Thesaban ( th, เทศบาล, , ) are the municipalities of

Thailand Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is b ...

. There are three levels of municipalities: city, town, and sub-district. Bangkok and Pattaya are special municipal entities not included in the ''thesaban'' system. The municipalities assume some of the responsibilities which are assigned to the districts (''

amphoe An amphoe (sometimes also ''amphur'', th, อำเภอ, )—usually translated as "district"—is the second level administrative subdivision of Thailand. Groups of ''amphoe'' or districts make up the provinces, and are analogous to count ...

'') or communes (''

tambon ''Tambon'' ( th, ตำบล, ) is a local governmental unit in Thailand. Below district ('' amphoe'') and province ('' changwat''), they form the third administrative subdivision level. there were 7,255 tambons, not including the 180 '' khwaen ...

'') for non-municipal (rural) areas. Historically, this

devolution Devolution is the statutory delegation of powers from the central government of a sovereign state to govern at a subnational level, such as a regional or local level. It is a form of administrative decentralization. Devolved territories ...

of central government powers grew out of the

Sukhaphiban Sukhaphiban ( th, สุขาภิบาล ; translated as "sanitary district") were administrative divisions of Thailand. Sanitary districts were the first sub-autonomous entities established in Thailand. A first such district was created in ...

() sanitary districts first created in Bangkok by a royal decree of King

Chulalongkorn Chulalongkorn ( th, จุฬาลงกรณ์, 20 September 1853 – 23 October 1910) was the fifth monarch of Siam under the House of Chakri, titled Rama V. He was known to the Siamese of his time as ''Phra Phuttha Chao Luang'' (พร ...

in 1897. The ''thesaban'' system was established in the Thesaban Organization Act of 1934 ( th, พระราชบัญญัติจัดระเบียบเทศบาล พุทธศักราช ๒๔๗๖),The Royal Gazette
พระราชบัญญัติจัดระเบียบเทศบาล พุทธศักราช ๒๔๗๖, Vol. 51, Page 82-107.
24 Apr 1934. Retrieved on 28 Nov 2008. and has been updated several times since, starting with the Thesaban Act of 1939 ( th, พระราชบัญญัติเทศบาล พุทธศักราช ๒๔๘๑),The Royal Gazette
พระราชบัญญัติเทศบาล พุทธศักราช ๒๔๘๑, Vol. 56, Pages 155-86.
1 Apr 1939. Retrieved on 28 Nov 2008. which was replaced by the Thesaban Act of 1953.The Royal Gazette
พระราชบัญญัติเทศบาล พุทธศักราช ๒๔๙๖, Vol. 70 No. 14, Pages 222-257.
17 Feb 1953. Retrieved on 28 Nov 2008. The 1953 act was most recently amended by the Thesaban Act (No. 12) of 2003.

City municipality

''Thesaban nakhon'' ( th, เทศบาลนคร, ) is usually translated as "city municipality". To qualify for city status a municipality needs to have a population of at least 50,000 and sufficient income to carry out the tasks of a city. When first organized in 1934, the minimum qualifications for city status were a population of 30,000 with a density of 1,000 per km². In 1939 the required population density was increased to 2,000 per km², along with the addition of a financial requirement. In 1953 the population density requirement was again raised, to 3,000 per km², before being removed entirely in 2000.The Royal Gazette
พระราชบัญญัติเทศบาล (ฉบับที่ ๑๑) พ.ศ. ๒๕๔๓, Vol. 117 No. 41ก, Pages 12-27.
12 Nov 2000. Retrieved 28 Nov 2008. For 22 years, from 1972 to 1994, as well as between March and November 1936, there was only one city municipality in Thailand, which is

Chiang Mai Chiang Mai (, from th, เชียงใหม่ , nod, , เจียงใหม่ ), sometimes written as Chiengmai or Chiangmai, is the largest city in northern Thailand, the capital of Chiang Mai province and the second largest city in ...

, as in 1972

Bangkok Bangkok, officially known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon and colloquially as Krung Thep, is the capital and most populous city of Thailand. The city occupies in the Chao Phraya River delta in central Thailand and has an estimated populati ...

had been changed from city municipality, to special governed district. Until 1972 there were three city municipalities:

, Phra Nakhon (now Bangkok), and

Thonburi __NOTOC__ Thonburi ( th, ธนบุรี) is an area of modern Bangkok. During the era of the Kingdom of Ayutthaya, its location on the right (west) bank at the mouth of the Chao Phraya River had made it an important garrison town, which ...

(now part of Bangkok). In 1994,

Nakhon Si Thammarat Nakhon Si Thammarat Municipality ( th, เทศบาลนครนครศรีธรรมราช, ; from Pali ''Nagara Sri Dhammaraja'') is a municipality (''thesaban nakhon'') in Southern Thailand, capital of Nakhon Si Thammarat pro ...

town municipality became the second city municipality of Thailand, and the first in the south.

Town municipality

''Thesaban mueang'' ( th, เทศบาลเมือง, ) is usually translated as "town municipality". For a municipality to qualify as a town, it either needs to be a provincial capital, or have a population of at least 10,000 and sufficient income to cover the tasks of a town. When first organized in 1934, minimum qualification for town status was a population of 3,000 with a density of 1,000 per km². In 1939 requirements were increased to a population of 5,000 with a density of 2,000 per km², plus a financial criterion. In 1953, the minimum population requirements was raised to the present value; the population density was also raised, to 3,000 per km², before being removed entirely in 2000.

Subdistrict municipality

''Thesaban tambon'' ( th, เทศบาลตำบล ), the lowest level municipal unit, is usually translated as "sub-district municipality". Despite the name, it may not necessarily cover the same area as a sub-district (''

''); i.e., it may not cover a ''tambon'' completely, or conversely, it may extend over parts of more than one ''tambon''. For an area to qualify as a ''thesaban tambon'', it must have a gross income of at least 5 million

baht The baht (; th, บาท, ; sign: ฿; code: THB) is the official currency of Thailand. It is divided into 100 ''satang'' (, ). The issuance of currency is the responsibility of the Bank of Thailand. SWIFT ranked the Thai baht as the 10th-m ...

and a population of at least 5,000 with a minimum density of 1,500 per km², plus the approval of the population within that area.''Netherlands Geographical Studies'' 374 (2008): "Institutions and regional development in Southeast Asia", S. 125
Retrieved on 3 Dec 2008. Many of today's ''thesaban'' municipalities were originally ''

sukhaphiban Sukhaphiban ( th, สุขาภิบาล ; translated as "sanitary district") were administrative divisions of Thailand. Sanitary districts were the first sub-autonomous entities established in Thailand. A first such district was created in ...

tambon'', sanitation districts, the number of which had grown to 35 in 1935, when these were converted into municipalities. New sanitary districts were again established starting in 1952. With the ''Act to Upgrade Sanitary Districts to Thesaban'' of May 1999 all were converted in May 1999, though many of them did not actually meet the criteria above.

External links

History of administrative reforms
*http://www.tessaban.com

References

{{reflist Subdivisions of Thailand 1934 establishments in Siam

City municipality

Town municipality

Subdistrict municipality

See also

External links

References