The Blue Gardenia

''The Blue Gardenia'' is a 1953 American film noir directed by Fritz Lang from a screenplay by Charles Hoffman, based on the novella ''The Gardenia'' by Vera Caspary. The film stars Anne Baxter, Richard Conte, and Ann Sothern. An independent production distributed by Warner Bros., ''The Blue Gardenia'' – a cynical take on press coverage of a sensational murder case (the Black Dahlia) – was the first installment of Lang's "newspaper noir" film trio, being followed in 1956 by both ''While the City Sleeps'' and ''Beyond a Reasonable Doubt''. The song " Blue Gardenia" was written by Bob Russell and Lester Lee and arranged by Nelson Riddle. The director of cinematography for ''The Blue Gardenia'' was RKO regular Nicholas Musuraca, then working at Warner Brothers.

Plot

In Los Angeles, Norah Larkin ( Anne Baxter) is a single woman who works as a switchboard operator along with her roommates, Crystal Carpenter (Ann Sothern) and Sally Ellis ( Jeff Donnell). On her birthday, she decides to celebrate by dining alone at home, with the picture of her fiancé, a soldier serving in the Korean War. At the candlelit dinner table, she opens the latest letter from him and learns to her shock that he instead plans to marry a nurse he met in Tokyo.

Devastated, Norah accepts a date over the telephone with womanizing calendar girl artist Harry Prebble (Raymond Burr). When she arrives at the Blue Gardenia restaurant and nightclub, Harry is surprised to see Norah, since he was expecting Crystal. However, he has dinner with her, and encourages her to drink six strong Polynesian Pearl Diver cocktails. Harry then takes her to his apartment, where he shows her his pictures and plays the record "Blue Gardenia", sung by Nat King Cole, whom they had just seen perform the same song at the restaurant. Norah passes out on Harry's couch, and he makes a sexual advance. She awakens and resists, and apparently strikes him with a fire poker, shattering a mirror. Norah flees the scene, leaving behind her black suede pumps, and returns home.

The next morning, Norah is awakened by Crystal; she has suffered a blackout as to the events of the previous night. Meanwhile, at the crime scene, police question a maid ( Almira Sessions) about what she found before she discovered Harry's body. She admits to cleaning the poker, which would have removed any fingerprints, and placing the shoes in the closet, so valuable evidence has been compromised.

At Norah's workplace, the police arrive to question women who had posed for Harry. When Norah asks her colleague about the questioning, she is startled and goes to read the ''Los Angeles Chronicle'' newspaper's account of the slaying. Norah has a vague flashback of the wielding of a fire poker and the shattering of a mirror.

Newspaper columnist Casey Mayo (Richard Conte) dubs the presumed killer the "Blue Gardenia murderess." He learns from the Blue Gardenia waiter that the woman was a blonde, and from a blind female flower seller (Celia Lovsky), notices that the piped-in music—the love theme from ''Tristan und Isolde''—is identical to the music the maid found playing on Harry's phonograph. Finally grasping the significance of the fact that the records on the machine had been changed, Casey realizes it's possible that Norah was not the killer. Following up this hunch, Casey and Police Captain Sam Haynes (George Reeves) go to a local music shop. Harry's ex-girlfriend Rose Miller (Ruth Storey) is working in the back room at the shop. The clerk tells the police that it was Rose who sold Harry the record, and calls to her to come out and help. Realizing the police are closing in, she attempts suicide.

From a hospital bed, Rose confesses that while Norah was passed out at Harry's apartment, she herself arrived, demanding that he marry her. (Although she does not say that she is pregnant, the audience of that time would assume that that was the reason for her desperate demands.) He refused, she says, and started playing the record that had brought them together. (That record being Toscanini conducting Wagner's ''Tristan und Isolde''.) Then, Rose recalls, she noticed Norah's handkerchief on the floor by the record player, and out of jealousy killed Harry with the poker. Norah, everyone finally understands, was simply an intoxicated and confused bystander.

After Rose's confession, Norah is freed. She confides to friends that she has forgiven Casey and wants him as the new man in her life. Casey wants her as well, and tosses his "little black book" to his buddy Al.

Cast

* Anne Baxter as Norah Larkin
* Richard Conte as Casey Mayo
* Ann Sothern as Crystal Carpenter
* Raymond Burr as Harry Prebble
* Jeff Donnell as Sally Ellis
* Richard Erdman as Al
* George Reeves as Police Capt. Sam Haynes
* Ruth Storey as Rose Miller
* Ray Walker as Homer
* Nat King Cole as himself
* Dolores Fuller as woman at bar (uncredited)
* Papa John Creach as man playing violin (uncredited)

Production

The source novella for ''The Blue Gardenia'' was written by Vera Caspary and entitled ''The Gardenia'': the eventual amendment of the film's title to ''The Blue Gardenia'' would be an attempt to attract filmgoers by reminding them of the highly publicized unsolved Black Dahlia murder of 1947. ''The Gardenia'' first appeared in the February–March issue of ''Today's Woman'' magazine: however the film rights for the novella had been acquired almost a full year earlier, it being announced in April 1951 that its filmation - purportedly entitled ''Gardenia'' - would be a production of the Howard Welsch-helmed Fidelity Pictures, who originally negotiated with Dorothy McGuire to play the female lead, which was subsequently offered to Linda Darnell, Joan Fontaine, and Margaret Sullavan (had Sullavan played the film's female lead, '' he BlueGardenia'' would have been her final film rather than ''No Sad Songs for Me'' in 1950; Sullavan, who died in 1960, would have three television roles in the 1950s, one of them later than 1953).

In September 1952, the rights for ''The Gardenia'' were sold to independent producer Alex Gottlieb with the film henceforth referred to as ''The Blue Gardenia'': despite reports of the female lead role being assigned to Darnell and also to the little-known Vicky Lane, Anne Baxter was announced for the role in November – ''The Blue Gardenia'' being considered the second of Baxter's two-picture pact with Warner Bros. as that studio signed to distribute the film – with the film's two other top-billed stars announced the same month. Being cast as the film's second female lead would afford Ann Sothern her first cinematic role since being dropped by Metro Goldwyn Mayer in 1950 due to her health issues. Prior to filming ''The Blue Gardenia'', Sothern had signed with CBS to star in the sitcom ''Private Secretary'', filming the first episodes in the latter half of December 1952 immediately after her eight days of filming on ''The Blue Gardenia'': Sothern's focus would remain focused on television roles with occasional cinematic forays, her next cinematic credit subsequent to ''The Blue Gardenia'' being the 1964 film '' The Best Man''. The last of the film's stars to be announced was male lead Richard Conte, who had previously starred for Alex Gottlieb Productions in ''The Fighter'': Fritz Lang, hired by Gottlieb to direct ''The Blue Gardenia'', had hoped to cast Dana Andrews, established as the top actor of the film noir genre, but Andrews had recently begun a sabbatical from film work.

In 1965, Fritz Lang – responding to the assertion by Peter Bogdanovich that ''The Blue Gardenia'' was "a particularly venomous picture of American life" – recalled the film as "my first picture after the McCarthy business and I had to shoot it in twenty days. Maybe that's what made me so venomous". Although Lang evidently recalled his career as being seriously hindered by the Hollywood blacklist, the interval between his being hired for ''The Blue Gardenia'' (announced October 1952) and the completion of Lang's precedent directorial assignment: ''Clash by Night'', was not objectively an overly protracted lapse lasting only about seven or eight months (Lang would be hired by a major studio – Columbia Pictures – in January 1953 some three months before ''The Blue Gardenia'' was released). The filming of ''The Blue Gardenia'' commenced 28 November 1952 and was completed Christmas Eve, Lang wrapping the film a day earlier than its 21-day filming schedule.

Reportedly Ruth Storey, the actress married to the film's leading man Richard Conte, while visiting her husband on-set during filming, accepted the producer's spontaneous suggestion that she play Rose in the film. Though this role was small, it was pivotal. Another key role – although uncredited – was played by Celia Lovsky – for a time Lovsky's husband – in '' M'', Lang's 1931 sound film break-through. Bit parts at the newspaper office were filled by the film's producer Alex Gottlieb and his wife, retired stage actress Polly Rose (sister of composer Billy Rose).

Reception

When the film was first released, the staff at ''Variety'' magazine gave ''The Blue Gardenia'' a lukewarm review:

A stock story and handling keep ''The Blue Gardenia'' from being anything more than a regulation mystery melodrama, from a yarn by Vera Caspary. Formula development has an occasional bright spot, mostly because Ann Sothern breathes some life into a stock character and quips ... Baxter and Conte do what they can but fight a losing battle with the script while Burr is a rather obvious wolf. Nat 'King' Cole is spotted to sing the title tune, written by Bob Russell and Lester Lee.

Film director and writer Peter Bogdanovich called ''The Blue Gardenia'' "a particularly venomous picture of American life". Jans B. Wager stated that it is a "film that rigorously contains black masculinity within a peculiar studio set". Critic Dennis Schwartz gave the film a mixed review, writing:

A minor film noir from Fritz Lang (''Clash by Night''/''The Big Heat'') that never has a chance to bloom because of its dull script. It is based on the short story "Gardenia" by Vera Caspary. It plays as an unimaginative newspaper melodrama that takes jabs at the middle-class and how neurotic and fearful they are about romance. Nat 'King' Cole makes a welcome cameo as the house pianist at the nightclub called The Blue Gardenia, crooning in his velvet voice the titular theme song. Noted cinematographer Nicholas Musuraca injects the film with some intriguing noir touches, such as those ominous rain drops on Raymond Burr's window the night of the murder ... Lang himself in interviews dismissed the film as a "job-for-hire". ... But the story itself wasn't original and the acting wasn't engaging enough to elevate it past being a mild thriller.

A Lux Radio Theatre adaptation of ''The Blue Gardenia'' aired on November 30, 1954, with the lead roles taken by Dana Andrews – in the role Fritz Lang had wanted him to play in the film – and Ruth Roman: Andrews would later play the male lead in both the 1956 films: ''While the City Sleeps'' and ''Beyond a Reasonable Doubt'', which were the second and third installments of the "newspaper noir" film trio Lang began with the film ''The Blue Gardenia'' (Lang was not involved in the Lux Radio production).

References

External links

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''The Blue Gardenia''
at Senses of Cinema

{{DEFAULTSORT:Blue Gardenia, The
1953 films
1950s crime thriller films
1950s English-language films
American crime thriller films
American black-and-white films
Film noir
Films about journalists
Films based on novellas
Films based on works by Vera Caspary
Films directed by Fritz Lang
Films scored by Raoul Kraushaar
Films set in Los Angeles
Warner Bros. films
1950s American films