Anopheles ''Anopheles'' () is a genus of mosquito first described and named by J. W. Meigen in 1818. About 460 species are recognised; while over 100 can transmit human malaria, only 30–40 commonly transmit parasites of the genus ''Plasmodium'', which ...

'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...

mosquito Mosquitoes (or mosquitos) are members of a group of almost 3,600 species of small flies within the family Culicidae (from the Latin ''culex'' meaning " gnat"). The word "mosquito" (formed by ''mosca'' and diminutive ''-ito'') is Spanish for "li ...

es (Culicidae). Of about 484 recognised species, over 100 can transmit human malaria, but only 30–40 commonly transmit parasites of the genus ''

Plasmodium ''Plasmodium'' is a genus of unicellular eukaryotes that are obligate parasites of vertebrates and insects. The life cycles of ''Plasmodium'' species involve development in a blood-feeding insect host which then injects parasites into a ver ...

'' that cause

malaria Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects humans and other animals. Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever, tiredness, vomiting, and headaches. In severe cases, it can cause jaundice, seizures, coma, or death. S ...

, which affects humans in

endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found else ...

areas. '' Anopheles gambiae'' is one of the best known, because of its predominant role in the transmission of the deadly species '' Plasmodium falciparum''.

Classification

The classification of this genus began in 1901 with

Frederick Vincent Theobald Frederick Vincent Theobald FES (15 May 1868 – 6 March 1930) was an English entomologist and "distinguished authority on mosquitoes". During his career, he was responsible for the economic zoology section of the Natural History ...

. Despite the passage of time, the taxonomy remains incompletely settled. Classification into species is based on morphological characteristics - wing spots, head anatomy, larval and pupal anatomy, and chromosome structure, and more recently on DNA sequences. The genus ''

'' belongs to a subfamily Anophelinae with three genera: ''Anopheles'' Meigen (nearly worldwide distribution), '' Bironella'' Theobald ( Australia only: 11 described species) and ''

Chagasia ''Chagasia'' is one of the three mosquito genera in the subfamily Anophelinae. The other two genera are ''Anopheles'' Meigen (nearly worldwide distribution) and '' Bironella'' Theobald (Australia only). The subfamily consists of five species in t ...

'' Cruz (

Neotropics The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's land surface. Physically, it includes the tropical terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperate zone. Definition In bioge ...

: four described species). The genus ''Bironella'' has been divided into three subgenera: '' Bironella'' Theobald (two species), '' Brugella'' Edwards (three species) and '' Neobironella'' Tenorio (three species). ''Bironella'' appears to be the sister taxon to the ''Anopheles'', with ''Chagasia'' forming the outgroup in this subfamily. The type species of the genus is ''

Anopheles maculipennis ''Anopheles maculipennis'' is a species of mosquito that can be found mostly in Europe except New Zealand; it is a main vector of malaria Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects humans and other animals. Malaria causes s ...

''.

Subgenera

The genus has been subdivided into seven subgenera based primarily on the number and positions of specialized

setae In biology, setae (singular seta ; from the Latin word for " bristle") are any of a number of different bristle- or hair-like structures on living organisms. Animal setae Protostomes Annelid setae are stiff bristles present on the body. ...

on the gonocoxites of the

male Male (symbol: ♂) is the sex of an organism that produces the gamete (sex cell) known as sperm, which fuses with the larger female gamete, or ovum, in the process of fertilization. A male organism cannot reproduce sexually without access to ...

genitalia A sex organ (or reproductive organ) is any part of an animal or plant that is involved in sexual reproduction. The reproductive organs together constitute the reproductive system. In animals, the testis in the male, and the ovary in the female, a ...

. The system of subgenera originated with the work of Christophers, who in 1915 described three subgenera: ''

'' (widely distributed), ''Myzomyia'' (later renamed '' Cellia'') ( Old World) and '' Nyssorhynchus'' (

Neotropical The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's land surface. Physically, it includes the tropical terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperate zone. Definition In bioge ...

). ''Nyssorhynchus'' was first described as ''Lavernia'' by Theobald.

Frederick Wallace Edwards Frederick Wallace Edwards FRS (28 November 1888 in Fletton, Peterborough – 15 November 1940 in London), was an English entomologist. Edwards was known in the field of entomology for his work on Diptera. Edwards worked in the British Muse ...

in 1932 added the subgenus ''

Stethomyia ''Stethomyia'' is a subgenus of the mosquito genus ''Anopheles''. The type species is '' Anopheles nimbus''. There are five species in this subgenus. History This genus was created by Frederick Wallace Edwards in 1932. Phylogeny Of the seven ex ...

'' (Neotropical distribution). '' Kerteszia'' was also described by Edwards in 1932, but then was recognised as a subgrouping of ''Nyssorhynchus''. It was elevated to subgenus status by Komp in 1937; this subgenus is also found in the Neotropics. Two additional subgenera have since been recognised: '' Baimaia'' (Southeast Asia only) by Harbach ''et al.'' in 2005 and '' Lophopodomyia'' (Neotropical) by Antunes in 1937. One species within each subgenus has been identified as the type species of that particular subgenus: *Subgenus ''Anopheles'' - ''

'' Meigen 1918 *Subgenus ''Baimaia'' - '' Anopheles kyondawensis'' Abraham 1947 *Subgenus ''Cellia'' - '' Anopheles pharoensis'' Giles 1899 *Subgenus '' Kerteszia'' - '' Anopheles boliviensis'' Theobald 1905 *Subgenus ''Lophopodomyia'' - '' Anopheles squamifemur'' Antunes 1937 *Subgenus ''Nyssorhynchus'' - '' Anopheles argyritarsis'' Robineau-Desvoidy 1827 *Subgenus ''Stethomyia'' - '' Anopheles nimbus'' Theobald 1902 Within the genus ''Anopheles'' are two main groupings, one formed by the ''Cellia'' and ''Anopheles'' subgenera and a second by '' Kerteszia'', ''Lophopodomyia'', and ''Nyssorhynchus''. Subgenus ''Stethomyia'' is an outlier with respect to these two taxa. Within the second group, '' Kerteszia'' and ''Nyssorhynchus'' appear to be sister taxa. ''Cellia'' appears to be more closely related to the '' Kerteszia''-''Lophopodomyia''-''Nyssorhynchus'' group than to ''Anopheles'' or ''Stethomyia'', tentatively suggesting the following branching order: ( ''Stethomyia'' ( ''Anopheles'' ( ''Cellia'' ( ''Lophopodomyia'' ( '' Kerteszia'', ''Nyssorhynchus''))))). The number of species currently recognised within the subgenera is given here in parentheses: ''Anopheles'' (206 species), ''Baimaia'' (one), ''Cellia'' (239), '' Kerteszia'' (12), ''Lophopodomyia'' (six), ''Nyssorhynchus'' (34) and ''Stethomyia'' (five). The subgenus ''Baimaia'' may be elevated to genus level, as it appears to be a sister group to ''Bironella'' and all other ''Anopheles''. The ancestors of ''

Drosophila ''Drosophila'' () is a genus of flies, belonging to the family Drosophilidae, whose members are often called "small fruit flies" or (less frequently) pomace flies, vinegar flies, or wine flies, a reference to the characteristic of many speci ...

'' and ''Anopheles'' diverged . The Old and New World ''Anopheles'' species subsequently diverged between 80 and .

Divisions below subgenus

Taxonomic units between subgenus and species are not currently recognised as official zoological names. In practice, a number of taxonomic levels have been introduced. The larger subgenera (''Anopheles'', ''Cellia'', and ''Nyssorhynchus'') have been subdivided into sections and series, which in turn have been divided into groups and subgroups. Below subgroup but above species level is the species complex. Taxonomic levels above species complex can be distinguished on morphological grounds. Species within a species complex are either morphologically identical or extremely similar and can only be reliably separated by microscopic examination of the chromosomes or DNA sequencing. The classification continues to be revised. The first species complex was described in 1926 when the problem of nontransmission of malaria by '' Anopheles gambiae'' was solved by Falleroni, who recognised that ''An. gambiae'' was a complex of six species, of which only four could transmit malaria. This complex has subsequently been revised to a total of seven species of which five transmit malaria. Subgenus ''Nyssorhynchus'' has been divided in three sections: ''Albimanus'' (19 species), ''Argyritarsis'' (11 species) and ''Myzorhynchella'' (four species). The ''Argyritarsis'' section has been subdivided into ''Albitarsis'' and ''Argyritarsis'' groups. The ''Anopheles'' group was divided by Edwards into four series: ''Anopheles'' (worldwide), ''Myzorhynchus'' (Palearctic, Oriental, Australasian and Afrotropical), ''Cycloleppteron'' (Neotropical) and ''Lophoscelomyia'' (Oriental); and two groups, ''Arribalzagia'' (Neotropical) and ''Christya'' (Afrotropical). Reid and Knight (1961) modified this classification by subdividing the subgenus ''Anopheles'' into two sections, ''Angusticorn'' and ''Laticorn'' and six series. The division was based on the shape of their

pupa A pupa ( la, pupa, "doll"; plural: ''pupae'') is the life stage of some insects undergoing transformation between immature and mature stages. Insects that go through a pupal stage are holometabolous: they go through four distinct stages in thei ...

trumpet The trumpet is a brass instrument commonly used in classical and jazz ensembles. The trumpet group ranges from the piccolo trumpet—with the highest register in the brass family—to the bass trumpet, pitched one octave below the standard ...

s. The ''Laticorn'' section was created for those species with wide, funnel-shaped trumpets having the longest axis transverse to the stem, and the ''Angusticorn'' section for species with semitubular trumpets having the longest axis vertical more or less in line with the stem. The earlier ''Arribalzagia'' and ''Christya'' groups were considered to be series. The ''Angusticorn'' section includes members of the ''Anopheles'', ''Cycloleppteron'', and ''Lophoscelomyia'' series, and the ''Laticorn'' section includes the ''Arribalzagia'' (24 species), ''Christya'', and ''Myzorhynchus'' series. ''Cellia'' is the largest subgenus: all species within this subgenus are found in the Old World. It has been divided into six series - ''Cellia'' (eight species), ''Myzomyia'' (69 species), ''Neocellia'' (33 species), ''Neomyzomyia'' (99 species), ''Paramyzomyia'' (six species) and ''Pyretophorus'' (22 species). This classification was developed by Grjebine (in 1966), Reid (in 1968), and Gillies & de Meillon (also in 1968) based on the work by Edwards in 1932. Series definition within this subgenus is based on the cibarial armature - a collection of specialized spicules borne ventrally at the posterior margin of the cibarium - which was first used as a taxonomic method by Christophers in 1933. '' Kerteszia'' is a small subgenus found in

South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the sout ...

whose larvae have specific ecological requirements; these can only develop within water that accumulates at the base of the follicular axis of the

epiphytic An epiphyte is an organism that grows on the surface of a plant and derives its moisture and nutrients from the air, rain, water (in marine environments) or from debris accumulating around it. The plants on which epiphytes grow are called phoroph ...

Bromeliaceae. Unlike the majority of mosquitoes, species in this subgenus are active during the day. Within a number of species, separate subspecies have been identified. The diagnostic criteria and characteristic features of each subgenus are discussed on the own page.

Species complexes

'' Anopheles nuneztovari'' is a species complex with at least one occurring in Colombia and

Venezuela Venezuela (; ), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( es, link=no, República Bolivariana de Venezuela), is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in th ...

and another occurring in the Amazon Basin. These clades appear to have diverged and expanded in the

Pleistocene The Pleistocene ( , often referred to as the ''Ice age'') is the geological epoch that lasted from about 2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was finally confirmed in ...

Medical and veterinary importance

The first demonstration that mosquitoes could act as vectors of disease was by

Patrick Manson Sir Patrick Manson (3 October 1844 – 9 April 1922) was a Scottish physician who made important discoveries in parasitology, and was a founder of the field of tropical medicine. He graduated from University of Aberdeen with degrees in Master ...

, a British physician working in China, who showed that a ''

Culex ''Culex'' is a genus of mosquitoes, several species of which serve as vectors of one or more important diseases of birds, humans, and other animals. The diseases they vector include arbovirus infections such as West Nile virus, Japanese encep ...

'' species could transmit

filariasis Filariasis is a parasitic disease caused by an infection with roundworms of the Filarioidea type. These are spread by blood-feeding insects such as black flies and mosquitoes. They belong to the group of diseases called helminthiases. These ...

in 1878. This was then followed in 1897 by Ronald Ross, who showed avian malaria could also be transmitted by a species of ''Culex''. Grassi in Italy showed that the species causing human malaria were transmitted by species of the genus ''Anopheles'' in 1898. ''Anopheles gambiae'' (then ''Anopheles coastalis''), the most important of the vectors transmitting human malaria, was first recognised as such in 1899 at

Freetown Freetown is the capital and largest city of Sierra Leone. It is a major port city on the Atlantic Ocean and is located in the Western Area of the country. Freetown is Sierra Leone's major urban, economic, financial, cultural, educational and po ...

Sierra Leone Sierra Leone,)]. officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country on the southwest coast of West Africa. It is bordered by Liberia to the southeast and Guinea surrounds the northern half of the nation. Covering a total area of , Sierr ...

. It was later realised that only a small number of species of mosquitoes were responsible for the vast majority of human malaria and other diseases. This generated a considerable interest in the taxonomy of this and other mosquito genera. The species of the subgenera ''Baimaia'', ''Lophopodomyia'', and ''Stethomyia'' are not of medical importance. All species within the subgenus ''Anopheles'' known to carry human malaria lie within either the ''Myzorhynchus'' or the ''Anopheles'' series. ''Anopheles maculipennis'' s.l. is a known vector of

West Nile virus West Nile virus (WNV) is a single-stranded RNA virus that causes West Nile fever. It is a member of the family '' Flaviviridae'', from the genus '' Flavivirus'', which also contains the Zika virus, dengue virus, and yellow fever virus. The v ...

. Six species in the subgenus '' Kerteszia'' can carry human malaria. Of these, only ''An. bellator'' and ''An. cruzii'' are of importance. ''Anopheles bellator'' can also transmit ''

Wuchereria bancrofti ''Wuchereria bancrofti'' is a filarial (arthropod-borne) nematode (roundworm) that is the major cause of lymphatic filariasis. It is one of the three parasitic worms, together with '' Brugia malayi'' and '' B. timori'', that infect the lymphat ...

''. Several species of the subgenus ''Nyssorhynchus'' are of medical importance. All series of the subgenus ''Cellia'' contain vectors of malarial protozoa and microfilariae. Five species of anopheline mosquitoes (''An. arabiensis'', ''An. funestus'', ''An. gambiae'', ''An. moucheti'', ''An. nili'') all belonging to the subgenus ''Cellia'' are responsible for over 95% of total malaria transmission for '' Plasmodium falciparum'' in continental sub-Saharan

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...

. ''Anopheles sundaicus'' and ''An. subpictus'' are important vectors of ''

Plasmodium vivax ''Plasmodium vivax'' is a protozoal parasite and a human pathogen. This parasite is the most frequent and widely distributed cause of recurring malaria. Although it is less virulent than ''Plasmodium falciparum'', the deadliest of the five huma ...

''.

Species evolution

The ''Anopheles gambiae'' complex has a number of important malaria vectors. A chromosomal study suggests that ''An. merus'' is the basal member of this complex and is sister species to ''An. gambiae''. The two species ''An. quadriannulatus'' A and ''An. quadriannulatus'' B - neither of whom are vectors for malaria - are derived from ''An. gambiae''. The subgenera ''Anopheles'' and ''Cellia'' appear to be sister clades as do '' Kerteszia'' and ''Nyssorhynchus''.

Species listing

Species that have been shown to be vectors of human malaria are marked with a star (*) after the name.

Subgenus ''
Anopheles ''Anopheles'' () is a genus of mosquito first described and named by J. W. Meigen in 1818. About 460 species are recognised; while over 100 can transmit human malaria, only 30–40 commonly transmit parasites of the genus ''Plasmodium'', which ...
''

:'' Anopheles anthropophagus'' Xu & Feng 1975 :'' Anopheles confusa'' :'' Anopheles derooki'' Soesilo & Van Slooten 1931 :'' Anopheles gracilis'' Theobald 1905 :'' Anopheles hollandi'' Taylor 1934 :'' Anopheles obscura'' Tenorio 1975 :'' Anopheles papuae'' Swellengrebel & Swellengrebel de Graaf 1919 :'' Anopheles simmondsi'' Tenorio 1977 :'' Anopheles travestita'' Brug 1928 :Section '' Angusticorn'' ::Series ''

'' :::'' Anopheles algeriensis'' Theobald 1903 :::'' Anopheles concolor'' Edwards 1938 :::'' Anopheles marteri'' ::::subspecies ''marteri'' ::::subspecies ''sogdianus'' Keshishian :::Complex ''Claviger'' (Coluzzi ''et al''. 1965) ::::'' Anopheles claviger''* Meigen 1804 ::::'' Anopheles petragnani'' Del Vecchio 1939 :::Group ''Aitkenii'' (Reid & Knight, 1961) ::::'' Anopheles aberrans'' Harrison & Scanlon 1975 ::::'' Anopheles acaci'' Baisas 1946 ::::'' Anopheles aitkenii'' James 1903 ::::'' Anopheles bengalensis'' Puri 1930 ::::'' Anopheles borneensis'' McArthur 1949 ::::'' Anopheles fragilis'' Theobald 1903 ::::'' Anopheles insulaeflorum'' Swellengrebel & Swellengrebel de Graaf 1919 ::::'' Anopheles palmatus'' Rodenwaldt 1926 ::::'' Anopheles peytoni'' Kulasekera Harrison & Amerasinghe 1989 ::::'' Anopheles pilinotum'' Harrison & Scanlon 1974 ::::'' Anopheles pinjaurensis'' Barraud 1932 ::::'' Anopheles stricklandi'' Reid 1965 ::::'' Anopheles tigertti'' Scanlon & Peyton 1967 :::Group ''Alongensis'' (Phan ''et al''. 1991) ::::'' Anopheles alongensis'' Evenhuis 1940 ::::'' Anopheles cucphuongensis'' Phan, Manh, Hinh & Vien 1991 :::Group ''Atratipes'' (Lee ''et al.'' 1987) ::::'' Anopheles atratipes'' Skuse 1889 ::::'' Anopheles tasmaniensis'' Dobrowtorsky 1966 :::Group ''Culiciformis'' (Reid & Knight 1961) ::::'' Anopheles culiciformis'' Cogill 1903 ::::'' Anopheles sintoni'' Puri 1929 ::::'' Anopheles sintonoides'' Ho 1938 :::Group ''Lindesayi'' (Reid & Knight 1961) :::::'' Anopheles mengalengensis'' Ma 1981 :::::'' Anopheles nilgiricus'' Christophers 1924 :::::'' Anopheles wellingtonianus'' Alcock 1912 ::::Complex ''Gigas'' (Harrison ''et al''. 1991) :::::'' Anopheles baileyi'' Edwards 1923 :::::'' Anopheles gigas'' Giles 1901 ::::::subspecies ''crockeri'' Colless ::::::subspecies ''danaubento'' Mochtar & Walandouw ::::::subspecies ''formosus'' Ludlow ::::::subspecies ''gigas'' Giles ::::::subspecies ''oedjalikalah'' Nainggolan ::::::subspecies ''pantjarbatu'' Waktoedi ::::::subspecies ''refutans'' Alcock ::::::subspecies ''simlensis'' James ::::::subspecies ''sumatrana'' Swellengrebel & Rodenwaldt ::::Complex'' Lindesayi'' (Harrison ''et al.'' 1991) :::::'' Anopheles lindesayi'' Giles 1900 ::::::subspecies ''benguetensis'' King ::::::subspecies ''cameronensis'' Edwards ::::::subspecies ''japonicus'' Yamada ::::::subspecies ''lindesayi'' Giles ::::::subspecies ''pleccau'' Koidzumi :::Group ''Maculipennis'' (Reid & Knight 1961) ::::'' Anopheles atropos'' Dyar & Knab 1906 ::::'' Anopheles aztecus'' Hoffmann 1935 ::::'' Anopheles lewisi'' Ludlow 1920 ::::'' Anopheles walkeri'' ::::Complex ''Quadrimaculatus'' (Linton 2004) :::::'' Anopheles diluvialis'' Reinert 1997 :::::'' Anopheles inundatus'' Reinert 1997 :::::'' Anopheles maverlius'' Reinert 1997 :::::'' Anopheles smaragdinus'' Reinert 1997 :::::''Anopheles quadrimaculatus''* Say 1824 ::::Subgroup ''Freeborni'' (Linton 2004) :::::'' Anopheles earlei'' Vargas 1943 :::::'' Anopheles freeborni''* Aitken 1939 :::::'' Anopheles hermsi'' Barr & Guptavanij 1989 ::::Subgroup'' Maculipennis'' (Linton 2004) :::::'' Anopheles artemievi'' Gordeyev, Zvantsov, Goryacheva, Shaikevich & Yezhov :::::'' Anopheles atroparvus''* Van Thiel 1927 :::::'' Anopheles beklemishevi'' Stegnii & Kabanova 1976 :::::'' Anopheles daciae'' Linton, Nicolescu & Harbach 2004 :::::'' Anopheles labranchiae''* Falleroni 1926 :::::''

'' :::::'' Anopheles martinius'' Shingarev 1926 :::::'' Anopheles melanoon''* Hackett 1934 :::::'' Anopheles messeae''* Falleroni 1926 :::::'' Anopheles occidentalis'' Dyar & Knab 1906 :::::'' Anopheles persiensis'' Linton, Sedaghat & Harbach 2003 :::::'' Anopheles sacharovi''* Favre 1903 :::::'' Anopheles sicaulti'' Roubaud 1935 :::::'' Anopheles subalpinus'' Hackett & Lewis 1935 :::Group ''Plumbeus'' (Reid & Knight 1961) ::::'' Anopheles arboricola'' Zavortink 1970 ::::'' Anopheles barberi'' Coquillett 1903 ::::'' Anopheles barianensis'' James 1911 ::::'' Anopheles fausti'' Vargas 1943 ::::'' Anopheles judithae'' Zavortink 1969 ::::'' Anopheles omorii'' Sakakibara 1959 ::::'' Anopheles plumbeus''* Stegnii & Kabanova 1828 ::::'' Anopheles powderi'' Zavortink 1970 ::::'' Anopheles xelajuensis'' De Leon 1938 :::Group ''Pseudopunctipennis'' (Reid & Knight 1961) ::::'' Anopheles chiriquiensis'' Komp 1936 ::::'' Anopheles franciscanus'' McCracken 1904 ::::'' Anopheles hectoris'' Giaquinto-Mira 1931 ::::'' Anopheles tibiamaculatus'' Neiva 1906 ::::'' Anopheles eiseni'' Coquillett 1902 :::::subspecies ''eiseni'' Coquillett :::::subspecies ''geometricus'' Corrêa ::::'' Anopheles parapunctipennis''* Martini 1932 :::::subspecies ''guatemalensis'' de Leon :::::subspecies ''parapunctipennis'' Martini ::::'' Anopheles pseudopunctipennis'' :::::subspecies ''levicastilloi'' Levi-Castillo :::::subspecies ''neghmei'' Mann :::::subspecies ''noei'' Mann :::::subspecies ''patersoni'' Alvarado & Heredia :::::subspecies ''pseudopunctipennis'' Theobald :::::subspecies ''rivadeneirai'' Levi-Castillo :::Group ''Punctipennis'' (Reid & Knight 1961) ::::'' Anopheles perplexens'' Ludlow 1907 ::::''

Anopheles punctipennis ''Anopheles punctipennis'' is a species of mosquito in genus ''Anopheles''. It is native to North America.Anopheles bradleyi'' King 1939 :::::'' Anopheles crucians'' Wiedemann 1828 :::::'' Anopheles georgianus'' King 1939 :::Group ''Stigmaticus'' (Reid & Knight 1961) ::::'' Anopheles colledgei'' Marks 1956 ::::'' Anopheles corethroides'' Theobald 1907 ::::'' Anopheles papuensis'' Dobrowtorsky 1957 ::::'' Anopheles powelli'' Lee 1944 ::::'' Anopheles pseudostigmaticus'' Dobrowtorsky 1957 ::::'' Anopheles stigmaticus'' Skuse 1889 ::Series '' Cycloleppteron'' (Edwards 1932) :::'' Anopheles annulipalpis'' Lynch 1878 :::'' Anopheles grabhamii'' ::Series '' Lophoscelomyia'' (Edwards 1932) :::'' Anopheles bulkleyi'' Causey 1937 :::Group ''Asiaticus'' (Reid 1968) ::::'' Anopheles annandalei'' Prashad 1918 ::::'' Anopheles noniae'' Reid 1963 ::::Subgroup ''Asiaticus'' (Rattanarithikul ''et al.'' 2004) :::::'' Anopheles asiaticus'' Leicester 1903 ::::Subgroup ''Interruptus'' (Rattanarithikul ''et al.'' 2004) :::::'' Anopheles interruptus'' Puri 1929 :Section '' Laticorn'' (Reid & Knight 1961) ::Series '' Arribalzagia'' (Root 1922) :::'' Anopheles anchietai'' Correa & Ramalho 1968 :::'' Anopheles apicimacula'' Dyar & Knab 1906 :::'' Anopheles bustamentei'' Galvao 1955 :::'' Anopheles calderoni'' Wilkerson 1991 :::'' Anopheles costai'' Da Fonseca & Da Silva Ramos 1939 :::'' Anopheles evandroi'' Da Costa Lima 1937 :::'' Anopheles fluminensis'' Root 1927 :::'' Anopheles forattinii'' Wilkerson 1999 :::'' Anopheles gabaldoni'' Vargas 1941 :::'' Anopheles guarao'' Anduze & Capdevielle 1949 :::'' Anopheles intermedius''* Peryassu 1908 :::'' Anopheles maculipes'' Theobald 1903 :::'' Anopheles malefactor'' Dyar & Knab 1907 :::'' Anopheles mattogrossensis'' Lutz & Neiva 1911 :::'' Anopheles mediopunctatus'' Lutz 1903 :::'' Anopheles minor'' Da Costa Lima 1929 :::'' Anopheles neomaculipalpis'' Curry 1931 :::'' Anopheles peryassui'' Dyar & Knab 1908 :::'' Anopheles pseudomaculipes'' Peryassu 1908 :::'' Anopheles punctimacula'' Dyar & Knab 1906 :::'' Anopheles mediopunctatus'' Lutz 1903 :::'' Anopheles rachoui'' Galvao 1952 :::'' Anopheles shannoni'' Davis 1931 :::'' Anopheles veruslanei'' Vargas 1979 :::'' Anopheles vestitipennis'' Dyar & Knab 1906 ::Series '' Christya'' (Christophers 1924) :::'' Anopheles implexus'' Theobald 1903 :::'' Anopheles okuensis'' Brunhes, le Goff & Geoffroy 1997 ::Series '' Myzorhynchus'' (Edwards 1932) :::'' Anopheles obscurus'' Grunberg 1905 :::'' Anopheles bancroftii'' Giles 1902 :::'' Anopheles barbirostris''* Van der Wulp 1884 :::'' Anopheles pollicaris'' Reid 1962 :::Group ''Albotaeniatus'' (Reid & Knight 1961) ::::'' Anopheles albotaeniatus'' Theobald 1903 ::::'' Anopheles balerensis'' Mendoza 1947 ::::'' Anopheles ejercitoi'' Mendoza 1947 ::::'' Anopheles montanus'' Stanton & Hacker 1917 ::::'' Anopheles saperoi'' Bohart & Ingram 1946 ::::: subspecies ''ohamai'' Ohama ::::: subspecies ''saperoi'' Bohart & Ingram :::Group ''Bancroftii'' (Reid & Knight 1961) ::::'' Anopheles pseudobarbirostris'' Ludlow 1935 ::::'' Anopheles bancroftii'' Giles 1902 :::::subspecies ''bancroftii'' Giles :::::subspecies ''barbiventris'' Brug :::Group ''Barbirostris'' (Reid & Knight 1961) ::::'' Anopheles freyi'' Meng 1957 ::::'' Anopheles koreicus'' Yamada & Watanabe 1918 ::::Subgroup ''Barbirostris'' (Reid 1968) :::::'' Anopheles barbirostris'' van der Wulp 1884 :::::'' Anopheles campestris'' Reid 1962 :::::'' Anopheles donaldi'' Reid 1962 :::::'' Anopheles franciscoi'' Reid 1962 :::::'' Anopheles hodgkini'' Reid 1962 :::::'' Anopheles pollicaris'' Reid 1962 ::::Subgroup'' Vanus'' (Reid 1968) :::::'' Anopheles ahomi'' Chowdhury 1929 :::::'' Anopheles barbumbrosus'' Strickland & Chowdhury 1927 :::::'' Anopheles manalangi'' Mendoza 1940 :::::'' Anopheles reidi'' Harrison 1973 :::::'' Anopheles vanus'' Walker 1859 :::Group ''Coustani'' (Reid & Knight 1961) ::::'' Anopheles caliginosus'' De Meillon 1943 ::::'' Anopheles coustani'' Laveran 1900 ::::'' Anopheles crypticus'' Coetzee 1994 ::::'' Anopheles fuscicolor'' Van Someren 1947 ::::'' Anopheles namibiensis'' Coetzee 1984 ::::'' Anopheles paludis'' Theobald 1900 ::::'' Anopheles symesi'' Edwards 1928 ::::'' Anopheles tenebrosus'' Donitz 1902 ::::'' Anopheles ziemanni'' Grunberg 1902 :::Group ''Hyrcanus'' (Reid 1953) ::::'' Anopheles anthropophagus'' Xu and Feng 1975 ::::'' Anopheles argyropus'' Swellengrebel 1914 ::::'' Anopheles belenrae'' Rueda 2005 ::::'' Anopheles changfus'' Ma 1981 ::::'' Anopheles chodukini'' Martini 1929 ::::'' Anopheles dazhaius'' Ma 1981 ::::'' Anopheles engarensis'' Kanda & Oguma 1978 ::::'' Anopheles hailarensis'' Xu JinJiang & Luo XinFu 1998 ::::'' Anopheles heiheensis'' Ma 1981 ::::'' Anopheles hyrcanus''* Pallas 1771 ::::'' Anopheles junlianensis'' Lei 1996 ::::'' Anopheles kiangsuensis'' Xu and Feng 1975 ::::'' Anopheles kleini'' Rueda 2005 ::::'' Anopheles kummingensis'' Dong & Wang 1985 ::::'' Anopheles kweiyangensis'' Yao & Wu 1944 ::::'' Anopheles liangshanensis'' Kang Tan Cao Cheng Yang & Huang 1984 ::::'' Anopheles nimpe'' Nguyen, Tran & Harbach ::::'' Anopheles pseudopictus'' Graham 1899 ::::'' Anopheles pullus'' Yamada 1937 ::::'' Anopheles sinensis''* Wiedemann 1828 ::::'' Anopheles sineroides'' Yamada 1924 ::::'' Anopheles xiaokuanus'' Ma 1981 ::::'' Anopheles xui'' Dong, Zhou, Dong & Mao 2007 ::::'' Anopheles yatsushiroensis'' Miyazaki 1951 ::::Subgroup ''Lesteri'' (Harrison 1972) :::::'' Anopheles crawfordi'' Reid 1953 :::::'' Anopheles kiangsuensis'' Xu & Feng 1975 :::::'' Anopheles lesteri'' de Meillon 1931 :::::'' Anopheles paraliae'' Sandosham 1959 :::::'' Anopheles peditaeniatus'' Leicester 1908 :::::'' Anopheles vietnamensis'' Manh Hinh & Vien 1993 ::::Subgroup'' Nigerrimus'' (Harrison 1972) :::::'' Anopheles nigerrimus''* Giles 1900 :::::'' Anopheles nitidus'' Harrison, Scanlon & Reid 1973 :::::'' Anopheles pseudosinensis'' Baisas 1935 :::::'' Anopheles pursati'' Laveran 1902 :::Group ''Umbrosus'' (Reid 1950) ::::'' Anopheles brevipalpis'' Roper 1914 ::::'' Anopheles brevirostris'' Reid 1950 ::::'' Anopheles hunteri'' Strickland 1916 ::::'' Anopheles samarensis'' Rozeboom 1951 ::::'' Anopheles similissimus'' Strickland & Chowdhury 1927 ::::Subgroup ''Baezai'' (Rattanarithikul ''et al.'' 2004) :::::'' Anopheles baezai'' Gater 1934 ::::Subgroup ''Letifer'' (Reid 1968) :::::'' Anopheles collessi'' Reid 1963 :::::'' Anopheles letifer''* Sandosham 1944 :::::'' Anopheles roperi'' Reid 1950 :::::'' Anopheles whartoni'' Reid 1963 ::::Subgroup ''Separatus'' (Rattanarithikul ''et al.'' 2004) :::::'' Anopheles separatus'' Leicester 1908 ::::Subgroup ''Umbrosus'' (Rattanarithikul ''et al.'' 2004) :::::'' Anopheles umbrosus'' Theobald 1903

Subgenus '' Baimaia''

:'' Anopheles kyondawensis''Abraham 1947

Subgenus ''Cellia''

'' Anopheles rageaui'' Mattingly and Adam Series ''Cellia'' (Christophers 1924) :'' Anopheles argenteolobatus'' Gough 1910 :'' Anopheles brumpti'' Hamon & Rickenbach 1955 :'' Anopheles carnevalei'' Brunhes le Goff & Geoffroy 1999 :'' Anopheles cristipalpis'' Service 1977 :'' Anopheles murphyi'' Gillies 1968 :'' Anopheles pharoensis'' Theobald 1901 :'' Anopheles swahilicus'' Gillies 1964 :Group ''Squamosus'' (Grjebine 1966) ::'' Anopheles cydippis'' de Meillon 1931 ::'' Anopheles squamosus''Theobald 1901 Series '' Myzomyia'' :'' Anopheles apoci'' Marsh 1933 :'' Anopheles azaniae'' Bailly-Choumara 1960 :'' Anopheles barberellus'' Evans 1932 :'' Anopheles brunnipes'' Theobald 1910 :'' Anopheles domicola'' Edwards 1916 :'' Anopheles dthali'' Patton 1905 :'' Anopheles erythraeus'' Corradetti 1939 :'' Anopheles ethiopicus'' Gillies & Coetzee 1987 :'' Anopheles flavicosta'' Edwards 1911 :'' Anopheles fontinalis'' Gillies 1968 :'' Anopheles majidi'' Young & Majid 1928 :''

Anopheles moucheti ''Anopheles moucheti'' is a species of mosquito that highly '' anthropophilia'' and '' endophilia'', is can be mainly located in Congo Basin forest, Africa. It was main vector of malaria Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that affe ...

''* Evans 1925 ::subspecies ''bervoetsi'' D'Haenans 1961 ::subspecies ''moucheti'' Evans 1925 ::subspecies ''nigeriensis'' :'' Anopheles schwetzi'' Evans 1934 :'' Anopheles tchekedii'' de Meillon & Leeson 1940 :'' Anopheles walravensi'' Edwards 1930 :Group ''Demeilloni'' (Gillies & De Meillon 1962) ::'' Anopheles carteri'' Evans & de Meillon 1933 ::'' Anopheles demeilloni'' Evans 1933 ::'' Anopheles freetownensis'' Evans 1925 ::'' Anopheles garnhami'' Edwards 1930 ::'' Anopheles keniensis'' Evans 1931 ::'' Anopheles lloreti'' Gil Collado 1936 ::'' Anopheles sergentii''* Theobald 1907 :::subspecies ''macmahoni'' Evans 1936 :::subspecies ''sergentii'' Theobald 1907 :Group ''Funestus'' (Garros ''et al'' 2004) ::'' Anopheles jeyporiensis'' James 1902 ::Subgroup ''Aconitus'' (Chen ''et al.'' 2003) :::'' Anopheles aconitus'' Dönitz 1902 :::'' Anopheles filipinae'' Manalang 1930 :::'' Anopheles mangyanus'' Banks 1906 :::'' Anopheles pampanai'' Buttiker & Beales 1959 :::'' Anopheles varuna'' Iyengar 1924 ::Subgroup ''Culicifacies'' (Garros ''et al.'' 2004) :::'' Anopheles culicifacies''* Giles 1901 ::Subgroup ''Funestus'' (Garros ''et al.'' 2004) :::'' Anopheles aruni'' Sobti 1968 :::'' Anopheles confusus'' Evans & Leeson 1935 :::''

Anopheles funestus ''Anopheles funestus'' is a species of mosquito in the Culicidae family. This species was first described in 1900 by Giles. The female is attracted to houses where it seeks out humans in order to feed on their blood, mostly during the night. Th ...

''* Giles 1900 :::'' Anopheles funestus-like''* Spillings ''et al'' 2009 :::'' Anopheles longipalpis'' Type C Koekemoer ''et al.'' 2009 :::'' Anopheles parensis'' Gillies 1962 :::'' Anopheles vaneedeni'' Gillies & Coetzee 1987 ::Subgroup ''Minimus'' (Chen ''et al.'' 2003) :::'' Anopheles flavirostris''* Ludlow 1914 :::'' Anopheles leesoni'' Evans 1931 :::'' Anopheles longipalpis'' Type A Koekemoer ''et al'' 2009 :::Complex ''Fluviatilis'' (Salara ''et al.'' 1993) ::::'' Anopheles fluviatilis''* (species S, T, U, V) James 1902 :::Complex ''Minimus'' (Green ''et al.'' 1990) ::::'' Anopheles harrisoni'' Harbach & Manguin 2007 ::::''

Anopheles minimus ''Anopheles minimus'' is a species of mosquito can be found around Oriental region included: India, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Southern China comprising Hong Kong, Taiwan and the Ryukyu Islands of Japan.It was the main vector o ...

''Theobald 1901 ::Subgroup ''Rivulorum'' (Garros ''et al'' 2004) :::'' Anopheles brucei'' Service 1960 :::'' Anopheles fuscivenosus'' Leeson 1930 :::'' Anopheles rivulorum''* Leeson 1935 :Group ''Marshallii'' ::'' Anopheles austenii'' Theobald 1905 ::'' Anopheles berghei'' Vincke & Leleup 1949 ::'' Anopheles brohieri'' Edwards 1929 ::'' Anopheles gibbinsi'' Evans 1935 ::'' Anopheles hancocki'' Edwards 1929 ::'' Anopheles hargreavesi'' Evans 1927 ::'' Anopheles harperi'' Evans 1936 ::'' Anopheles mortiauxi'' Edwards 1938 ::'' Anopheles mousinhoi'' de Meillon & Pereira 1940 ::'' Anopheles njombiensis'' Peters 1955 ::'' Anopheles seydeli'' Edwards 1929 ::Complex ''Marshalli'' (Gillies & Coetzee 1987) :::'' Anopheles hughi'' Lambert & Coetzee 1982 :::'' Anopheles kosiensis'' Coetzee, Segerman & Hunt 1987 :::'' Anopheles letabensis'' Lambert & Coetzee 1982 :::'' Anopheles marshallii'' Theobald 1903 :Group ''Wellcomei'' ::'' Anopheles distinctus'' Newstead & Carter 1911 ::'' Anopheles erepens'' Gillies 1958 ::'' Anopheles theileri'' Edwards 1912 ::'' Anopheles wellcomei'' Theobald 1904 :::subspecies ''ugandae'' Evans 1934 :::subspecies ''ungujae'' White 1975 :::subspecies ''wellcomei'' Theobald 1904 Series '' Neocellia'' (Christophers 1924) :'' Anopheles ainshamsi'' Gad, Harbach & Harrison 2006 :'' Anopheles dancalicus'' Corradetti 1939 :'' Anopheles hervyi'' Brunhes, le Goff & Geoffroy 1999 :'' Anopheles jamesii''Theobald 1901 :'' Anopheles karwari''* James 1903 :'' Anopheles maculipalpis'' Giles 1902 :'' Anopheles moghulensis'' Christophers 1924 :'' Anopheles paltrinierii'' Shidrawi & Gillies 1988 :'' Anopheles pattoni'' Christophers 1926 :'' Anopheles pretoriensis'' Theobald 1903 :'' Anopheles pulcherrimus''Theobald 1902* :'' Anopheles rufipes'' Gough 1910 ::subspecies ''broussesi'' Edwards 1929 ::subspecies ''rufipes'' Gough 1910 :'' Anopheles salbaii'' Maffi & Coluzzi 1958 :'' Anopheles splendidus'' Koidzumi 1920 :'' Anopheles theobaldi'' Giles 1901 :Complex ''Stephensi'' ::''

Anopheles stephensi ''Anopheles stephensi'' is a primary mosquito vector of malaria in urban India and is included in the same subgenus as '' Anopheles gambiae'', the primary malaria vector in Africa. ''A. gambiae'' consists of a complex of morphologically identica ...

''* Liston 1901 :Complex ''Superpictus'' ::'' Anopheles superpictus''* Grassi 1899 :Group ''Annularis'' (Reid 1968) ::'' Anopheles pallidus'' Theobald 1901 ::'' Anopheles philippinensis''* Ludlow 1902 ::'' Anopheles schueffneri'' Stanton 1915 ::Complex ''Annularis'' (Reid 1968) :::'' Anopheles annularis''* van der Wulp 1884 ::Complex ''Nivipes'' (Green ''et al.'' 1985) :::'' Anopheles nivipes'' Theobald 1903 :Group ''Jamesii'' (Rattanarithikul ''et al.'' 2004) ::'' Anopheles jamesii'' Theobald 1901 ::'' Anopheles pseudojamesi'' Strickland & Chowdhury 1927 ::'' Anopheles splendidus'' Koidzumi 1920 :Group'' Maculatus'' (Rattanarithikul & Green 1987) ::'' Anopheles dispar'' Rattanarithikul & Harbach 1991 ::'' Anopheles greeni'' Rattanarithikul & Harbach 1991 ::'' Anopheles pseudowillmori'' Theobald 1910 ::'' Anopheles rampae'' ::'' Anopheles willmori'' James 1903 ::Subgroup ''Maculatus'' (Rattanarithikul ''et al'' 2004) :::'' Anopheles dravidicus'' Christophers 1924 :::'' Anopheles maculatus''* ::Subgroup ''Sawadwongporni'' (Rattanarithikul ''et al'' 2004) :::'' Anopheles notanandai'' Rattanarithikul & Green 1987 :::'' Anopheles sawadwongporni'' Rattanarithikul & Green 1987 Series '' Neomyzomyia'' (Christophers 1924) :'' Anopheles amictus'' Edwards 1921 :'' Anopheles annulatus'' Haga 1930 :'' Anopheles aurirostris'' Watson 1910 :'' Anopheles dualaensis'' Brunhes le Goff & Geoffroy 1999 :'' Anopheles hilli'' Woodhill & Lee 1944 :'' Anopheles incognitus'' Brug 1931 :'' Anopheles kochi'' Dönitz 1901 :'' Anopheles kokhani'' Vythilingam, Jeffery & Harbach 2007 :'' Anopheles kolambuganensis'' Baisas 1932 :'' Anopheles longirostris'' Brug 1928 :'' Anopheles mascarensis'' de Meillon 1947 :'' Anopheles meraukensis'' Venhuis 1932 :'' Anopheles novaguinensis'' Venhuis 1933 :'' Anopheles saungi'' Colless 1955 :'' Anopheles stookesi'' Colless 1955 :'' Anopheles watsonii'' Leicester 1908 :Complex ''Annulipes'' ::'' Anopheles annulipes'' Walker 1856 :Complex ''Lungae'' ::'' Anopheles lungae'' Belkin & Schlosser 1944 ::'' Anopheles nataliae'' Belkin 1945 ::'' Anopheles solomonis'' Belkin, Knight & Rozeboom 1945 :Complex ''Punctulatus'' ::'' Anopheles clowi'' Rozeboom & Knight 1946 ::'' Anopheles farauti''* Laveran 1902 ::'' Anopheles hinesorum'' Schmidt 2001 ::'' Anopheles irenicus'' Schmidt 2003 ::'' Anopheles koliensis'' Owen 1945 ::'' Anopheles punctulatus'' Dönitz 1901 :::Hosts: '' Bos taurus'', ''

Canis familiaris The dog (''Canis familiaris'' or ''Canis lupus familiaris'') is a domesticated descendant of the wolf. Also called the domestic dog, it is derived from the extinct Pleistocene wolf, and the modern wolf is the dog's nearest living relative. Do ...

'', '' Equus'', ''

Felis ''Felis'' is a genus of small and medium-sized cat species native to most of Africa and south of 60° latitude in Europe and Asia to Indochina. The genus includes the domestic cat. The smallest ''Felis'' species is the black-footed cat with a h ...

'', '' Gallus'' ::'' Anopheles torresiensis'' Schmidt 2001 :Group ''Ardensis'' ::'' Anopheles ardensis'' Theobald 1905 ::'' Anopheles buxtoni'' Service 1958 ::'' Anopheles cinctus'' Newstead & Carter 1910 ::'' Anopheles deemingi'' Service 1970 ::'' Anopheles eouzani'' Brunhes le Goff & Bousses 2003 ::'' Anopheles kingi'' Christophers 1923 ::'' Anopheles machardyi'' Edwards 1930 ::'' Anopheles maliensis'' Bailly-Choumara & Adam 1959 ::'' Anopheles millecampsi'' Lips 1960 ::'' Anopheles multicinctus'' Edwards 1930 ::'' Anopheles natalensis'' Hill & Haydon 1907 ::'' Anopheles vernus'' Gillies 1968 ::'' Anopheles vinckei'' de Meillon 1942 ::Complex ''Nili'' :::'' Anopheles carnevalei'' Brunhes, le Geoff & Geoffrey 1999 :::'' Anopheles nili''* Theobald 1904 :::'' Anopheles ovengensis'' Awono-Ambene Simard Antonio-Nkonkjio & Fontenille 2004 :::'' Anopheles somalicus'' Rivola & Holstein 1957 :Group'' Kochi'' (Rattanarithikul ''et al'' 2004) ::'' Anopheles kochi'' Donitz 1901 :Group ''Leucosphyrus'' ::'' Anopheles baisasi'' Colless 1957 ::'' Anopheles cristatus'' King & Baisas ::Subgroup'' Elegans'' :::'' Anopheles elegans'' James 1903 ::Subgroup ''Hackeri'' :::'' Anopheles hackeri'' Edwards 1921 :::'' Anopheles mirans'' Sallum & Peyton 2005 :::'' Anopheles pujutensis'' Colless 1948 :::'' Anopheles recens'' Sallum & Peyton 2005 :::'' Anopheles sulawesi''* Waktoedi 1954 ::Subgroup ''Leucosphyrus'' :::'' Anopheles baimaii''* Sallum & Peyton 2005 :::'' Anopheles cracens'' Sallum & Peyton 2005 :::'' Anopheles scanloni'' Sallum & Peyton 2005 :::Complex ''Dirus'' ::::'' Anopheles dirus''* Peyton & Harrison 1979 ::::'' Anopheles nemophilous'' Peyton & Ramalingam 1988 ::::'' Anopheles takasagoensis'' Morishita 1946 :::Complex ''Leucosphyrus'' (Peyton 1990) ::::'' Anopheles balabacensis''* Baisas 1936 ::::'' Anopheles introlatus'' Colless 1957 ::::'' Anopheles latens''* Sallum & Peyton 2005 ::::'' Anopheles leucosphyrus''* Dönitz 1901 ::Subgroup ''Riparis'' (Peyton 1990) :::'' Anopheles cristatus'' King & Baisas :::'' Anopheles macarthuri'' Colless 1956 :::'' Anopheles riparis'' King & Baisas 1936 :Group ''Tessellatus'' (Rattanarithikul ''et al'' 2004) ::'' Anopheles tessellatus'' Theobald :::subspecies '' A. t. kalawara'' Stoker & Waktoedi :::subspecies '' A. t. orientalis'' Swellengrebel & Swellengrebel de Graaf :::subspecies '' A. t. tessellatus'' Theobald Series Paramyzomyia (Christophers & Barraud 1931) :Group ''Cinereus'' ::'' Anopheles azevedoi'' Ribeiro 1969 ::'' Anopheles cinereus'' Theobald 1901 :::subspecies ''cinereus'' Theobald 1901 :::subspecies ''hispaniola'' Theobald 1903 ::Complex ''Turkhudi'' (Liston) :::'' Anopheles turkhudi'' Liston 1901 ::::subspecies ''telamali'' Saliternik & Theodor 1942 ::::subspecies ''turkhudi'' Liston 1901 :Group ''Listeri'' ::'' Anopheles listeri'' de Mellion 1931 ::'' Anopheles multicolor''* Cambouliu 1902 ::'' Anopheles seretsei'' Abdulla-Chan Coetzee & Hunt 1998 Series '' Pyretophorus'' (Blanchard 1902) :'' Anopheles christyi'' Newstead & Carter 1911 :'' Anopheles daudi'' Coluzzi 1958 :'' Anopheles indefinitus'' Ludlow 1904 :'' Anopheles limosus'' King 1932 :'' Anopheles litoralis'' King 1932 :'' Anopheles ludlowae'' Theobald 1903 ::subspecies ''ludlowae'' Theobald 1903 ::subspecies ''torakala'' Stoker & Waktoedi 1949 :'' Anopheles parangensis'' Ludlow 1914 :'' Anopheles vagus''* Dönitz 1902 :Complex ''Gambiae'' (White 1985) ::''

Anopheles amharicus ''Anopheles'' () is a genus of mosquito first described and named by J. W. Meigen in 1818. About 460 species are recognised; while over 100 can transmit human malaria, only 30–40 commonly transmit parasites of the genus ''Plasmodium'', which c ...

'' Hunt, Wilkerson & Coetzee 2013 ::'' Anopheles arabiensis''* Patton 1905 ::''

Anopheles bwambae ''Anopheles'' () is a genus of mosquito first described and named by J. W. Meigen in 1818. About 460 species are recognised; while over 100 can transmit human malaria, only 30–40 commonly transmit parasites of the genus ''Plasmodium'', which c ...

'' White 1985 ::'' Anopheles coluzzii''* Coetzee & Wilkerson 2013 ::'' Anopheles comorensis'' Brunhes le Goff & Geoffroy 1997 ::'' Anopheles fontenillei'' Barrón ''et al'' 2019 ::'' Anopheles gambiae''* Giles 1902 ::''

Anopheles melas ''Anopheles'' () is a genus of mosquito first described and named by J. W. Meigen in 1818. About 460 species are recognised; while over 100 can transmit human malaria, only 30–40 commonly transmit parasites of the genus ''Plasmodium'', which c ...

''* Theobald 1903 ::''

Anopheles merus ''Anopheles'' () is a genus of mosquito first described and named by J. W. Meigen in 1818. About 460 species are recognised; while over 100 can transmit human malaria, only 30–40 commonly transmit parasites of the genus ''Plasmodium'', which c ...

'' Dontiz 1902 ::''

Anopheles quadriannulatus ''Anopheles'' () is a genus of mosquito first described and named by J. W. Meigen in 1818. About 460 species are recognised; while over 100 can transmit human malaria, only 30–40 commonly transmit parasites of the genus ''Plasmodium'', which c ...

'' Theobald 1911 :Complex ''Subpictus'' (Sugana ''et al.'' 1994) ::'' Anopheles subpictus''* Grassi 1899 :Complex ''Sundaicus'' (Sukowati 1999) ::'' Anopheles epiroticus'' Linton & Harbach 2005 ::''

Anopheles sundaicus ''Anopheles sundaicus'' is a zoophilic mosquito of southeast Asia. Species complex Sukowati et al. 1999 finds there to be several cryptic species in an ''An. sundaicus'' complex. They use protein electrophoresis to reveal populations defined by ...

''* Rodenwaldt 1925

Subgenus '' Kerteszia''

:'' Anopheles auyantepuiensis'' Harbach & Navarro 1996 :'' Anopheles bambusicolus'' Komp 1937 :''

Anopheles bellator ''Anopheles bellator'' is a species of mosquito mainly located in southeast of State of São Paulo, Brazil, is a main vector of malaria Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects humans and other animals. Malaria causes symp ...

''* Dyar & Knab 1906 :'' Anopheles boliviensis'' Theobald 1905 :'' Anopheles cruzii''* Dyar & Knab 1908 :'' Anopheles gonzalezrinconesi'' Cova Garcia, Pulido & de Ugueto, 1977 :'' Anopheles homunculus''* Komp 1937 :'' Anopheles laneanus'' Corrêa & Cerqueira 1944 :'' Anopheles lepidotus'' Zavortink 1973 :'' Anopheles neivai'' Howard, Dyar & Knab 1913 :'' Anopheles pholidotus'' Zavortink 1973 :'' Anopheles rollai'' Cova Garcia, Pulido & de Ugueto 1977 Note: ''Anopheles cruzii'' is known to be a species complex,Rona LD, Carvalho-Pinto CJ, Peixoto AA (2010) Molecular evidence for the occurrence of a new sibling species within the ''Anopheles ( Kerteszia) cruzii'' complex in south-east Brazil. Malar J 26, 9(1):33 but the number species in this complex has yet to be finalised.

Subgenus '' Lophopodomyia''

:'' Anopheles gilesi'' Peryassu 1928 :'' Anopheles gomezdelatorrei'' Levi-Castillo 1955 :'' Anopheles oiketorakras'' Osorno-Mesa 1947 :'' Anopheles pseudotibiamaculata'' Galvao & Barretto 1941 :'' Anopheles squamifemur'' Antunes 1937 :'' Anopheles vargasi'' Gabaldon Cova Garcia & Lopez 1941

Subgenus ''Nyssorhynchus''

:'' Anopheles dominicanus'' Zavortinkb and Poinarab 2000 :Section '' Albimanus'' :'' Anopheles noroestensis'' Galvao and Lane 1937 ::Series ''Albimanus'' (Faran 1980) :::'' Anopheles albimanus''* Weidemann 1820 ::Series '' Oswaldoi'' (Faran 1980) :::Group ''Oswaldoi'' (Faran 1980) ::::Subgroup ''Oswaldoi'' (Faran 1980) :::::'' Anopheles anomalphyllus'' Komp :::::'' Anopheles aquasalis''* Curry 1932 :::::'' Anopheles dunhamii'' Causey 1945 :::::'' Anopheles evansae'' Brethes 1926 :::::'' Anopheles galvaoi'' Causey, Deane and Deane 1943 :::::'' Anopheles ininii'' Sevenet & Abonnenc 1938 :::::'' Anopheles konderi'' Galvfio & Damasceno 1942 :::::'' Anopheles oswaldoi'' Peryassú 1922 :::::'' Anopheles rangeli'' Galabadon, Cova-Garcia & Lopez 1941 :::::'' Anopheles sanctielii'' Sevenet & Abonnenc 1938 :::::'' Anopheles trinkae'' Faran 1980 :::::Complex ''Nuneztovari'' (Conn et al. 1993) ::::::'' Anopheles geoeldii'' Rozeboom and Gabaldón 1941 ::::::'' Anopheles nuneztovari''* Galbadón 1940 ::::Subgroup ''Strodei'' (Faran 1980) :::::'' Anopheles alberto'' :::::'' Anopheles arthuri''* :::::'' Anopheles benarrochi'' Galabadon, Cova-Garcia & Lopez :::::'' Anopheles rondoni'' Neiva & Pinto 1922 :::::'' Anopheles strodei'' Root 1926 :::Group'' Triannulatus'' ::::'' Anopheles halophylus'' do Nascimento & de Oliveira 2002 ::::'' Anopheles triannulatus'' Neiva & Pinto 1922 :Section '' Argyritarsis'' (Levi Castillo 1949) ::Series '' Albitarsis'' :::'' Anopheles rooti'' Brethes 1926 :::Group ''Albitarsis'' ::::'' Anopheles albitarsis'' ::::'' Anopheles deaneorum'' Rosa-Freitas 1989 ::::'' Anopheles janconnae'' Wilkerson & Sallum 2009 ::::'' Anopheles oryzalimnetes'' Wilkerson & Motoki 2009 ::::'' Anopheles marajoara''* Galvao & Damesceno 1942 :::Group ''Braziliensis'' ::::'' Anopheles braziliensis'' Chagas 1907 ::Series ''Argyritarsis'' :::Group ''Argyritarsis'' ::::'' Anopheles argyitarsis'' Robineau-Desvoidy 1827 ::::'' Anopheles sawyeri'' Causey, Deane, Deane & Sampaio 1943 :::Group ''Darlingi'' ::::'' Anopheles darlingi''* Root :::Group ''Lanie'' ::::'' Anopheles lanei'' Galvao & Amaral 1938 :::Group ''Pictipennis'' :::'' Anopheles pictipennis'' Phillippi 1865 :Section '' Myzorhynchella'' (Peyton ''et al.'' 1992) ::'' Anopheles antunesi'' Galvao & Amaral 1940 ::'' Anopheles lutzii'' Cruz 1901 ::'' Anopheles nigritarsis'' Chagas 1907 ::'' Anopheles parvus'' Chagas 1907

Subgenus ''
Stethomyia ''Stethomyia'' is a subgenus of the mosquito genus ''Anopheles''. The type species is '' Anopheles nimbus''. There are five species in this subgenus. History This genus was created by Frederick Wallace Edwards in 1932. Phylogeny Of the seven ex ...
''

:'' Anopheles acanthotorynus'' Komp 1937 :'' Anopheles canorii'' Floch & Abonnenc 1945 :'' Anopheles kompi'' Edwards 1930 :'' Anopheles nimbus'' :'' Anopheles thomasi'' Shannon 1933

Notes

*''Anopheles anthropophagus'' Xu and Feng is considered to be a junior synonym of ''Anopheles lesteri'' de Meillon 1931. *''Anopheles bonneorum'' Fonseca & Ramos is considered to be a synonym of ''Anopheles costai''. *''Anopheles lewisi'' Ludlow 1920 is a synonym of ''Anopheles thomasi'' Shannon 1933. *''Anopheles lineata'' Lutz is a synonym of ''Anopheles nimbus'' Theobald. *''Anopheles mesopotamiae'' is considered to be a synonym of ''Anopheles hyrcanus''. *''Anopheles rossii'' Giles 1899 was originally described as ''Anopheles subpictus'' Grassi 1899. *''Bironella derooki'' is a synonym of ''Anopheles soesiloi''. The following are currently regarded as ''nomina nuda'': *''Anopheles (Anopheles) solomonensis'' Cumpston 1924 *''Anopheles (Cellia) melanotarsis'' Woodhill & Lee A subgroup of '' Anopheles gambiae'' ''sensu stricto'' has been reported and given the name ''Goundry''. This subgroup has not yet been elevated to species status.

References

External links

Mosquito Taxonomic Inventory page on ''Anopheles''

The Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit
{{Taxonomy of... Taxonomy Diptera taxonomy