the State of Israel ( he, מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, label=none, translit=Medīnat Yīsrāʾēl; ), is a country in Western Asia. It is situated ...
according to the Jewish Bible
The Hebrew Bible or Tanakh (;"Tanach"
''
''
Kingdom of Israel is conquered by 
* 175 BCE:
** 
* 67 BCE:
** Salome Alexandra dies and her son Hyrcanus II becomes king of Judea.
** A war of succession leads to a civil war among the Hasmoneans in Judea.
Atlas Travel and Tourism Agency. * 23 BCE – King Herod builds a palace and fortress called Herodium, about south of Jerusalem. * 22 BCE – Herod begins construction of a new city and harbor called Caesarea Maritima at the old settlement Straton's Tower. * 20 BCE: ** Herod is awarded large swathes of northern territory by emperor Augustus to add to his kingdom. ** Citizens of Gadara appeal to Augustus to be excluded from Herod's kingdom. * 19 BCE – King
Jewish Encyclopedia * c. 10 BCE – Caesarea is completed. * 7 BCE - Herod has his two sons, Alexander and Aristobulus, executed. * 7–2 BCE – Nativity of Jesus, Birth of Jesus. * 4 BCE – Herod dies and a wave of unrest sweeps Palestine. * 6 CE: ** Leading Jews and Samaritans ask Augustus to remove Herod Archelaus from the throne. He obliges and Archelaus is deposed and exiled. His territory, consisting of Judea, Samaria, and Idumea, is organized into the Roman district ''Iudaea''. ** First Roman census of Judea. * c. 20 – Tiberias in the Galilee is founded by Herod Antipas, one of Herod the Great's successors. * 26–33 – Crucifixion of Jesus, Jesus is crucified. * 37 – Herod II, Herod Philip dies. * 39 – Antipas is removed from his post and banished to Gaul. Herod Agrippa I receives his territories. * 41 – Herod Agrippa, Agrippa I becomes king of parts of the Herodian kingdom which, in 6 CE, had been divided by Herod's sons. * 44 – Herod Agrippa I dies. Judea comes under direct Roman administration. * 62–64 – Completion of the renovations of the Jerusalem temple begun by Herod. * 66–70 – First Jewish–Roman War, First Jewish revolt: ** 66 – The revolt breaks out in the summer. ** 67 – Roman legions invade Palestine. ** 69 – Vespasian is declared emperor and leaves for Rome. His older son, Titus, takes command of the Roman legions in Palestine. ** 70 – The Romans takes Jerusalem and Siege of Jerusalem (70)#Destruction of Jerusalem, destroy the Second Temple. ** 73/4 – The Romans takes Masada#The Roman siege, Masada, the last rebel holdout. * 70/1 – Provincia Iudaea is established. * 106 – The Romans annex Nabataean territory, reorganizing it as the province of Arabia. * 120 – First imperial road built through the Galilee. * 129/130 – The Roman emperor Hadrian visits Syria, Palestine, and Arabia, and founds the Roman colony Aelia Capitolina at Jerusalem. Presumably, the outbreak of the Bar Kokhba revolt is directly linked to this event. * 132–135 – Bar Kokhba revolt: * 195 – The bishops of Caesarea and Jerusalem, Theophilus, bishop of Caesarea, Theophilus and Narcissus of Jerusalem, Narcissus, preside over a council in Caesarea to settle a growing Easter controversy, dispute over the proper date of the celebration of Easter. * 222 – Caesarea becomes the metropolitan see for Palestine. * 270 – Zenobia, ruler of the Palmyrene Empire, conquers most of the Roman east including Palestine. * 272 – Palestine is recaptured by Rome.
Allowing for varying starting dates (see above under Timeline of the history of the region of Palestine#Roman period, Roman period), this timeline chooses for convenience's sake to set the starting year of the Byzantine period as 313, when Constantine declared Christianity a permitted religion. The period ends with the Muslim conquest of Palestine in 637–641.
* 313 – The Roman Emperor Constantine the Great declares that Christianity is an acceptable religion.
* 324 – Constantine—having defeated Emperor Maximian, Caesar of the Western Roman Empire at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge—becomes the sole ruler of the re-united Roman Empire with its capital at Byzantium (New Rome). Queen Helena, a devout Christian, wife of Eastern Roman Emperor Constantius and mother of Constantine the Great, departs for the Holy Land and begins the construction of churches.
* 326–333 – Concurrent construction of the world's first 4 church buildings under Helena's Tutelage: The Church of the Nativity is built in Bethlehem, marking the site where according to Christian tradition Nativity of Jesus, Jesus was born; "Eleona" (Greek: Olive) on the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem, also called "Chapel of The Apostles", marking the site where, according to Christian tradition, Ascension of Jesus Christ, Jesus ascended to heaven; The Church of The Holy Cross, later called The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, is built in Old City (Jerusalem), Jerusalem on the hill of Golgotha, marking the site where, according to Christian tradition, Jesus was Crucifixion of Jesus, crucified, buried, and Resurrection of Jesus, resurrected; and Mamre, near Hebron.
* c. 350 – The Christian monk Hilarion founds the first church in Haluza and converts a large portion of the population.
* 351/2 – Jewish revolt against Gallus, Jewish revolt centered around Sepphoris against the Caesar (title), Caesar of the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Emperor Constantius Gallus. The revolt is quickly subdued by Gallus' general Ursicinus (magister equitum), Ursicinus.
* c. 357 – Palestine is divided into the provinces Palaestina Prima and Palaestina Salutaris.
* 361–363 – Roman emperor Julian the Apostate orders Alypius of Antioch to rebuild the Jewish Temple.
* 363 – An Galilee earthquake of 363, earthquake with its epicenter in the Galilee rocks Palestine. The earthquake results in, among other things, a halt in the construction of the Jewish Temple, mainly because it ruins the early stages of the construction. Ultimately the plan to rebuild the Temple is scrapped after the death of emperor Julian the Apostate, Julian in June 363.
* 374/5 – Melania the Elder founds a monastery on the Mount of Olives which also functions as a hostel for pilgrims.
* c. 400 – Palestine proper is split into the provinces ''Palaestina Prima'' and ''Palaestina Secunda''. ''Palaestina Salutaris'' is renamed ''Palaestina Tertia''.
* 425 – The Sanhedrin is disbanded by the Byzantine Empire.
* 438-439 – Empress Aelia Eudocia Augusta visits Jerusalem for the first time.
* 451 – The Council of Chalcedon declares that Jerusalem shall be a Patriarch, patriachate.
* 484 – Samaritan revolts, Samaritans revolt as Emperor Zeno (emperor), Zeno has a church built on their holy mountain, Mount Gerizim, Gerizim.
* 529 – The Samaritans rebel against the Romans. Samaritanism loses its religio licita status as punishment.
* 541/2 – The Plague of Justinian, bubonic plague sweeps Palestine.
* 555/6 – Uprising by Samaritans and Jews centered around Caesarea.
* 571 – Muhammad, founder of Islam, is born in Mecca.
* 613 – The Sasanian Empire (Persian Empire) captures several Palestinian cities on the coast.
* 614 May – The Sasanian Empire under general Shahrbaraz of Persia, Shahrbaraz captures and sacks Jerusalem; the Church of the Holy Sepulchre is damaged by fire and the True Cross is captured.
* 629 – Byzantine Emperor Heraclius retakes Jerusalem after the decisive defeat of the Sassanid Empire at the Battle of Nineveh (627), Battle of Nineveh in 627. Heraclius personally returns the True Cross to the city.
* 634 February 4 – The Rashidun Caliphate defeats a 300-man-strong Byzantine force led by ''Dux'' Sergius at the Battle of Dathin, near Gaza.
The Crusader period, sometimes referred to as the medieval period, as it was the only time when the Western-type societal organisation was transplanted to the region, lasted from 1099 when the Crusaders captured Jerusalem, to 1291 when the Kingdom of Jerusalem's last major possession in the Holy Land, Acre, Israel, Acre, was overrun by the Mamluk Egypt, Mamluks. In part of that period, almost every part of the territory changed hands repeatedly between the Crusaders and the Ayyubids.
* 1096–1099 – First Crusade and the establishment of the Catholic Kingdom of Jerusalem in Outremer.
* 1099:
** June 7 – The crusaders reach Jerusalem and Siege of Jerusalem (1099), besieges the city.
** June 17 – A Genoese fleet captures Jaffa.
** July 15 – Catholic soldiers under Godfrey of Bouillon, Robert II of Flanders, Raymond IV of Toulouse and Tancred, Prince of Galilee, Tancred take Jerusalem after a difficult siege, killing nearly every inhabitant.
** July 22 – Godfrey is elected as the ruler of Jerusalem, but he is not crowned king.
** August 12 – The Crusaders defeat the Fatimids at the Battle of Ascalon.
** Godfrey of Bouillon enters Jaffa.
* 1100 December 25 – The Kingdom of Jerusalem is established.
* 1113–1115 – Earthquakes hits the region.
* 1116 – The Latins repair the walls of Jerusalem.
* 1153 August 23 – The Franks capture Ascalon, thus completing the conquest of the Western coast of the Mediterranean Sea.
* 1177 November 25 – Battle of Montgisard: Baldwin IV of Jerusalem and Raynald of Chatillon defeat Saladin.
* 1124 – Crusaders conquer Tyre.
* 1177 – The Latins repair the walls of Jerusalem.
* 1187:
** May 1 – Battle of Cresson: Saladin defeats the Crusades, crusaders.
** June – Saladin captures Tiberias.
** July 4 – Saladin defeats Guy of Lusignan, Kings of Jerusalem, King of Jerusalem at the Battle of Hattin.
** October 2 – Saladin captures Jerusalem from Crusaders.
* 1189 August 28 – Guy of Lusignan Siege of Acre (1189–1191), besieges Acre.
* 1189–1192 – Third Crusade led by the armies of Richard the Lionhearted.
* 1191:
** June 8 – Richard arrives at Acre.
** July 12 – The Muslim garrison at Acre surrenders to the Crusaders.
** August 20 – Richard executes Muslim prisoners from Acre outside the city.
** September 7 – Richard I of England defeats Saladin at the Battle of Arsuf forcing him to retreat with heavy losses.
* 1192:
** September 2 – Richard and Saladin signs the Treaty of Jaffa (1192), Treaty of Jaffa, a peace-treaty to run for three years.
** October 9 – Richard leaves Palestine.
* 1193 March 3/4 – Saladin dies in Damascus. Conflicts between his sons, brothers and nephews cause the disintegration of Ayyubid dynasty, his empire.
* 1202 – Major earthquake.
* 1219 March – The Ayyubid sultan Al-Mu'azzam Isa orders the destruction of Jerusalem's city walls to prevent the crusaders from capturing a fortified city.
* 1229:
** February 18 – Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick II and the Ayyubid sultan Al-Kamil signs the Treaty of Jaffa (1229), Treaty of Jaffa, a 10-year-truce (''hudna'') that restores Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem to Christian control in exchange for protection.
** March 17 – Frederick enters Jerusalem.
* 1239 – The Ayyubid ruler An-Nasir Dawud destroys some of the refortifications built by the Franks in Jerusalem.
* 1243 – The Franks recover Jerusalem.
* 1244:
** July 11 – The Khwarazmian army between 1231 and 1246, Khwarezmians capture Jerusalem and slaughter its inhabitants.
** October 18 – Battle of La Forbie north-east of Gaza: The Crusaders and their allies, the Ayyubids of Damascus, Homs, and Kerak, suffer a crushing defeat by the Egyptian army and their Khwarezmian mercenaries.
* c. 1250 – Rabbi Yehiel ben Joseph founds a Yeshiva (Jewish religious school) in Acre.
* 1258 – The Mongols execute the last Abbasid caliph.
* 1260 – Battle of Ain Jalut (Jezreel Valley) between the Egyptian Mamluks and the Mongols.
* 1265 – The Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo), Mamluk Bahri dynasty of Egypt captures several cities and towns from Crusader states in the Middle East, including the cities of Haifa, Arsuf, and Caesarea Maritima.
*1267 – According to tradition, Nachmanides visits Jerusalem and establishes the Ramban Synagogue. However, it is doubtful whether Nachmanides ever visited Jerusalem.
* 1291 May 18 – Siege of Acre (1291), Fall of Acre: Al-Ashraf Khalil of Egypt captures Akko, Acre, thus exterminating the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (the final Catholic landholding remaining from the Crusades), and ending the Ninth Crusade.
* 1517:
** The Ottomans conquer Palestine.
** 1517 – 1517 Hebron pogrom.
* 1538–1535 – Suleiman the Magnificent restores the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem and the Walls of Jerusalem, Jerusalem city walls (which are the current walls of the Old City of Jerusalem).
* 1541 – Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, Suleiman I seals off the Golden Gate (Jerusalem), Golden Gate to prevent the Jewish Messiah's entrance.
* 1546 January 14 – A devastating earthquake shook the Jordan Rift Valley region. The epicenter of the earthquake was in the Jordan River in a location between the Dead Sea and the Sea of Galilee. The cities of Jerusalem, Hebron, Nablus, Gaza City, Gaza, and Damascus were heavily damaged.
* 1700 – Judah he-Hasid (Jerusalem), Judah the Pious and 1,000 followers settle in Jerusalem.
*1742–1777 – Several Jewish Hassidic leaders (including Abraham Gershon of Kitov, Rabbi Abraham Gershon of Kitob and Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk) move to the Holy Land with many followers of the Baal Shem Tov. Historians mark their arrival as the beginning of the current Jews, Jewish Hasidic Judaism, Hassidic community in the region.
*1759 October 30 – Another devastating earthquake shook the Jordan Rift Valley region. The epicenter of the earthquake was again in the Jordan River, in a location between the Sea of Galilee and the Hula Valley. The cities of Safed, Tiberias, Acre, Israel, Acre, and Sidon were heavily damaged.
* 1798 – Napoleon Bonaparte leads the French Campaign in Egypt and Syria.
* 1799:
** March 3–4 – Napoleonic Wars: Siege of Jaffa – Napoleon captures the city of Jaffa.
** March 20–May 21 – Napoleonic Wars: Siege of Acre (1799), Siege of Acre – An unsuccessful attempt by Napoleon to capture the city of Acre, Israel, Acre.
** April 8 – Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Nazareth.
** April 11 – Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Cana.
** April 16 – Napoleonic Wars: The Battle of Mount Tabor (1799), Battle of Mount Tabor – Napoleon drives Ottoman Turks across the River Jordan near Acre, Israel, Acre.
*1808–1810 – Students of Vilna Gaon, Elijah ben Solomon Zalman (Gr"a), amounting to 501 families, arrive in the Holy Land. Historians mark their arrival as the beginning of the current Jews, Jewish Ashkenazi Jews, Ashkenazi community in the region.
*1832 May 10 – Muhammad Ali of Egypt, Mohammed Ali, leading Egyptian forces, and aided by local Maronites, seizes Acre, Israel, Acre from the Ottoman Empire after a 7-month siege.
* 1834 – Peasants' revolt in Palestine - revolt by Arab Palestinian peasants against Egyptian conscription and taxation policies.
* 1837 January 1 – Galilee earthquake of 1837 – A devastating earthquake shakes the Galilee region, killing thousands of people.Sbeinati, M.R., Darawcheh, R. & Mouty, M. 2005. The historical earthquakes of Syria: an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D. Annals of Geophysics, 48, 347–435.
/ref> * 1840 July 15 – The Austrian Empire, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Russian Empire sign the Convention of London (1840), Convention of London with the ruler of the Ottoman Empire. The signatories offered to Muhammad Ali and his heirs permanent control over Egypt and the Acre Sanjak (roughly what is now Israel), provided that these territories remain part of the Ottoman Empire and that Ali agreed within ten days to withdraw from the rest of Ottoman Syria, Syria and return to Sultan Abdülmecid I the Ottoman Navy, Ottoman fleet which had defected to Alexandria. Muhammad Ali was also to immediately withdraw his forces from Arabia, the Holy city, Holy Cities, Crete, the district of Adana, and all of the Ottoman Empire. * 1860 – The first Jewish neighborhood (Mishkenot Sha'ananim) is built outside the walls of the Old City of Jerusalem. * 1874 – Jerusalem becomes a Mutesarrifiyyet gaining a special administrative status. * 1882–1903 – The First Aliyah took place: 25,000–35,000 Jews immigrate to Ottoman Syria. * 1887–1888 – Ottoman Syria is divided into Jerusalem Sanjak, Nablus Sanjak, and Acre Sanjak * 1897 August 29–31 – The First Zionist Congress is held in Basel, Switzerland. During it, the World Zionist Organization is founded and the First Zionist Congress#Basel Declaration, Basel Declaration is approved. The latter determine that the Zionist movement's ultimate aim is to establish and secure under public law a Jewish Homeland, homeland for the Jewish people. The homeland is to be located in the Biblical region dubbed variously "The Holy Land" or "Palestine" by the European Christians during the Catholic and later secular Age of Enlightenment, Enlightenment. * 1898 – German Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany, Wilhelm visits Jerusalem to dedicate the Lutheran Church of the Redeemer, Jerusalem, Lutheran Church of the Redeemer. He meets Theodor Herzl outside city walls.
* 1927 July 11 – 1927 Jericho earthquake – A powerful earthquake occurs in the Jordan Rift Valley region.
* 1929 – Outbreak of the 1929 Palestine riots.
* 1936–1939 – The 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine, Great Arab Revolt.
* 1947 November 29 – UN General Assembly 1947 UN Partition Plan, adopts a resolution containing proposal to divide Mandatory Palestine into independent Arab and Jewish States, with a Special International Regime for the city of Jerusalem and its environs.
* 1993 September 13 – The first Oslo Accords are signed at an official ceremony in Washington in the presence of Yitzhak Rabin for Israel, Yasser Arafat for PLO and Bill Clinton for the United States.
* 1994 October 26 – The Israel–Jordan peace treaty, Peace agreement between Israel and Jordan is signed.
* 1995 November 4 – Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin was Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin, assassinated by right-wing Israeli radical Yigal Amir.
* 2000–2005 (unclear) – The Second Intifada: The second Palestinian people, Palestinian Rebellion, uprising took place in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank against the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian Territories. The uprising which began as massive protests carried out by Palestinians in the Palestinian Territories, soon turned into a violent Palestinian guerrilla campaign which included numerous suicide attacks carried out against Israeli civilians within the state of Israel.
* 2002 June – As a result of the significant increase of suicide bombing attacks within Israeli population centers during the first years of the Second Intifada, Israel began the construction of the West Bank Fence along the Green Line border arguing that the barrier is necessary to protect Israeli civilians from Palestinian militants. The significantly reduced number of incidents of suicide bombings from 2002 to 2005 has been partly attributed to the barrier. The barrier's construction, which has been highly controversial, became a major issue of contention between the two sides.
* 2005 August 23 – Israel's unilateral disengagement plan: The evacuation of 25 Jewish settlements in the Gaza Strip and West Bank is completed.
* 2006 July 12–August 14 – The Second Lebanon War took place, which began as a military operation in response to the abduction of two Israeli reserve soldiers by the Hezbollah, and gradually grew to a wider conflict. 1,191 Lebanese were killed, 4,409 were injured.
* 2008 December 27–2009 January 18 – Gaza War (2008–09), Operation Cast Lead: IDF forces conducted a large-scale military operation in the Gaza Strip during which dozens of targets were attacked in the Gaza Strip in response to ongoing rocket fire on the western Negev. 1,291 Palestinians were killed.
* 2012:
** November 14–November 21 – Operation Pillar of Cloud: IDF forces launches a large-scale military operation in the Gaza Strip in response to Palestinian militants firing over a hundred rockets from the Gaza Strip into southern Israel beginning on 10 November, with the aims of restoring quiet to southern Israel and to strike at what it considers terror organizations. The operation officially began with the assassination of Ahmed Jabari, chief of the Gaza military wing of Hamas. 158 Palestinians were killed.
** November 29 – United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19: Upgrading of Palestine to non-member observer state status in the United Nations.
*2016 December 23 – United Nations Security Council resolution 2334: Condemning Israeli occupation of Palestinian lands.
* 2017 December 6 – US President Donald Trump announced the United States recognition of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel.Proclamation 9683 of December 6, 2017, 82 FR 58331
Neo-Assyrian Empire
The Neo-Assyrian Empire was the fourth and penultimate stage of ancient Assyrian history and the final and greatest phase of Assyria as an independent state. Beginning with the accession of Adad-nirari II in 911 BC, the Neo-Assyrian Empire grew t ...
and parts of the local population is deported and replaced with deportees from other parts of the empire.
Babylonian and Persian periods
Babylonian and Persian periods (586–332 BCE). The Babylonian period began with the destruction of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar II in 587 or 586 BCE. The Persian period spans the years 539–332 BCE, from the timeCyrus II of Persia
Cyrus II of Persia (; peo, 𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁 ), commonly known as Cyrus the Great, was the founder of the Achaemenid Empire, the first Persian empire. Schmitt Achaemenid dynasty (i. The clan and dynasty) Under his rule, the empire embraced ...
("the Great") conquered the Neo-Babylonian Empire
The Neo-Babylonian Empire or Second Babylonian Empire, historically known as the Chaldean Empire, was the last polity ruled by monarchs native to Mesopotamia. Beginning with the coronation of Nabopolassar as the King of Babylon in 626 BC and bei ...
, to the conquest of the region by Alexander the Great.
Hellenistic period
The Hellenistic period began withAlexander the Great
Alexander III of Macedon ( grc, Ἀλέξανδρος, Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon. He succeeded his father Philip II to ...
's conquest of Palestine in 332 BCE and ended with Pompey's conquest of Palestine in 63 BCE. Alternatively, it can be considered to end with the victory of Rome's client king
A client state, in international relations, is a state that is economically, politically, and/or militarily subordinate to another more powerful state (called the "controlling state"). A client state may variously be described as satellite state, ...
, Herod the Great
Herod I (; ; grc-gre, ; c. 72 – 4 or 1 BCE), also known as Herod the Great, was a Roman Jewish client king of Judea, referred to as the Herodian kingdom. He is known for his colossal building projects throughout Judea, including his renova ...
, over the last Hasmonean king of Judea in 37 BCE.
* c. 260 BCE – Beit She'an
Beit She'an ( he, בֵּית שְׁאָן '), also Beth-shean, formerly Beisan ( ar, بيسان ), is a town in the Northern District of Israel. The town lies at the Beit She'an Valley about 120 m (394 feet) below sea level.
Beit She'an is be ...
is refounded as the ''poleis'' Scythopolis by Ptolemy II Philadelphus.
* 200 BCE – The Seleucid
The Seleucid Empire (; grc, Βασιλεία τῶν Σελευκιδῶν, ''Basileía tōn Seleukidōn'') was a Greek state in West Asia that existed during the Hellenistic period from 312 BC to 63 BC. The Seleucid Empire was founded by the ...
emperor Antiochus III the Great
Antiochus III the Great (; grc-gre, Ἀντίoχoς Μέγας ; c. 2413 July 187 BC) was a Greek Hellenistic king and the 6th ruler of the Seleucid Empire, reigning from 222 to 187 BC. He ruled over the region of Syria and large parts of the res ...
conquers Palestine.
* 175 BCE:
** Seleucus IV
Seleucus IV Philopator (Greek: Σέλευκος Φιλοπάτωρ; c. 218 – 3 September 175 BC), ruler of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire, reigned from 187 BC to 175 BC over a realm consisting of Syria (now including Cilicia and Judea), Mes ...
() dies and is succeeded by Antiochus, son of Seleucus IV
Antiochus ( gr, Ἀντίοχος; 180 – 170 BC) was a Hellenistic monarch of the Seleucid Empire reigning between 175 and 170 BC.
Biography
Antiochus' year of birth is not specified by ancient historians, but his portrait known from his coi ...
.
** Antiochus IV Epiphanes
Antiochus IV Epiphanes (; grc, Ἀντίοχος ὁ Ἐπιφανής, ''Antíochos ho Epiphanḗs'', "God Manifest"; c. 215 BC – November/December 164 BC) was a Greek Hellenistic king who ruled the Seleucid Empire from 175 BC until his dea ...
() becomes the Seleucid emperor.
* 174 BCE – Antiochus appoints Jason
Jason ( ; ) was an ancient Greek mythological hero and leader of the Argonauts, whose quest for the Golden Fleece featured in Greek literature. He was the son of Aeson, the rightful king of Iolcos. He was married to the sorceress Medea. He ...
as high priest of the Jerusalem Temple.
* 172 BCE – Antiochus replaces Jason with Menelaus
In Greek mythology, Menelaus (; grc-gre, Μενέλαος , 'wrath of the people', ) was a king of Mycenaean (pre- Dorian) Sparta. According to the ''Iliad'', Menelaus was a central figure in the Trojan War, leading the Spartan contingent of th ...
as high priest of the Jerusalem Temple as the latter offers to pay a much bigger tribute.
* Late 170 BCE/early 169 BCE – Antiochus invades Egypt but decides to return. Perhaps because of disturbances in Palestine. His return is triumphant and he brings many spoils.
* 169 BCE, autumn – On his way back from Egypt, Antiochus raids the Jerusalem Temple and confiscates its treasures.
* 168 BCE, spring – Antiochus invades Egypt but the Romans force him to withdraw. Meanwhile, rumors spread in Judea that the king has died and Jason launches a surprise attack on Jerusalem, captures the city, and kills supporters of his rival Menelaus. Antiochus interprets Jason's attack as a rebellion and sends an army that retakes Jerusalem and drives Jason's followers away.
* 167 BCE, autumn – Antiochus IV Epiphanes
Antiochus IV Epiphanes (; grc, Ἀντίοχος ὁ Ἐπιφανής, ''Antíochos ho Epiphanḗs'', "God Manifest"; c. 215 BC – November/December 164 BC) was a Greek Hellenistic king who ruled the Seleucid Empire from 175 BC until his dea ...
outlaws Judaism in Judea and allows pagan worship at the Jerusalem temple.
* 165 BCE, spring – Antiochus campaigns against the Parthians.
* 164 BCE:
** spring – Antiochus issues a letter repealing the ban on Judaism and promising amnesty for the insurgents who return before March 164. The provincial land-tax from 167 BCE is abolished. The Maccabees does not take up the Seleucids offer and the insurgency continues.
** summer – The Maccabees carries out a number of punitive expeditions, likely led by Judas, against people who had participated in the persecution against Jews.
** autumn/winter – Judas enters Jerusalem and the altar to Zeus and other pagan artifacts are removed from the Temple. Meanwhile, Antiochus dies in Persis, igniting a century-long war of succession in Antioch, the capital of the Seleucid empire.
* 161 BCE – Judas Maccabeus is killed in battle and his army is routed.
* 152 BCE – Jonathan Apphus is appointed high priest of the Jerusalem temple by the Seleucids.
* c. 145 BCE – The Seleucid ruler Demetrius II Nicator lets Judea annex the three southern Samarian districts Lydda, Aphairema, and Ramathaim.
* 135/4 BCE – John Hyrcanus becomes Hasmonean king.
* 129 BCE – The Seleucid emperor Antiochus VII Sidetes dies.
* c. 112–107 BCE – The Hasmoneans destroy the Samaritan temple at Mount Gerizim and devastates Shechem.
* c. 108/7 BCE – The Hasmoneans destroy Scythopolis.
* 104 BCE – Aristobulus I succeeds Hyrcanus as king of Judea.
* 103 BCE – Alexander Jannaeus succeeds Aristobulus. He greatly extends the Hasmonean kingdom, concentrating on Greek cities along the Palestinian coast.
* 76 BCE – Hyrcanus II succeeds Alexander Jannaeus.
* 67 BCE:
** Salome Alexandra dies and her son Hyrcanus II becomes king of Judea.
** A war of succession leads to a civil war among the Hasmoneans in Judea.
Roman period
The Roman period lasted from Pompey's conquest of Palestine in 66 BCE, until the legal establishment of Christianity in the realm. Suggestions for the end date vary between the Edict of Milan in 313 CE by which Constantine the Great declares Christianity a permitted religion, and the declaration of Nicene Christianity as the sole state religion by three co-emperors including Theodosius, emperor of the East, through the Edict of Thessalonica of 380. * 63 BCE – Roman troops occupy Palestine. * 57–54 BCE – Scythopolis is rebuilt by the Roman proconsul Gabinius. * 47 BCE: **Herod the Great
Herod I (; ; grc-gre, ; c. 72 – 4 or 1 BCE), also known as Herod the Great, was a Roman Jewish client king of Judea, referred to as the Herodian kingdom. He is known for his colossal building projects throughout Judea, including his renova ...
is appointed governor of Galilee.
** Herod clears out Hezekiah's "brigands," who had been harassing people in southern Syria.
* 40 BCE:
** The Parthian Empire, Parthians invade Judea, seize Jerusalem, and appoint Antigonus II Mattathias King of Judea.
** Herod visits Rome to seek Mark Antony's support. He is appointed king by the Roman senate.
* 37 BCE – Herod the Great
Herod I (; ; grc-gre, ; c. 72 – 4 or 1 BCE), also known as Herod the Great, was a Roman Jewish client king of Judea, referred to as the Herodian kingdom. He is known for his colossal building projects throughout Judea, including his renova ...
conquers Judea with the help of Roman and Jewish troops. Antigonus II Mattathias, who had barricaded himself in the city, is beheaded by Mark Antony.
* 31 BCE – 31 BC Judea earthquake. A powerful earthquake occurs in Judea.
* 27 BCE – King Herod rebuilds Samaria and renames it Sebastia, Nablus, Sebastia.Sebaste, Holy LandAtlas Travel and Tourism Agency. * 23 BCE – King Herod builds a palace and fortress called Herodium, about south of Jerusalem. * 22 BCE – Herod begins construction of a new city and harbor called Caesarea Maritima at the old settlement Straton's Tower. * 20 BCE: ** Herod is awarded large swathes of northern territory by emperor Augustus to add to his kingdom. ** Citizens of Gadara appeal to Augustus to be excluded from Herod's kingdom. * 19 BCE – King
Herod the Great
Herod I (; ; grc-gre, ; c. 72 – 4 or 1 BCE), also known as Herod the Great, was a Roman Jewish client king of Judea, referred to as the Herodian kingdom. He is known for his colossal building projects throughout Judea, including his renova ...
further extends the Temple Mount's natural plateau and Herod's Temple, rebuilds the temple.Temple of HerodJewish Encyclopedia * c. 10 BCE – Caesarea is completed. * 7 BCE - Herod has his two sons, Alexander and Aristobulus, executed. * 7–2 BCE – Nativity of Jesus, Birth of Jesus. * 4 BCE – Herod dies and a wave of unrest sweeps Palestine. * 6 CE: ** Leading Jews and Samaritans ask Augustus to remove Herod Archelaus from the throne. He obliges and Archelaus is deposed and exiled. His territory, consisting of Judea, Samaria, and Idumea, is organized into the Roman district ''Iudaea''. ** First Roman census of Judea. * c. 20 – Tiberias in the Galilee is founded by Herod Antipas, one of Herod the Great's successors. * 26–33 – Crucifixion of Jesus, Jesus is crucified. * 37 – Herod II, Herod Philip dies. * 39 – Antipas is removed from his post and banished to Gaul. Herod Agrippa I receives his territories. * 41 – Herod Agrippa, Agrippa I becomes king of parts of the Herodian kingdom which, in 6 CE, had been divided by Herod's sons. * 44 – Herod Agrippa I dies. Judea comes under direct Roman administration. * 62–64 – Completion of the renovations of the Jerusalem temple begun by Herod. * 66–70 – First Jewish–Roman War, First Jewish revolt: ** 66 – The revolt breaks out in the summer. ** 67 – Roman legions invade Palestine. ** 69 – Vespasian is declared emperor and leaves for Rome. His older son, Titus, takes command of the Roman legions in Palestine. ** 70 – The Romans takes Jerusalem and Siege of Jerusalem (70)#Destruction of Jerusalem, destroy the Second Temple. ** 73/4 – The Romans takes Masada#The Roman siege, Masada, the last rebel holdout. * 70/1 – Provincia Iudaea is established. * 106 – The Romans annex Nabataean territory, reorganizing it as the province of Arabia. * 120 – First imperial road built through the Galilee. * 129/130 – The Roman emperor Hadrian visits Syria, Palestine, and Arabia, and founds the Roman colony Aelia Capitolina at Jerusalem. Presumably, the outbreak of the Bar Kokhba revolt is directly linked to this event. * 132–135 – Bar Kokhba revolt: * 195 – The bishops of Caesarea and Jerusalem, Theophilus, bishop of Caesarea, Theophilus and Narcissus of Jerusalem, Narcissus, preside over a council in Caesarea to settle a growing Easter controversy, dispute over the proper date of the celebration of Easter. * 222 – Caesarea becomes the metropolitan see for Palestine. * 270 – Zenobia, ruler of the Palmyrene Empire, conquers most of the Roman east including Palestine. * 272 – Palestine is recaptured by Rome.
Byzantine period
Allowing for varying starting dates (see above under Timeline of the history of the region of Palestine#Roman period, Roman period), this timeline chooses for convenience's sake to set the starting year of the Byzantine period as 313, when Constantine declared Christianity a permitted religion. The period ends with the Muslim conquest of Palestine in 637–641.
* 313 – The Roman Emperor Constantine the Great declares that Christianity is an acceptable religion.
* 324 – Constantine—having defeated Emperor Maximian, Caesar of the Western Roman Empire at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge—becomes the sole ruler of the re-united Roman Empire with its capital at Byzantium (New Rome). Queen Helena, a devout Christian, wife of Eastern Roman Emperor Constantius and mother of Constantine the Great, departs for the Holy Land and begins the construction of churches.
* 326–333 – Concurrent construction of the world's first 4 church buildings under Helena's Tutelage: The Church of the Nativity is built in Bethlehem, marking the site where according to Christian tradition Nativity of Jesus, Jesus was born; "Eleona" (Greek: Olive) on the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem, also called "Chapel of The Apostles", marking the site where, according to Christian tradition, Ascension of Jesus Christ, Jesus ascended to heaven; The Church of The Holy Cross, later called The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, is built in Old City (Jerusalem), Jerusalem on the hill of Golgotha, marking the site where, according to Christian tradition, Jesus was Crucifixion of Jesus, crucified, buried, and Resurrection of Jesus, resurrected; and Mamre, near Hebron.
* c. 350 – The Christian monk Hilarion founds the first church in Haluza and converts a large portion of the population.
* 351/2 – Jewish revolt against Gallus, Jewish revolt centered around Sepphoris against the Caesar (title), Caesar of the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Emperor Constantius Gallus. The revolt is quickly subdued by Gallus' general Ursicinus (magister equitum), Ursicinus.
* c. 357 – Palestine is divided into the provinces Palaestina Prima and Palaestina Salutaris.
* 361–363 – Roman emperor Julian the Apostate orders Alypius of Antioch to rebuild the Jewish Temple.
* 363 – An Galilee earthquake of 363, earthquake with its epicenter in the Galilee rocks Palestine. The earthquake results in, among other things, a halt in the construction of the Jewish Temple, mainly because it ruins the early stages of the construction. Ultimately the plan to rebuild the Temple is scrapped after the death of emperor Julian the Apostate, Julian in June 363.
* 374/5 – Melania the Elder founds a monastery on the Mount of Olives which also functions as a hostel for pilgrims.
* c. 400 – Palestine proper is split into the provinces ''Palaestina Prima'' and ''Palaestina Secunda''. ''Palaestina Salutaris'' is renamed ''Palaestina Tertia''.
* 425 – The Sanhedrin is disbanded by the Byzantine Empire.
* 438-439 – Empress Aelia Eudocia Augusta visits Jerusalem for the first time.
* 451 – The Council of Chalcedon declares that Jerusalem shall be a Patriarch, patriachate.
* 484 – Samaritan revolts, Samaritans revolt as Emperor Zeno (emperor), Zeno has a church built on their holy mountain, Mount Gerizim, Gerizim.
* 529 – The Samaritans rebel against the Romans. Samaritanism loses its religio licita status as punishment.
* 541/2 – The Plague of Justinian, bubonic plague sweeps Palestine.
* 555/6 – Uprising by Samaritans and Jews centered around Caesarea.
* 571 – Muhammad, founder of Islam, is born in Mecca.
* 613 – The Sasanian Empire (Persian Empire) captures several Palestinian cities on the coast.
* 614 May – The Sasanian Empire under general Shahrbaraz of Persia, Shahrbaraz captures and sacks Jerusalem; the Church of the Holy Sepulchre is damaged by fire and the True Cross is captured.
* 629 – Byzantine Emperor Heraclius retakes Jerusalem after the decisive defeat of the Sassanid Empire at the Battle of Nineveh (627), Battle of Nineveh in 627. Heraclius personally returns the True Cross to the city.
* 634 February 4 – The Rashidun Caliphate defeats a 300-man-strong Byzantine force led by ''Dux'' Sergius at the Battle of Dathin, near Gaza.
Early Muslim period
Rashidun period
* 637 (or 638) – Siege of Jerusalem (636–637), Jerusalem falls to the armies of Rashidun caliph Umar, Umar Ibn el-Khatab. Jews are permitted to return to the city after 568 years of Roman and Byzantine rule. ** June/July – The Rashiduns capture Gaza. ** summer – Ascalon surrenders to the Rashiduns. ** late – The Rashiduns and the Byzantines consent to a truce. * 640 – The Rashiduns capture Caesarea. * 641 – The Rashiduns capture Ashkelon, completing their conquest of the Holy Land. * 659 – Earthquake.Umayyad period
* 661 – The Umayyad Caliphate, Umayyad family takes control of the caliphate and moves its capital to Damascus, following the assassination of the Caliph Ali, Ali ibn Abi Talib. * 687–691 – The Dome of the Rock is built on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem at the site where, according to Islam, Muhammad ascended to heaven. * c. 715 – Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik founds Ramla; it becomes the capital and administrative center of Palestine. * 744: ** February – Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik dies and is succeeded by Al-Walid II. ** spring – Beginning of widespread mutinies against the Umayyads. ** April – Caliph Al-Walid II is assassinated and succeeded by Yazid III. ** October – Yazid III is assassinated and succeeded by Ibrahim ibn al-Walid. ** November – Caliph Ibrahim is defeated in battle by Marwan II who becomes the new caliph. * 745 – Theodore of Jerusalem, Theodore is appointed patriarch of Jerusalem. * 749 January 18 – The 749 Galilee earthquake, Galilee earthquake destroys Tiberias, Scythopolis, Hippos, Israel, Hippos, and Pella, Jordan, Pella. Many other cities throughout the Jordan valley suffer heavy damage. Tens of thousands of lives are lost.
Abbasid period
* 747–750 – Civil war resulting in the overthrow of the Umayyads; the Abbasids, Abbasid family seize control of the caliphate. * 758 – The Caliph Al-Mansur visits Jerusalem and possibly orders the renovation of the Dome of the Rock. * 762 – The Abbasids found Baghdad and designate it the caliphate's new capital. * 792/3 – Qays–Yaman war (793–796), War between the tribes of Palestine * 796 – Battles between the tribes of Palestine. * 799 – The Patriarch of Jerusalem sends a mission to the Frankish Empire, Frankish king Charlemagne and the latter returns the favor. * c. 800 – The Jewish High Council, headed by Gaon, moves from Tiberias to Jerusalem. * 800 – The Patriarch of Jerusalem sends another mission to Charlemagne carrying the keys to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, together with a banner. * 807 – A rebellion breaks out. Led by Abu'l-Nida', it has its epicenter in Eilat. * 813 – Earthquake. * c. 820 – The Church of the Holy Sepulchre is repaired. * 820 – Basil is appointed patriarch of Jerusalem. * 855 – Solomon of Jerusalem, Solomon is appointed patriarch of Jerusalem. * 885 – The Abbasids reconquer Damascus. * 873 – The governor of Egypt, Ahmad Ibn Tulun, breaks with the Abbasids and establishes independent rule. * 878 – The Tulunids occupy most of the former Byzantine Diocese of the East, enabling them to defend Egypt against Abbasid attacks. * 879 – Elias III of Jerusalem, Elias III is appointed patriarch of Jerusalem. * c. 881 – Elias III of Jerusalem appeals to the Franks. * c. 903 – Persian geographer Ibn al-Faqih visits Jerusalem. * 905/6 – The Abbasids regain control of Palestine. * 908/9 – Al-Muqtadir forbids Christians from serving in administrative positions. * c. 913 – Spanish scholar Ibn Abd Rabbih visits Jerusalem. * 935 – Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid, Al-Ikhshid takes control of Egypt and establishes independent rule. * 937 March 26 – Rioting Muslims burn down the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Church of the Resurrection and loot the Calvary, Chapel of Golgotha. * 939: ** October 17 – Muhammad ibn Ra'iq conquers Ramla. ** late – Battle of al-'Arish between Ibn Ra'iq and al-Ikhshid. * 946 July – Sayf al-Dawla invades Palestine. * 966 – A Muslim-Jewish mob torches the Church of Resurrection, plunders it, and kills Jerusalem's Patriarch John VII of Jerusalem, John VII.Fatimid period
* 969/70 – The Fatimids, a self-proclaimed Shia caliphate, defeat the Ikhshidids and appoint a Jewish governor. * 971 – The Qarmatians attack Damascus. ** September 5 – The Qarmatians conquer Ramla. ** December – The Fatimids ward off a Qarmatian invasion near Fustat. * 972 or 975 – Byzantine emperor John I Tzimiskes leads an expedition that reaches as far south as Caesarea and Tiberias in Palestine. * 975: ** winter – The Turkish officer Alptakin conquers Sidon and slaughters the population. ** spring – Alptakin conquers Tiberias. ** April – Alptakin conquers Damascus. * 977 March 12 – Ramla is again conquered by the Qarmatians. * 978: ** Joseph II of Jerusalem, Joseph II is appointed patriarch of Jerusalem. ** August 15 – A massive Fatimid army defeats Alptakin and the Qarmatians in southern Palestine. * 978–979 winter – The Jewish Fatimid general Fadl ibn Salih tries to negotiate with the leader of the Hamdanid dynasty, Hamdanids, but their leader Abu Taghlib refuses because Fadl is a Jew. He later agrees to negotiations with Fadl who offers him Ramla in exchange for ousting the Jarrahids. * 979 August – Abu Taghlib launches a failed offensive on Ramla and is taken captive and executed. * 981: ** June – Damascus is besieged by a Fatimid army. ** July – The Bedouins, led by the Jarrahids, rebel against the Fatimids. * 983 July 5 – Damascus is conquered by a Fatimid army. * 984 – Orestes is appointed patriarch of Jerusalem. * 991 February 24 – Ya'qub ibn Killis dies. * 996–998 – Revolt of Tyre (996–998), Revolt in Tyre. The rebels call for and receive support from the Byzantines. The Fatimids put the city under siege and it falls in May 998. The rebel leader is tortured and crucified. * 1006–1007 – Russian abbot Daniel the Traveller, Daniel makes pilgrimage to Palestine. * 1008 – Caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah forbids Jerusalem Christians from performing the Palm Sunday procession. * 1009 October 18 – Caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah orders the destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. * 1011–1013 February – Uprising of the Yemenite Djarrahid Bedouin tribe who seize Ramla and establish a mini-caliphate. * 1012 – Beginning of al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah's oppressive decrees against Christians and Jews. * 1015 September 4 – Earthquake. The dome of the Dome of the Rock collapses. * 1021 February 13 – Caliph Al-Hakim is assassinated and succeeded by his son al-Zahir. * 1024 September – Bedouin rebellion erupts over tax-collecting privileges (''iqta'a''). The Bedouins attack and loot Ramla and Tiberias. * 1026–1027 – Richard of Verdun makes pilgrimage to Palestine. * 1027 – A treaty is signed between the Byzantine emperor and the Fatimid caliph. It permits the rebuilding of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, and allows Christians who had converted to Islam under duress to return to their former faith. It also granted the emperor the right to designate the patriarch of Jerusalem. In return, the mosque of Constantinople would be reopened. * 1029 – Anushtakin defeats a Bedouin coalition that challenges Fatimid rule in Palestine and Syria. * 1032 – Renovations of the Dome of the Rock ordered by Caliph al-Zahir are finished. * 1033: ** Jerusalem's city walls are rebuilt. ** December 5 – 1033 Jordan Rift Valley earthquake. * 1047 – Persian poet and traveler Nasir Khusraw visits Palestine. * 1063 – The Fatimids strengthen or rebuild the walls of Jerusalem. * 1064–1065 – The Great German Pilgrimage of 1064–65, Great German Pilgrimage takes place. * 1068 – An earthquake destroys Ramla, killing an estimated 15,000. * 1071 – The Seljuk Turks invade large portions of West Asia, including Asia Minor and the Eastern Mediterranean; they capture Ramla and lay siege to Jerusalem. * 1073 – The Seljuks invade Palestine. * 1075: ** The Seljuks capture Damascus. ** A severe drought hits Palestine. * 1077 – The Seljuks capture Jaffa. * 1089 – The Fatimids conquer Tyre. * 1092–1095 – Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi stays in Jerusalem. * 1093 – Muslims in coastal communities bar Christians from entering Palestine. * 1095 November 27 – Pope Urban II launches the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont. Its principal objectives are Catholic reconquest of the Jerusalem in Christianity, sacred city of Jerusalem and the Holy Land, and the freeing of Eastern Christianity, Eastern Christians from Islamic rule. * 1098: ** July – The Fatimids lay siege to Jerusalem. ** August 26 – The Fatimids recapture Jerusalem.Crusader/Ayyubid period
The Crusader period, sometimes referred to as the medieval period, as it was the only time when the Western-type societal organisation was transplanted to the region, lasted from 1099 when the Crusaders captured Jerusalem, to 1291 when the Kingdom of Jerusalem's last major possession in the Holy Land, Acre, Israel, Acre, was overrun by the Mamluk Egypt, Mamluks. In part of that period, almost every part of the territory changed hands repeatedly between the Crusaders and the Ayyubids.
* 1096–1099 – First Crusade and the establishment of the Catholic Kingdom of Jerusalem in Outremer.
* 1099:
** June 7 – The crusaders reach Jerusalem and Siege of Jerusalem (1099), besieges the city.
** June 17 – A Genoese fleet captures Jaffa.
** July 15 – Catholic soldiers under Godfrey of Bouillon, Robert II of Flanders, Raymond IV of Toulouse and Tancred, Prince of Galilee, Tancred take Jerusalem after a difficult siege, killing nearly every inhabitant.
** July 22 – Godfrey is elected as the ruler of Jerusalem, but he is not crowned king.
** August 12 – The Crusaders defeat the Fatimids at the Battle of Ascalon.
** Godfrey of Bouillon enters Jaffa.
* 1100 December 25 – The Kingdom of Jerusalem is established.
* 1113–1115 – Earthquakes hits the region.
* 1116 – The Latins repair the walls of Jerusalem.
* 1153 August 23 – The Franks capture Ascalon, thus completing the conquest of the Western coast of the Mediterranean Sea.
* 1177 November 25 – Battle of Montgisard: Baldwin IV of Jerusalem and Raynald of Chatillon defeat Saladin.
* 1124 – Crusaders conquer Tyre.
* 1177 – The Latins repair the walls of Jerusalem.
* 1187:
** May 1 – Battle of Cresson: Saladin defeats the Crusades, crusaders.
** June – Saladin captures Tiberias.
** July 4 – Saladin defeats Guy of Lusignan, Kings of Jerusalem, King of Jerusalem at the Battle of Hattin.
** October 2 – Saladin captures Jerusalem from Crusaders.
* 1189 August 28 – Guy of Lusignan Siege of Acre (1189–1191), besieges Acre.
* 1189–1192 – Third Crusade led by the armies of Richard the Lionhearted.
* 1191:
** June 8 – Richard arrives at Acre.
** July 12 – The Muslim garrison at Acre surrenders to the Crusaders.
** August 20 – Richard executes Muslim prisoners from Acre outside the city.
** September 7 – Richard I of England defeats Saladin at the Battle of Arsuf forcing him to retreat with heavy losses.
* 1192:
** September 2 – Richard and Saladin signs the Treaty of Jaffa (1192), Treaty of Jaffa, a peace-treaty to run for three years.
** October 9 – Richard leaves Palestine.
* 1193 March 3/4 – Saladin dies in Damascus. Conflicts between his sons, brothers and nephews cause the disintegration of Ayyubid dynasty, his empire.
* 1202 – Major earthquake.
* 1219 March – The Ayyubid sultan Al-Mu'azzam Isa orders the destruction of Jerusalem's city walls to prevent the crusaders from capturing a fortified city.
* 1229:
** February 18 – Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick II and the Ayyubid sultan Al-Kamil signs the Treaty of Jaffa (1229), Treaty of Jaffa, a 10-year-truce (''hudna'') that restores Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem to Christian control in exchange for protection.
** March 17 – Frederick enters Jerusalem.
* 1239 – The Ayyubid ruler An-Nasir Dawud destroys some of the refortifications built by the Franks in Jerusalem.
* 1243 – The Franks recover Jerusalem.
* 1244:
** July 11 – The Khwarazmian army between 1231 and 1246, Khwarezmians capture Jerusalem and slaughter its inhabitants.
** October 18 – Battle of La Forbie north-east of Gaza: The Crusaders and their allies, the Ayyubids of Damascus, Homs, and Kerak, suffer a crushing defeat by the Egyptian army and their Khwarezmian mercenaries.
* c. 1250 – Rabbi Yehiel ben Joseph founds a Yeshiva (Jewish religious school) in Acre.
* 1258 – The Mongols execute the last Abbasid caliph.
* 1260 – Battle of Ain Jalut (Jezreel Valley) between the Egyptian Mamluks and the Mongols.
* 1265 – The Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo), Mamluk Bahri dynasty of Egypt captures several cities and towns from Crusader states in the Middle East, including the cities of Haifa, Arsuf, and Caesarea Maritima.
*1267 – According to tradition, Nachmanides visits Jerusalem and establishes the Ramban Synagogue. However, it is doubtful whether Nachmanides ever visited Jerusalem.
* 1291 May 18 – Siege of Acre (1291), Fall of Acre: Al-Ashraf Khalil of Egypt captures Akko, Acre, thus exterminating the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (the final Catholic landholding remaining from the Crusades), and ending the Ninth Crusade.
Mamluk period
The Mamluk period lasted from 1291 when the Mamluks capture Acre, to 1517 when the Ottomans conquered Palestine.Ottoman period
16th century
* 1517:
** The Ottomans conquer Palestine.
** 1517 – 1517 Hebron pogrom.
* 1538–1535 – Suleiman the Magnificent restores the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem and the Walls of Jerusalem, Jerusalem city walls (which are the current walls of the Old City of Jerusalem).
* 1541 – Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, Suleiman I seals off the Golden Gate (Jerusalem), Golden Gate to prevent the Jewish Messiah's entrance.
* 1546 January 14 – A devastating earthquake shook the Jordan Rift Valley region. The epicenter of the earthquake was in the Jordan River in a location between the Dead Sea and the Sea of Galilee. The cities of Jerusalem, Hebron, Nablus, Gaza City, Gaza, and Damascus were heavily damaged.
17th century
* 1660 – The towns of 1660 destruction of Safed, Safed and nearby 1660 destruction of Tiberias, Tiberias, with substantial Jewish communities, were destroyed in the turmoil following the 1658 death of Mulhim Ma'n, with only Safed being repopulated shortly after the destruction.Barnai, Jacob. ''The Jews in Palestine in the Eighteenth Century: under the patronage of the Istanbul Committee of Officials for Palestine'' (University of Alabama Press 1992) ; p. 14Joel Rappel. ''History of Eretz Israel from Prehistory up to 1882'' (1980), Vol.2, p.531. "In 1662 Sabbathai Sevi arrived to Jerusalem. It was the time when the Jewish settlements of Galilee were destroyed by the Druze: Tiberias was completely desolate and only a few of former Safed residents had returned..." Some sources place the destruction of Safed in 1662. * 1604 – First Protectorate of missions under the Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire: Ahmad I agreed that the subjects of Henry IV of France were free to visit the Holy Places of Jerusalem. French missionaries begin to travel to Jerusalem and other major Ottoman Empire, Ottoman cities. * 1663–1665 – Sabbatai Zevi, founder of the Sabbateans, preaches in Jerusalem before travelling back to his native Smyrna where he proclaimed himself the Messiah.18th century
* 1700 – Judah he-Hasid (Jerusalem), Judah the Pious and 1,000 followers settle in Jerusalem.
*1742–1777 – Several Jewish Hassidic leaders (including Abraham Gershon of Kitov, Rabbi Abraham Gershon of Kitob and Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk) move to the Holy Land with many followers of the Baal Shem Tov. Historians mark their arrival as the beginning of the current Jews, Jewish Hasidic Judaism, Hassidic community in the region.
*1759 October 30 – Another devastating earthquake shook the Jordan Rift Valley region. The epicenter of the earthquake was again in the Jordan River, in a location between the Sea of Galilee and the Hula Valley. The cities of Safed, Tiberias, Acre, Israel, Acre, and Sidon were heavily damaged.
* 1798 – Napoleon Bonaparte leads the French Campaign in Egypt and Syria.
* 1799:
** March 3–4 – Napoleonic Wars: Siege of Jaffa – Napoleon captures the city of Jaffa.
** March 20–May 21 – Napoleonic Wars: Siege of Acre (1799), Siege of Acre – An unsuccessful attempt by Napoleon to capture the city of Acre, Israel, Acre.
** April 8 – Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Nazareth.
** April 11 – Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Cana.
** April 16 – Napoleonic Wars: The Battle of Mount Tabor (1799), Battle of Mount Tabor – Napoleon drives Ottoman Turks across the River Jordan near Acre, Israel, Acre.
19th century
*1808–1810 – Students of Vilna Gaon, Elijah ben Solomon Zalman (Gr"a), amounting to 501 families, arrive in the Holy Land. Historians mark their arrival as the beginning of the current Jews, Jewish Ashkenazi Jews, Ashkenazi community in the region.
*1832 May 10 – Muhammad Ali of Egypt, Mohammed Ali, leading Egyptian forces, and aided by local Maronites, seizes Acre, Israel, Acre from the Ottoman Empire after a 7-month siege.
* 1834 – Peasants' revolt in Palestine - revolt by Arab Palestinian peasants against Egyptian conscription and taxation policies.
* 1837 January 1 – Galilee earthquake of 1837 – A devastating earthquake shakes the Galilee region, killing thousands of people.Sbeinati, M.R., Darawcheh, R. & Mouty, M. 2005. The historical earthquakes of Syria: an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D. Annals of Geophysics, 48, 347–435./ref> * 1840 July 15 – The Austrian Empire, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Russian Empire sign the Convention of London (1840), Convention of London with the ruler of the Ottoman Empire. The signatories offered to Muhammad Ali and his heirs permanent control over Egypt and the Acre Sanjak (roughly what is now Israel), provided that these territories remain part of the Ottoman Empire and that Ali agreed within ten days to withdraw from the rest of Ottoman Syria, Syria and return to Sultan Abdülmecid I the Ottoman Navy, Ottoman fleet which had defected to Alexandria. Muhammad Ali was also to immediately withdraw his forces from Arabia, the Holy city, Holy Cities, Crete, the district of Adana, and all of the Ottoman Empire. * 1860 – The first Jewish neighborhood (Mishkenot Sha'ananim) is built outside the walls of the Old City of Jerusalem. * 1874 – Jerusalem becomes a Mutesarrifiyyet gaining a special administrative status. * 1882–1903 – The First Aliyah took place: 25,000–35,000 Jews immigrate to Ottoman Syria. * 1887–1888 – Ottoman Syria is divided into Jerusalem Sanjak, Nablus Sanjak, and Acre Sanjak * 1897 August 29–31 – The First Zionist Congress is held in Basel, Switzerland. During it, the World Zionist Organization is founded and the First Zionist Congress#Basel Declaration, Basel Declaration is approved. The latter determine that the Zionist movement's ultimate aim is to establish and secure under public law a Jewish Homeland, homeland for the Jewish people. The homeland is to be located in the Biblical region dubbed variously "The Holy Land" or "Palestine" by the European Christians during the Catholic and later secular Age of Enlightenment, Enlightenment. * 1898 – German Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany, Wilhelm visits Jerusalem to dedicate the Lutheran Church of the Redeemer, Jerusalem, Lutheran Church of the Redeemer. He meets Theodor Herzl outside city walls.
20th century
*1901 – The Jewish National Fund is founded at the Fifth Zionist Congress in Basel with the aim of buying and developing land in the southern region of Ottoman Syria for Jewish settlement. *1909 April 11 – Tel Aviv is founded on the Rural-urban fringe, outskirts of the ancient port, port city of Jaffa. * 1911 – The Arabic newspaper Falastin, Filasṭīn is founded. * 1915: ** January 26–February 4 – A German led Ottoman Army advances from Southern Palestine, and conducts a Raid on the Suez Canal in an attempt to stop traffic through the canal. ** March–October – The 1915 locust plague breaks out in the Eastern Mediterranean coastal region. * 1916–1918 – The Arab Revolt * 1916: ** 16 May – United Kingdom, Britain and France conclude the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement, which defines their respective Sphere of influence, spheres of influence and control in Western Asia after the expected demise of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I. It was largely a trade agreement with a large area set aside for indirect control through an Arab state or a confederation of Arab states. ** August 3–5 – A German led Ottoman Army attacks British Empire forces defending the Suez Canal at the Battle of Romani. ** December 23 – The Anzac Mounted Division occupies El Arish and captures the Ottoman garrison during the Battle of Magdhaba. * 1917: ** January 9 – Sinai and Palestine Campaign: Battle of Rafa – British Empire forces defeat the Ottoman Empire garrison at Rafah after re-capturing the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula by the Egyptian Expeditionary Force. ** March 26 – Sinai and Palestine Campaign: First Battle of Gaza – British attack strong Ottoman defences at Gaza, but fail after 17,000 German led Ottoman troops block their advance in the Israeli coastal plain#Southern Coastal Plain, Southern Coastal Plain. ** April 6 – Sinai and Palestine Campaign: The Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation – Ottoman authorities deport the entire civilian population of Jaffa and Tel Aviv pursuant to the order from Ahmet Cemal, Ahmed Jamal Pasha, the military governor of Ottoman Syria during the First World War. Although Muslim evacuees are allowed to return before long, Jewish evacuees were not able to return until after the British conquest of Palestine. ** April 19 – Sinai and Palestine Campaign: Second Battle of Gaza – Ottoman defenders repel the second British assault on Gaza City, Gaza. ** October 31 – Sinai and Palestine Campaign: Battle of Beersheba (1917), Battle of Beersheba – XX Corps (United Kingdom), XX Corps infantry and Desert Mounted Corps mounted infantry attack Beersheba on the Gaza to Beersheba defensive line on the northern edge of the Negev Desert, capturing it from the Ottoman Empire. ** October 31–November 7 – Sinai and Palestine Campaign: Third Battle of Gaza – British forces capture Gaza City, Gaza. ** November 2 – Publication of the Balfour Declaration in which the British Government declares its support for the establishment of a Homeland for the Jewish people, Jewish national home in what is to become Mandate Palestine. ** November 15 – Sinai and Palestine Campaign: Australian and New Zealand troops capture Jaffa after the Battle of Mughar Ridge fought on November 13. ** November 17–December 30 – Sinai and Palestine Campaign: Battle of Jerusalem (1917), Battle of Jerusalem – The Ottoman Empire is defeated by British Empire forces at the Battle of Jerusalem. The British Army's General Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby, Allenby enters Jerusalem on foot, in a reference to the entrance of Caliph Umar in 637. * 1918: ** February 21 – Sinai and Palestine Campaign: Capture of Jericho – the Egyptian Expeditionary Force's Occupation of the Jordan Valley begins. ** March 8–12– Sinai and Palestine Campaign: Battle of Tell 'Asur – series of attacks along the Jaffa to Jerusalem line which pushed the front line a few miles north. ** March 21–April 2 – Sinai and Palestine Campaign: First Transjordan attack on Amman including the First Battle of Amman – an infantry and a mounted division invade Ottoman Empire territory only to be forced by superior Ottoman forces to retreat back to the Jordan Valley (Middle East), Jordan Valley. ** April 30–May 4 – Sinai and Palestine Campaign: Second Transjordan attack on Shunet Nimrin and Es Salt – second attempt to capture Ottoman Empire territory east of the Jordan River when three divisions are again forced back to the Jordan Valley by superior Ottoman defenders. ** June – First meeting between Zionist leader Chaim Weizmann and the son of the Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, Sharif of Mecca Hashemite Faisal I of Iraq, Prince Faisal, who led the Arab forces in the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire during the First World War. The meeting takes place in Faisal's headquarters in Aqaba, and attempts to establish favourable relations between Arabs and Jews in the Middle East. ** July 14 – Sinai and Palestine Campaign: Battle of Abu Tellul ** September 19–25 – Sinai and Palestine Campaign: Battle of Megiddo (1918), Battle of Megiddo including the Battle of Sharon, the Battle of Nablus (1918), Battle of Nablus, and the Third Transjordan attack. The Egyptian Expeditionary Force attacks and captures large numbers of Ottoman and German soldiers and Ottoman territory. These battles included the capture of Second Battle of Amman, Amman, Battle of Arara, Arara, Capture of Afulah and Beisan, Battle of Haifa (1918), Haifa, Capture of Jenin (1918), Jenin, Battle of Nablus (1918), Nablus, Battle of Samakh (1918), Samakh, Battle of Tabsor, Tabsor, Capture of Tiberias (1918), Tiberias, and Battle of Tulkarm, Tulkarm, including a series of air raids in the Judean Hills during which bombs are dropped on retreating German and Ottoman columns. ** September 26–October 1 – Sinai and Palestine Campaign: Capture of Damascus (1918), Capture of Damascus – continuation of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force attacks with capture of almost two Ottoman armies, plus territory extending into Syria. During this advance Charge at Irbid, Irbid, Battle of Jisr Benat Yakub, Jisr Benat Yakub, Charge at Kaukab, Kaukab, and Charge at Kiswe, Kiswe are captured. The British Empire offensive continues into Syria with the Charge at Khan Ayash and the Pursuit to Haritan, as well as the Battle of Aleppo (1918), Battle of Aleppo, and ends with the Charge at Haritan on October 26. ** October 30 – Sinai and Palestine Campaign: The British Sinai and Palestine Campaign officially ends with the signing of the Armistice of Mudros. Shortly thereafter, the Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Empire is dissolved.OETA and Mandatory Palestine
* 1927 July 11 – 1927 Jericho earthquake – A powerful earthquake occurs in the Jordan Rift Valley region.
* 1929 – Outbreak of the 1929 Palestine riots.
* 1936–1939 – The 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine, Great Arab Revolt.
* 1947 November 29 – UN General Assembly 1947 UN Partition Plan, adopts a resolution containing proposal to divide Mandatory Palestine into independent Arab and Jewish States, with a Special International Regime for the city of Jerusalem and its environs.
Israel, Jordan-occupied West Bank, Egypt-occupied Gaza
* 1948 May 14 – Israeli Declaration of Independence: Yishuv, Jewish leadership in the region of Palestine announces the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, Eretz-Israel, to be known as the State of Israel. * 1948 May 14–1949 January 7 – The 1948 Arab–Israeli War: a large-scale war between Israel and five Arab countries and the Palestinian-Arabs. The war results in an Israeli victory, with Israel annexing territory beyond the borders of the proposed Jewish state and into the borders of the proposed Arab state and West Jerusalem. Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and Egypt signed the 1949 Armistice Agreements with Israel. The Gaza Strip and the West Bank, were occupied by Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt, Egypt and Rule of the West Bank and East Jerusalem by Jordan, Transjordan, respectively, until 1967. In 1951, the UN Conciliation Commission for Palestine estimated that some 711,000 Palestinian refugees were displaced by the war. * 1949: ** February 24 – Israel and Egypt sign an armistice agreement. ** March 23 – Israel and Lebanon sign an armistice agreement. ** April 3 – Israel and Jordan sign an armistice agreement. ** July 20 – Israel and Syria sign an armistice agreement. * 1950 Spring – Jordan annexes the West Bank. * 1956 October 29–November 5 – The Sinai Campaign. This war followed Egypt's decision of 26 July 1956 to nationalize the Suez Canal. Initiated by United Kingdom and France, the war was conducted in cooperation with Israel, and aimed at occupying the Sinai Peninsula, with the Europeans regaining control over the Suez Canal. Although the Israeli occupation of the Sinai was successful, the US and USSR forced it to abandon this conquest. Israel, however, managed to re-open the Straits of Tiran and secure its southern border. * 1967 June 5–10 – The Six-Day War between Israel and all of its neighboring countries: Egypt, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon which were aided by other Arab countries. The war lasted for six days and concluded with Israel expanding its territory significantly — Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula, Sinai from Egypt, the West Bank and Jerusalem from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria.Israel and the occupied Palestinian territories
* 1973 October 6–24 – The Yom Kippur War was fought. The war began with a surprise joint attack on two fronts by the armies of Syria (in the Golan Heights) and Egypt (in the Suez Canal), deliberately initiated during the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur. The Egyptian Army got back Sinai that was occupied by the Israeli armies for almost 7 years. * 1974 – The PLO is allowed to represent the Palestinian Arab refugees in the UN as their sole political representative organisation. * 1978 September 18 – Israel and Egypt sign a comprehensive peace Camp David Accords, agreement at Camp David which included a condition of Israel's withdrawal from the Rest of Sinai. * 1979 March 26 – The peace treaty with Egypt was signed by the Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin, the Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and U.S. President Jimmy Carter. * 1982 June–December – The 1982 Lebanon War, First Lebanon War took place during which Israel invaded southern Lebanon due to the constant terror attacks on northern Israel by the Palestinian guerrilla organizations resident there. The war resulted in the expulsion of the PLO from Lebanon, and created an Israeli Security Zone in southern Lebanon. * 1984 November 21–1985 January 5 – Operation Moses: IDF forces conduct a secret operation in which approximately 8,000 Ethiopian Jews were brought to Israel from Sudan. * 1987–1991 – The First Intifada: The first Palestinian people, Palestinian Rebellion, uprising took place in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank against the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories. * 1988 November 15 – Palestinian Declaration of Independence (1988) – The Palestinian National Council, the legislative body of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), in Algiers on 15 November 1988 unilaterally proclaimed the establishment of a new independent state called the "State of Palestine". * 1991 May 24–25 – Operation Solomon: IDF forces conduct a secret operation in which approximately 14,400 Ethiopian Jews were brought to Israel within 34 hours in 30 IAF and El Al aircraft.
* 1993 September 13 – The first Oslo Accords are signed at an official ceremony in Washington in the presence of Yitzhak Rabin for Israel, Yasser Arafat for PLO and Bill Clinton for the United States.
* 1994 October 26 – The Israel–Jordan peace treaty, Peace agreement between Israel and Jordan is signed.
* 1995 November 4 – Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin was Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin, assassinated by right-wing Israeli radical Yigal Amir.
* 2000–2005 (unclear) – The Second Intifada: The second Palestinian people, Palestinian Rebellion, uprising took place in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank against the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian Territories. The uprising which began as massive protests carried out by Palestinians in the Palestinian Territories, soon turned into a violent Palestinian guerrilla campaign which included numerous suicide attacks carried out against Israeli civilians within the state of Israel.
* 2002 June – As a result of the significant increase of suicide bombing attacks within Israeli population centers during the first years of the Second Intifada, Israel began the construction of the West Bank Fence along the Green Line border arguing that the barrier is necessary to protect Israeli civilians from Palestinian militants. The significantly reduced number of incidents of suicide bombings from 2002 to 2005 has been partly attributed to the barrier. The barrier's construction, which has been highly controversial, became a major issue of contention between the two sides.
* 2005 August 23 – Israel's unilateral disengagement plan: The evacuation of 25 Jewish settlements in the Gaza Strip and West Bank is completed.
* 2006 July 12–August 14 – The Second Lebanon War took place, which began as a military operation in response to the abduction of two Israeli reserve soldiers by the Hezbollah, and gradually grew to a wider conflict. 1,191 Lebanese were killed, 4,409 were injured.
* 2008 December 27–2009 January 18 – Gaza War (2008–09), Operation Cast Lead: IDF forces conducted a large-scale military operation in the Gaza Strip during which dozens of targets were attacked in the Gaza Strip in response to ongoing rocket fire on the western Negev. 1,291 Palestinians were killed.
* 2012:
** November 14–November 21 – Operation Pillar of Cloud: IDF forces launches a large-scale military operation in the Gaza Strip in response to Palestinian militants firing over a hundred rockets from the Gaza Strip into southern Israel beginning on 10 November, with the aims of restoring quiet to southern Israel and to strike at what it considers terror organizations. The operation officially began with the assassination of Ahmed Jabari, chief of the Gaza military wing of Hamas. 158 Palestinians were killed.
** November 29 – United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19: Upgrading of Palestine to non-member observer state status in the United Nations.
*2016 December 23 – United Nations Security Council resolution 2334: Condemning Israeli occupation of Palestinian lands.
* 2017 December 6 – US President Donald Trump announced the United States recognition of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel.Proclamation 9683 of December 6, 2017, 82 FR 58331
See also
* Land of Israel * Palestine (region) * List of years in Israel * List of years in the Palestinian territories * Time periods in the Palestine region * Timeline of Haifa * Timeline of Hebron * Timeline of Jerusalem * Timeline of Tel Aviv * Timeline of Middle Eastern history * Timeline of the Kingdom of Jerusalem * Timeline of Israeli history * Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict * British foreign policy in the Middle East * United States foreign policy in the Middle EastNotes and references
Citations
Sources
* * * * *Ancient history
* * * * * * * * *Hellenistic period
* * * * * *Roman period
* * * * * * * * * *Byzantine period
* * * * * *Early Muslim period
* * * * * * * * * * * * * *Crusader period
* * * * * * * * * * * * * *Ottoman period
*Further reading
*External links
* {{DEFAULTSORT:Timeline Of The History Of The Region Of Palestine Palestinian history timelines Regional timelines Jewish history timelines