Temple of Confucius, Qufu

The Temple of Confucius () in Qufu, Shandong Province, is the largest and most renowned temple of Confucius in East Asia.

Since 1994, the Temple of Confucius has been part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu".
The two other parts of the site are the nearby Kong Family Mansion, where the main-line descendants of Confucius lived, and the Cemetery of Confucius a few kilometers to the north, where Confucius and many of his descendants have been buried. Those three sites are collectively known in Qufu as ''San Kong'' (), i.e. "The Three Confucian ites.

There is a 72-meter-tall statue of Confucius made of brass and reinforced with steel. Qufu, Shandong province, is the birthplace of the ancient Chinese educator and philosopher.

History

Within two years after the death of Confucius, his former house in Qufu was already consecrated as a temple by the Duke of Lu. In 205 BC, Emperor Gao of the Han dynasty was the first emperor to offer sacrifices to the memory of Confucius in Qufu. He set an example for many emperors and high officials to follow. Later, emperors would visit Qufu after their enthronement or on important occasions such as a successful war. In total, 12 different emperors paid 20 personal visits to Qufu to worship Confucius. About 100 others sent their deputies for 196 official visits. The original three-room house of Confucius was removed from the temple complex during a rebuilding undertaken in 611 AD. In 1012 and in 1094, during the Song dynasty, the temple was extended into a design with three sections and four courtyards, around which eventually more than 400 rooms were arranged. Fire and vandalism destroyed the temple in 1214, during the Jin dynasty. It was restored to its former extent by the year 1302 during the Yuan dynasty. Shortly thereafter, in 1331, the temple was framed in an enclosure wall modelled on the Imperial palace.

After another devastation by fire in 1499, the temple was finally restored to its present scale. In 1724, yet another fire largely destroyed the main hall and the sculptures it contained. The subsequent restoration was completed in 1730. Many of the replacement sculptures were damaged and destroyed during the Cultural Revolution in 1966. In total, the Temple of Confucius has undergone 15 major renovations, 31 large repairs, and numerous small building measures.

Another main Confucius Temple was built in Quzhou by the southern branch of the Confucius family.

Description

The temple complex is among the largest in China, it covers an area of 16,000  square metres and has a total of 460 rooms. Because the last major redesign following the fire in 1499 took place shortly after the building of the Forbidden City in the Ming dynasty, the architecture of the Temple of Confucius resembles that of the Forbidden City in many ways.

The main part of the temple consists of nine courtyards arranged on a central axis, which is oriented in the north–south direction and is 1.3  km in length. The first three courtyards have small gates and are planted with tall pine trees, they serve an introductory function. The first (southernmost) gate is named "Lingxing Gate" () after a star in the Great Bear constellation, the name suggests that Confucius is a star from heaven. The buildings in the remaining courtyards form the heart of the complex. They are impressive structures with yellow roof-tiles (otherwise reserved for the emperor) and red-painted walls, they are surrounded by dark-green pine trees to create a color contrast with complementary colors.

The main structures of the temple are:
* Lingxing Gate ()
* Shengshi Gate ()
* Hongdao Gate ()
* Dazhong Gate ()
* Thirteen Stele Pavilions ()
* Dacheng Gate ()
* Kuiwen Hall (奎文閣, built in 1018, restored in 1504 during the Ming dynasty and in 1985)
* Xing Tan Pavilion (杏壇, Apricot Platform)
* De Mu Tian Di Arch
* Liangwu ()
* Dacheng Hall (大成殿, built in the Qing dynasty)
* Resting Hall (寢殿, dedicated to Confucius' Wife)

Dacheng Hall

The Dacheng Hall (), whose name is usually translated as the Hall of Great Perfection or the Hall of Great Achievement, is the architectural center of the present-day complex. The hall covers an area of 54 by 34  m and stands slightly less than 32  m tall. It is supported by 28 richly decorated pillars, each 6  m high and 0.8  m in diameter and carved in one piece out of local rock. The 10 columns on the front side of the hall are decorated with coiled dragons. It is said that these columns were covered during visits by the emperor in order not to arouse his envy. Dacheng Hall served as the principal place for offering sacrifices to the memory of Confucius. It is also said to be one of the most beautiful views of Confucius Temple.

File:Kong Miao - Dacheng Dian - P1050686.JPG, Façade of Dacheng Hall
File:Dachenghalldragonpillar.jpg, One of the dragon pillars in front of Dacheng Hall

Apricot Platform

In the center of the courtyard in front of Dacheng Hall stands the Xing Tan Pavilion (), or the Apricot Platform. It commemorates Confucius teaching his students under an apricot tree. Each year at Qufu and at many other Confucian temples a ceremony is held on September 28 to commemorate Confucius' birthday.

Stele pavilions

A large number of stone stelae are located on the premises of the Temple of Confucius. A recent book on Confucian stelae in Qufu catalogs around 500 such monuments on the temple's grounds, noting that the list is far from complete. The steles commemorate repeated rebuildings and renovations of the temple complex, contain texts extolling Confucius and imperial edicts granting him new honorary titles. While most of these tablets were originally associated with the Temple of Confucius, some have been moved to the temple's grounds for safekeeping from other sites in Qufu in modern times.

The inscriptions on the stelae are mostly in Chinese, but some of the Yuan dynasty and Qing dynasty stelae also have texts, respectively, in Middle Mongolian (using the 'Pags-Pa script) and Manchu.

Some of the most important imperial stelae are concentrated in the area known as the " Thirteen Stele Pavilions" (十三碑亭, ''Shisan Bei Ting''). These 13 pavilions are arranged in two rows in the narrow courtyard between the Pavilion of the Star of Literature (奎文閣, ''Kuiwen Ge'') in the south and the Gates of Great Perfection (大成門, ''Dacheng Men'') in the north.

The northern row consists of five pavilions, each of which houses one large stele carried by a giant stone tortoise (''bixi'') and crowned with dragons; they were installed during the Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong eras of the Qing dynasty (between Kangxi 22 and Qianlong 13, i.e. A.D. 1683–1748). These imperial stelae stand 3.8 to 4 m tall, their turtles being up to 4.8 m long. They weigh up to 65 tons (including the stele, the ''bixi'' turtle, and the plinth under it).

The southern row consists of eight pavilions, housing smaller steles, several in each. Four of them house stelae from the Jurchen Jin dynasty (1115-1234) and the Mongol Yuan dynasty; the others, from the Qing dynasty.

A large number of smaller tablets of various eras, without ''bixi'' pedestals, are lined in the open air in "annexes" around the four corners of the Thirteen Stele Pavilions area.

Four important tortoise-borne imperial stelae from the Ming dynasty can be found in the courtyard south of the Star of Literature Pavilion. This area has two stele pavilions. The eastern pavilion houses a stele from Year 4 of the Hongwu era (1371), designating deities associated with geographical directions etc. The western pavilion contains a stele from Year 15 of the Yongle era (1417), commemorating a renovation of the temple. The other two stelae are in the open air: a Year 4 of the Chenghua era (1468) stele
in front of the eastern pavilion, and Year 17 of the Hongzhi era (1504) stele in front of the western pavilion, also commemorating temple repair projects. Dozens more of smaller, turtle-less stelae are located in this area as well.The list of stelae in these four areas in Luo Chenglie (2001), p. 1110-1114.

File:Thirteen Stele Pavilions - south row, 3rd from the east - western turtle - P1050600.JPG, Taiping Xingguo 8 (983)
File:Thirteen Stele Pavilions - south row, 3rd from the east - seen from E - turtle head - P1050627.JPG, Cheng'an 8 (1197)
File:Thirteen Stele Pavilions - south row, 5th from the east - P1050680.JPG, Dade 5 (1301)
File:Thirteen Stele Pavilions - south row, 4th from the east - P1050588.JPG, Dade era (1297-1307) (left); Dade 11 (1307) (right); Late Zhiyuan 5 (1339) (center)
File:Kong Miao - 1371 - Hongwu Year 4 Geographical Deities Designation Stele - P1050561.JPG, Hongwu 4 (1371)
File:Kong Miao - 1417 - Yongle Year 15 Temple Repair Stele - turtle head - P1050579.JPG, Yongle 15 (1417)
File:Kong Miao - 1468 - Chenghua Year 4 Stele - P1050545.JPG, Chenghua 4 (1468)
File:Kong Miao - 1504 - Hongzhi Year 17 Temple Repair Stele - P1050572.JPG, Hongzhi 17 (1504)
File:Thirteen Stele Pavilions - south row, 7th from the east - eastern turtle, Shunzhi 8 - P1050676.JPG, Shunzhi 8 (1651)
File:Thirteen Stele Pavilions - south row, 7th from the east - western turtle, Kangxi 7 - P1050677.JPG, Kangxi 7 (1668)
File:Thirteen Stele Pavilions - south row, 8th from the east - P1050678.JPG, Kangxi 15 (1676; right), Kangxi 21 (1682; left)
File:Thirteen Stele Pavilions - north row, 4th from the east - P1050668.JPG, Kangxi 22 (1683)
File:Thirteen Stele Pavilions - north row, 3rd from the east - seen from E - P1050657.JPG, Kangxi 25 (1686)
File:Thirteen Stele Pavilions - north row, 2nd from the east - seen from E - P1050649.JPG, Yongzheng 8 (1730)
File:Thirteen Stele Pavilions - north row, 5th from the east - P1050671.JPG, Yongzheng 8 (1730)
File:Thirteen Stele Pavilions - south row, 2nd from the east - P1050609.JPG, Yongzheng 8 (1730)
File:Thirteen Stele Pavilions - north row, 1st from the east - P1050636.JPG, Qianlong 13 (1748)

See also

* Mount Ni near Qufu, traditionally believed to be the birthplace of Confucius
*Temple of Yan Hui, another temple in Qufu built in honor of Confucius' favorite student
*Zoucheng, a nearby city with the temple of the "second sage" Mencius
* Kong Family Mansion, residence of Confucius' direct descendants next to the temple
*Temple of Zengzi 曾廟
* Mencius's sites- Meng family mansion 孟府, Temple of Mencius 孟廟, and Cemetery of Mencius 孟林

Notes

References

*
*
* . Continuous page numbering through both volumes. Table of contents is available at https://web.archive.org/web/20110723030617/http://www.book110.net/book/466/0466441.htm

External links

UNESCO World Heritage Listing

Asian Historical Architecture: QufuA photo tour of Qufu from 2008

Temple of Confucious, Qufu, Architectura Sinica Site Archive

{{Portal bar, China, History

Qufu
Confucian temples in China
World Heritage Sites in China
Buildings and structures in Shandong
Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Shandong
Rebuilt buildings and structures in China