''Thrixspermum'', commonly known as hairseeds or 白点兰属 (bai dian lan shu), is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...

s in the

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

Orchidaceae. Orchids in this genus are epiphytes,

lithophyte Lithophytes are plants that grow in or on rocks. They can be classified as either epilithic (or epipetric) or endolithic; epilithic lithophytes grow on the surfaces of rocks, while endolithic lithophytes grow in the crevices of rocks (and are als ...

s or

terrestrial Terrestrial refers to things related to land or the planet Earth. Terrestrial may also refer to: * Terrestrial animal, an animal that lives on land opposed to living in water, or sometimes an animal that lives on or near the ground, as opposed to ...

plants with flat, leathery leaves and short-lived flowers with the

sepal A sepal () is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom., p. 106 The term ''sepalum'' was coine ...

s and petals more or less similar to each other. The labellum is rigidly fixed to the column and has three lobes. The side lobes are erect and the middle lobe is thick and fleshy. There are about 190

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

distributed from

tropical The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referred to ...

and subtropical

Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an are ...

to the Western

Pacific The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south, and is bounded by the contine ...

. Most species grow in lowland or tropical rainforests up to an altitude of 1,200 m.

Description

Orchids in the genus ''Thrixspermum'' are epiphytic or lithophytic, rarely terrestrial,

monopodial Vascular plants with monopodial growth habits grow upward from a single point. They add leaves to the apex each year and the stem grows longer accordingly. The word ''Monopodial'' is derived from Greek "mono-", ''one'' and "podial", "foot", in refe ...

herbs with long thick roots, and flat, fleshy leaves arranged in two ranks with their bases sheathing the stem. The flowers are arranged on a pendulous or arching flowering stem arising from a leaf axil. The flowers are usually short-lived and often open for less than a day. The sepals are free from and more or less similar to each other. The petals are free from each other and similar to, but slightly shorter than the sepals. The labellum is stiffly attached to the column with a pouched base and three lobes, the side lobes erect, usually short and blunt and the middle lobe thick and fleshy. The fruit is a long, thin capsule.

Taxonomy and naming

The genus ''Thrixspermum'' was first formally described in 1790 by

João de Loureiro João de Loureiro (1717, Lisbon – 18 October 1791) was a Portuguese Jesuit missionary and botanist. Biography After receiving admission to the Jesuit Order, João de Loureiro served as a missionary in Goa, capital of Portuguese India (3 y ...

in ''Flora Cochinchinensis''. The name ''Thrixspermum'' is derived from the

Ancient Greek Ancient Greek includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Dark Ages (), the Archaic p ...

words (), meaning "hair" and () meaning "seed".Backer, C.A. (1936). ''Verklarend woordenboek der wetenschappelijke namen van de in Nederland en Nederlandsch-Indië in het wild groeiende en in tuinen en parken gekweekte varens en hoogere planten'' (Edition Nicoline van der Sijs).

Species

The following is a list of species of ''Thrixspermum'' recognised by the

World Checklist of Selected Plant Families The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (usually abbreviated to WCSP) is an "international collaborative programme that provides the latest peer reviewed and published opinions on the accepted scientific names and synonyms of selected pla ...

as at January 2019: * '' Thrixspermum aberrans'' Schltr. 1913 * '' Thrixspermum acuminatissimum'' (Rchb. f.) Rchb.f. 1868 **''Thrixspermum acuminatissimum'' subsp. ''acuminatissimum'' **''Thrixspermum acuminatissimum'' subsp. ''affine'' (Schltr.) P.O'Byrne & Gokusing (2016) * '' Thrixspermum acutilobum'' J.J.Sm. 1921 * '' Thrixspermum agamense'' J.J.Sm. 1927 * '' Thrixspermum agusanense'' Ames 1915 * '' Thrixspermum alabense'' J.J.Wood (2010) * '' Thrixspermum amesianum'' L.O.Williams 1938 * '' Thrixspermum amplexicaule'' (Bl.) Rchb. f. 1867 * '' Thrixspermum anceps'' (Blume) Rchb.f. (1868) * '' Thrixspermum ancoriferum'' (Guillaumin) Garay (1972) * '' Thrixspermum angustatum'' L.O.Williams 1938) * '' Thrixspermum angustifolium'' (Blume) Rchb.f. (1868) * '' Thrixspermum anjunganense'' P.O'Byrne (2016) * '' Thrixspermum annamense'' ( Guillaum. ) Garay 1972 * '' Thrixspermum arachnitiforme'' Schltr. 1921 * '' Thrixspermum aurantiacum'' J.J.Sm. 1920 * '' Thrixspermum bicolor'' P.O'Byrne, P.T.Ong & J.J.Verm. (2015) * '' Thrixspermum borneense'' (Rolfe) Ridl. (1896) * '' Thrixspermum bosuangii'' P.O'Byrne & Gokusing (2016) * '' Thrixspermum brevibracteatum'' J.J.Sm. 1928 * '' Thrixspermum brevicapsularis'' Holttum 1947 * '' Thrixspermum brevicaule'' Carr 1929 * '' Thrixspermum brevipes'' Schltr. 1913 * '' Thrixspermum breviscapum'' (Carr) Kocyan & Schuit. (2014) * '' Thrixspermum bromeliforme'' W.Suarez (2009) * '' Thrixspermum brunnescens'' (Ridl.) J.J.Sm. (1933) * '' Thrixspermum calceolus'' (Lindl.) Rchb.f. (1868) * '' Thrixspermum canaliculatum'' J.J.Sm. (1914) * '' Thrixspermum carinatifolium'' (Ridl.) Schltr. (1911) * '' Thrixspermum carnosum'' (K.Schum.) Schltr. (1911) * '' Thrixspermum caudatum'' P.O'Byrne & Gokusing (2016) * '' Thrixspermum celebicum'' Schltr. 1911 * '' Thrixspermum centipeda'' Lour 1790 * '' Thrixspermum cerinum'' (Ridl.) J.J.Sm. (1933) * '' Thrixspermum chanianum'' P.O'Byrne & Gokusing (2016) * '' Thrixspermum clavatum'' (J.Koenig) Garay (1972) * '' Thrixspermum clavilobum'' J.J.Sm. 1928 * '' Thrixspermum collinum'' Schltr. 1913 * '' Thrixspermum complanatum'' (J.Koenig) Schltr. (1911) * '' Thrixspermum congestum'' (Bailey) Dockrill 1967 * '' Thrixspermum conigerum'' J.J.Sm. (1921) * '' Thrixspermum cootesii'' W.Suarez (2009) * '' Thrixspermum cordulatum'' J.J.Sm. 1927 * '' Thrixspermum corneri'' Holttum 1947 * '' Thrixspermum crassifolium'' Ridl. * '' Thrixspermum crassilabre'' (King & Pantl.) Ormerod 2004 * '' Thrixspermum crescentiforme'' Ames & C.Schweinf. 1920 * '' Thrixspermum cryptophallon'' P.O'Byrne & J.J.Verm. (2015) * '' Thrixspermum cymboglossum'' Schltr. 1911 * '' Thrixspermum denticulatum'' Schltr. 1906 * '' Thrixspermum doctersii'' J.J.Sm. 1914 * '' Thrixspermum duplocallosum'' Holttum 1947 * '' Thrixspermum elmeri'' L.O.Williams 1938 * '' Thrixspermum elongatum'' Ames 1915 * '' Thrixspermum erythrolomum'' P.O'Byrne & J.J.Verm. (2008) * '' Thrixspermum eximium'' L.O.Williams 1938 * '' Thrixspermum fantasticum'' L.O.Williams 1938 * '' Thrixspermum fernandeziae'' Cootes, Cabactulan & M.Leon (2017) * '' Thrixspermum filifolium'' Schltr. 1911 * '' Thrixspermum filiforme'' (Hook.f.) Kuntze (1891) * '' Thrixspermum fimbriatum'' (Ridl.) J.J.Wood 1994 * '' Thrixspermum flaccidum'' J.J.Sm. 1920 * '' Thrixspermum fleuryi'' (Gagnep.) Tang & F.T.Wang (1951) * '' Thrixspermum formosanum'' (Hayata) Schltr. (1919) * '' Thrixspermum fragrans'' Ridl. 1921 * '' Thrixspermum fulgens'' (Ridl.) Schltr. (1911) * '' Thrixspermum fuscum'' (Ridl.) Merr. (1921) * '' Thrixspermum gombakense'' J.J.Sm. 1928 * '' Thrixspermum gracilicaule'' Schltr. 1907 * '' Thrixspermum graeffei'' Rchb.f. * '' Thrixspermum grandiflorum'' P.O'Byrne & J.J.Verm. (2008) * '' Thrixspermum hiepii'' Aver. & Averyanova(2006) * '' Thrixspermum hystrix'' (Blume) Rchb.f.(1874) * '' Thrixspermum incurvicalcar'' J.J.Sm. 1926 * '' Thrixspermum indicum'' Vik.Kumar, D.Verma & A.N.Rao (2017) * '' Thrixspermum indragiriense'' Schltr. 1907 * '' Thrixspermum inquinatum'' J.J.Sm. 1907 * '' Thrixspermum integrum'' L.O.Williams 1938 * '' Thrixspermum iodochilus'' Ridl. 1922 * '' Thrixspermum japonicum'' (Miq.) Rchb. f. 1878 * '' Thrixspermum javanicum'' J.J.Sm. 1921 * '' Thrixspermum kipandicum'' P.O'Byrne & Gokusing (2016) * '' Thrixspermum kjellbergii'' J.J.Sm. 1933 * '' Thrixspermum kocyanii'' J.J.Wood & A.L.Lamb (2011) * '' Thrixspermum lampongense'' J.J.Sm. 1917 * '' Thrixspermum lanatum'' P.O'Byrne & Gokusing (2016) * '' Thrixspermum latifolium'' J.J.Sm. 1917 * '' Thrixspermum latisaccatum'' J.J.Sm. 1920 * '' Thrixspermum lengguanianum'' P.T.Ong & P.O'Byrne (2011) * '' Thrixspermum leucorachne'' Ridl. * '' Thrixspermum ligulatum'' L.O.Williams 1938 * '' Thrixspermum linearifolium'' Ames 1915 * '' Thrixspermum lingiae'' P.O'Byrne & Gokusing (2016) * '' Thrixspermum linusii'' J.J.Wood & A.L.Lamb (2011) * '' Thrixspermum lombokense'' J.J.Sm. 1925 * '' Thrixspermum longicauda'' Ridl. * '' Thrixspermum longilobum'' J.J.Sm. 1920 * '' Thrixspermum longipedicellatum'' (Joongku Lee, T.B.Tran & R.K.Choudhary) Kocyan & Schuit. (2014) * '' Thrixspermum longipilosum'' J.J.Sm. 1922 * '' Thrixspermum loogemanianum'' Schltr. 1911 * '' Thrixspermum lucidum'' Schltr. 1911 * '' Thrixspermum luciferum'' P.O'Byrne & J.J.Verm. (2004) * '' Thrixspermum maculatum'' Schltr. 1906 * '' Thrixspermum majus'' (Carr) Kocyan & Schuit. (2014) * '' Thrixspermum malayanum'' J.J.Sm. 1921 * '' Thrixspermum megacarpum'' P.O'Byrne, A.L.Lamb & P.T.Ong (2015) * '' Thrixspermum merapohense'' P.O'Byrne & P.T.Ong (2015) * '' Thrixspermum mergitiferum'' P.O'Byrne & J.J.Verm. (2004) * '' Thrixspermum merguense'' (Hook.f .) Kuntze 1996 * '' Thrixspermum milneri'' P.O'Byrne & Gokusing (2016) * '' Thrixspermum montanum'' Ridl. 1913 * '' Thrixspermum multicolor'' (Ridl.) Merr. (1921) * '' Thrixspermum musciflorum'' A.S.Rao & Joseph 1971 * '' Thrixspermum obtusum'' (Blume) Rchb.f. (1868) * '' Thrixspermum ochraceum'' P.O'Byrne, P.T.Ong & J.J.Verm. (2015) * '' Thrixspermum odoratum'' X.Q.Song, Q.W.Meng & Y.B.Luo (2009) * '' Thrixspermum olidum'' P.O'Byrne (2016) * '' Thrixspermum pachychilum'' P.O'Byrne & Gokusing (2016) * '' Thrixspermum pardale'' (Ridl.) Schltr. (1911) * '' Thrixspermum patens'' J.J.Sm. 1921 * '' Thrixspermum pauciflorum'' (Hook.f.) Kuntze (1891) * '' Thrixspermum pensile'' Schltr. 1911 * '' Thrixspermum pinocchio'' P.O'Byrne & J.J.Verm. (2008) * '' Thrixspermum platycaule'' Holttum (1947) * '' Thrixspermum platystachys'' (F.M. Bailey) Schltr. 1911 * '' Thrixspermum poilanei'' (Gagnep.) Tang & F.T.Wang (1951) * '' Thrixspermum ponapense'' Tuyama 1940 * '' Thrixspermum psiloglottis'' (Ridl.) Schltr. (1911) * '' Thrixspermum pugionifolium'' (Hook.f.) Schltr. (1911) * '' Thrixspermum pulchellum'' (Thwaites) Schltr. (1911) * '' Thrixspermum pulchrum'' Carr 1932 * '' Thrixspermum pulverulentum'' (Carr) Kocyan & Schuit. (2014) * '' Thrixspermum punctatum'' (Ridl.) J.J.Sm. (1933) * '' Thrixspermum purpurascens'' Rchb. f. * '' Thrixspermum pusillum'' (Guillaumin) Garay (1972) * '' Thrixspermum pygmaeum'' (King & Pantl.) Holttum (1960) * '' Thrixspermum quinquelobum'' Ames 1915 * '' Thrixspermum raciborskii'' J.J.Sm ** ''Thrixspermum raciborskii'' subsp. ''brevipollinium'' P.O'Byrne & Ent (2016) ** ''Thrixspermum raciborskii'' subsp. ''raciborskii'' * '' Thrixspermum recurvum'' (Hook.f.) Kuntze (1891) * '' Thrixspermum remotiflorum'' J.J.Sm. 1906 * '' Thrixspermum rimauense'' J.J.Wood & A.L.Lamb (2011) * '' Thrixspermum rimiae'' P.O'Byrne & Ent (2016) * '' Thrixspermum robinsonii'' Ames 1915 * '' Thrixspermum roseum'' J.J.Sm. 1918 * '' Thrixspermum rostratum'' Ames 1915 * '' Thrixspermum rubrocalcaratum'' P.O'Byrne & Gokusing (2016) * '' Thrixspermum saccatum'' P.O'Byrne & J.J.Verm. (2008) * '' Thrixspermum sagoense'' J.J.Sm. 1928 * '' Thrixspermum samarindae'' Schltr. 1906 * '' Thrixspermum sarawakense'' Ames (1921) * '' Thrixspermum sarcophyllum'' Garay (1974) * '' Thrixspermum saruwatarii'' (Hayata) Schltr. 1919 * '' Thrixspermum scandens'' P.O'Byrne (2016) * '' Thrixspermum scopa'' (Rchb.f. ex Hook.f.) Holttum (1947) * '' Thrixspermum scortechinii'' (Hook.f.) Kuntze (1891) * '' Thrixspermum semiteretifolium'' J.J.Wood & A.L.Lamb (2010) * '' Thrixspermum simum'' J.J.Sm. 1927 * '' Thrixspermum squarrosum'' J.J.Sm. 1921 * '' Thrixspermum stelidioides'' Aver. & Averyanova (2006) * '' Thrixspermum subteres'' J.J.Sm. * '' Thrixspermum subulatum'' (Blume) Rchb.f. (1868) * '' Thrixspermum sumatranum'' J.J.Sm. 1920 * '' Thrixspermum sutepense'' (Rolfe ex Downie) Tang & F.T.Wang (1951) * '' Thrixspermum tahanense'' Carr 1930 * '' Thrixspermum taianum'' P.O'Byrne & P.T.Ong (2015) * '' Thrixspermum tenuicalcar'' Carr 1932 * '' Thrixspermum teretifolium'' P.O'Byrne & J.J.Verm. (2008) * '' Thrixspermum torajaense'' P.O'Byrne 1998 * '' Thrixspermum tortum'' J.J.Sm. 1914 * '' Thrixspermum triangulare'' Ames & C.Schweinf. 1920 * '' Thrixspermum trichoglottis'' (Hook.f.)Kuntze 1896 * '' Thrixspermum tsii'' W.H.Chen & Y.M.Shui 2005 * '' Thrixspermum tubulatum'' P.O'Byrne (2016) * '' Thrixspermum tylophorum'' Schltr. 1911 * '' Thrixspermum validum'' J.J.Sm. 1908 * '' Thrixspermum vanoverberghii'' Ames 1914 * '' Thrixspermum ventricosum'' J.J.Wood & A.L.Lamb (2011) * '' Thrixspermum walkeri'' Seidenf. & P.Ormerod 1995 * '' Thrixspermum warianum'' Schltr. 1913 * '' Thrixspermum weberi'' Ames 1922 * '' Thrixspermum wenzelii'' Ames 1915 * '' Thrixspermum westenenkii'' (J.J.Sm.) Kocyan & Schuit. (2014) * '' Thrixspermum williamsianum'' (Kores) Ormerod (1996) * '' Thrixspermum xantholeucum'' Schltr. * '' Thrixspermum xantholomum'' P.O'Byrne & J.J.Verm. (2008) * '' Thrixspermum zollingeri'' (Rchb.f.) Rchb.f. (1868)

Distribution

Orchids in the genus ''Thrixspermum'' are found in China, Japan,

Korea Korea ( ko, 한국, or , ) is a peninsular region in East Asia. Since 1945, it has been divided at or near the 38th parallel, with North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) comprising its northern half and South Korea (Republic o ...

, the

Ryukyu Islands The , also known as the or the , are a chain of Japanese islands that stretch southwest from Kyushu to Taiwan: the Ōsumi, Tokara, Amami, Okinawa, and Sakishima Islands (further divided into the Miyako and Yaeyama Islands), with Yona ...

Taiwan Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the nort ...

India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...

(including the Andaman and Nicobar Islands),

Bangladesh Bangladesh (}, ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the eighth-most populous country in the world, with a population exceeding 165 million people in an area of . Bangladesh is among the mos ...

Nepal Nepal (; ne, :ne:नेपाल, नेपाल ), formerly the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal ( ne, सङ्घीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र नेपाल ), is a landlocked country in S ...

, Sri Lanka,

Cambodia Cambodia (; also Kampuchea ; km, កម្ពុជា, UNGEGN: ), officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochinese Peninsula in Southeast Asia, spanning an area of , bordered by Thailan ...

, Laos,

Myanmar Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John Wells explai ...

Thailand Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is b ...

Vietnam Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making i ...

Borneo Borneo (; id, Kalimantan) is the third-largest island in the world and the largest in Asia. At the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, in relation to major Indonesian islands, it is located north of Java, west of Sulawesi, and ea ...

Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...

Malaysia Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federation, federal constitutional monarchy consists of States and federal territories of Malaysia, thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two r ...

, the

Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...

New Guinea New Guinea (; Hiri Motu: ''Niu Gini''; id, Papua, or , historically ) is the world's second-largest island with an area of . Located in Oceania in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, the island is separated from Australia by the wide Torr ...

, the

Solomon Islands Solomon Islands is an island country consisting of six major islands and over 900 smaller islands in Oceania, to the east of Papua New Guinea and north-west of Vanuatu. It has a land area of , and a population of approx. 700,000. Its capit ...

, northern Australia (including

Christmas Island Christmas Island, officially the Territory of Christmas Island, is an Australian external territory comprising the island of the same name. It is located in the Indian Ocean, around south of Java and Sumatra and around north-west of the ...

), Fiji, New Caledonia,

Samoa Samoa, officially the Independent State of Samoa; sm, Sāmoa, and until 1997 known as Western Samoa, is a Polynesian island country consisting of two main islands ( Savai'i and Upolu); two smaller, inhabited islands ( Manono and Apolima); ...

Vanuatu Vanuatu ( or ; ), officially the Republic of Vanuatu (french: link=no, République de Vanuatu; bi, Ripablik blong Vanuatu), is an island country located in the South Pacific Ocean. The archipelago, which is of volcanic origin, is east of no ...

and the

Caroline Islands The Caroline Islands (or the Carolines) are a widely scattered archipelago of tiny islands in the western Pacific Ocean, to the north of New Guinea. Politically, they are divided between the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) in the ce ...

. About fourteen species, two of which are

endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found else ...

occur in China, nine are found in Taiwan and three in Australia.

References

* {{Taxonbar, from=Q3238488 Vandeae genera Epiphytic orchids