The History of The Lord of the Rings

''The History of The Lord of the Rings'' is a four-volume work by Christopher Tolkien published between 1988 and 1992 that documents the process of J. R. R. Tolkien's writing of ''The Lord of the Rings''. The ''History'' is also numbered as volumes six to nine of ''The History of Middle-earth'' ("HoME").

Contents

The volumes are:
# (HoME 6) ''The Return of the Shadow'' (1988)
# (HoME 7) ''The Treason of Isengard'' (1989)
# (HoME 8) ''The War of the Ring'' (1990)
# (HoME 9) ''Sauron Defeated'' (1992)

The first volume of ''The History'' encompasses three initial stages of composition or, as Christopher Tolkien calls them, "phases", including what Tolkien later called "the crucial chapter" which sets up the central plot, " The Shadow of the Past".''The Lord of the Rings'', 2nd edition, "Foreword". It finishes with the Fellowship of the Ring entering the Mines of Moria.

The second volume continues to the meeting with Théoden king of Rohan, and includes the invention and evolution of Lothlórien and Galadriel; plans for Frodo and Sam's progress to Mordor; the invention and evolution of Treebeard, the Ents, and Fangorn; discussions of the original map of Middle-earth at the end of the Third Age; and of the evolution of Cirth in an appendix.

The third volume, ''The War of the Ring'' continues to the opening of the Black Gate.

The last volume finishes the story and features the rejected ''Epilogue'', in which Sam answers his children's questions. It also includes '' The Notion Club Papers'' (a time-travel story related to Númenor), a draft of the Drowning of Anadûnê, and the only extant account of Tolkien's fictional language Adûnaic.

Some paperback editions of the fourth volume, retitled ''The End of the Third Age'', include only the materials for ''The Lord of the Rings''.

The original idea was to release ''The History of The Lord of the Rings'' in three volumes, not four. When ''The Treason of Isengard'' was first published in paperback Volume 8 was to be called ''Sauron Defeated'' and was to be the last volume.

Some information concerning the appendices and a soon-abandoned sequel to the novel can also be found in volume 12, ''The Peoples of Middle-earth''.

Titles

The titles of the volumes derive from discarded titles for the separate books of ''The Lord of the Rings''. J. R. R. Tolkien conceived the latter as a single volume comprising six "books" plus extensive appendices, but the original publisher split the work into three, publishing two books per volume with the appendices included in the third. The titles proposed by Tolkien for the six books were: Book 1, ''The First Journey'' or ''The Ring Sets Out''; Book 2, ''The Journey of the Nine Companions'' or ''The Ring Goes South''; Book 3, ''The Treason of Isengard''; Book 4, ''The Journey of the Ring-Bearers'' or ''The Ring Goes East''; Book 5, ''The War of the Ring''; and Book 6, ''The End of the Third Age''. The title ''The Return of the Shadow'' was a discarded title for Volume 1.

Three of the titles of the volumes of ''The History of The Lord of the Rings'' were also used as book titles for the seven-volume edition of ''The Lord of the Rings'': ''The Treason of Isengard'' for Book 3, ''The War of the Ring'' for Book 5, and ''The End of the Third Age'' for Book 6.

Tengwar inscriptions

There is an inscription in Fëanorian characters ( Tengwar, an alphabet Tolkien devised for the High-Elves) on the title page of each of the volumes of ''History of Middle-earth'', written by Christopher Tolkien and describing the contents of the book.

Tolkien's creativity

''The History of The Lord of the Rings'' reveals much of the slow, aggregative nature of Tolkien's creativity. As Christopher Tolkien noted of the first two volumes, Tolkien had eventually brought the story up to Rivendell, but still "without any clear conception of what lay before him".Christopher Tolkien (ed.) ''The Treason of Isengard'' (London 1989) p. 18 He also noted how, on the way, his father could get caught up in a "spider's web of argumentation"Christopher Tolkien (ed.) ''The Treason of Isengard'' (London 1989) p. 52 – what Tom Shippey described as getting "bogged down in sometimes strikingly unnecessary webs of minor causation". Thus (for example) the character eventually known as Pippin Took was, in a series of rewriting and of deleted adventures, variously known as Odo, Frodo, Folco, Faramond, Peregrin, Hamilcar, Fredegar, and Olo – the figures also being Boffins and Bolgers, as well as Tooks.Christopher Tolkien (ed.) ''The Treason of Isengard'' (London 1989) p. 31

Only with the Breaking of the Fellowship did fluency finally arrive for Tolkien, his son recording how chapters were suddenly "achieved with far greater facility than any previous part of the story".Christopher Tolkien (ed.) ''The Treason of Isengard'' (London 1989) p. 410 and compare p. 411-14 Thereafter Tolkien's problem was rather one of selecting between alternative accounts, so as to produce the best effect – two episodes in the "fascinating study" ''Sauron Defeated'' that were eventually deleted being the pardoning of Saruman, and an awards ceremony at the book's close. Tom Shippey, '' The Road to Middle-Earth'' (London 1992) pp. 282-285

Notes

References

Primary

Secondary

Sources

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External links

More in-depth information on the individual books in ''The History of The Lord of the Rings'' by J.R.R. Tolkien

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