Tarnopol

Ternópil ( uk, Тернопіль, Ternopil' ; pl, Tarnopol; yi, טאַרנאָפּל, Tarnopl, or ; he, טארנופול (טַרְנוֹפּוֹל), Tarnopol; german: Tarnopol) is a city in the west of Ukraine. Administratively, Ternopil serves as the administrative centre of Ternopil Oblast and has the status of city of oblast significance. Located on the banks of the Seret. Until 1944, it was known mostly as Tarnopol. Ternopil is one of the major cities of Western Ukraine and the historical regions of Galicia and Podolia. It is served by Ternopil Airport. The population of Ternópil was estimated at .

Administrative status

The city is the administrative center of Ternopil Oblast (region), as well as of surrounding Ternopil Raion (district) within the oblast. It hosts the administration of Ternopil urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.

Demography

According to Ukrainian Census (2001), Ternopil city and Ternopil oblast are homogeneously populated by ethnic Ukrainians. Ternopil city and Ternopil oblast are also homogeneously Ukrainian-speaking.

National structure of Ternopil Oblast - 1,138.5 (100%)
* Ukrainians - 1,113.5 (97.8%)
* Russians - 14.2 (1.2%)
* Poles - 3.8 (0.3%)

Native languages in Ternopil:
* Ukrainian language — 94,8 %,
* Russian language — 3,37 %,
* Belarusian language — 0,07 %,
* Polish language — 0,04 %,

History

The city was founded in 1540 by Polish commander and Hetman Jan Amor Tarnowski,Snitovsky, O.
Five centuries of Ternopil. The city of Hetman Jan and mason Leontiy
'. Ukrinform. 28 August 2015 as a military stronghold and castle. On 15 April 1540, the King of Poland Sigismund I in Cracow handed Tarnowski a permission for the establishment of Tarnopol settlement, in the vicinity of Sopilcze (''Sopilche''). Its Polish name "Tarnopol" means "Tarnowski's city" and stems from a combination of the founder's family name and the Greek term "polis". The etymology of the Tarnowski family surname, originating from the city of Tarnów (and thus the Ukrainian name "Ternopil"), is explained as derived from a field covered with thorns ( uk, терен поле, teren pole, thorn field). The city's coat of arms is based on the Tarnowski family Leliwa coat of arms.

In 1544 the Tarnopol Castle was completed and repelled the first Tatar attacks. On 20 January 1548, Tarnopol was granted legal rights by the King of Poland Sigismund I the Old which allowed the town to hold three fairs annually, and weekly trades on Mondays. Tarnopol received Magdeburg city rights two years later from Jan Tarnowski, regulating the duties of town residents. In 1548 the King of Poland also gave permission to create a pond near the Tarnopol suburb of Kutkovets. In 1549 the city managed to survive a Tatar siege by efforts of the Polish Duchess Eudokia Czartoryska (see House of Czartoryski). After the death of the Crown Hetman in 1561, Tarnopol became the property of his son Jan Krzysztof Tarnowski, who died childless in 1567. Starting in 1567 the city was owned by the daughter of Crown Hetman Zofia Tarnowska who was married to Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski. In 1570 she died in childbirth, and Tarnopol was passed to the Ostrogski family. In 1575 it was plundered by the Tatars. In 1623 the city passed to the Zamoyski family. In 1589 Tarnopol was visited by the Austrian diplomat who also mentioned the city's castle.

With the ongoing 1648–1654 Khmelnytsky Uprising, many residents of the city joined the ranks of the Khmelnytsky forces particularly during the 1649 Siege of Zbarazh that is located just .Establishment and development of the Ternopil city (Виникнення і розвиток міста Тернопіль)
In September 1655 the united army of Muscovite and Ukrainian Cossack forces occupied Ternopil among other cities as it was moving towards Lwow (Lviv).

During the 1672–1676 Polish–Ottoman War, Tarnopol was almost completely destroyed by Turkish forces of Ibrahim Shishman Pasha in 1675 and rebuilt by Aleksander Koniecpolski but did not recover its previous glory until it passed to Marie Casimire, the wife of king John III Sobieski in 1690. The city was later sacked for the last time by Tatars in 1694, and twice by Russians in the course of the Great Northern War in 1710 and the War of the Polish Succession in 1733. In 1747 Józef Potocki invited the Dominicanes and founded the beautiful late- baroque Dominican Church (today the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception of The Blessed Virgin Mary of the Ternopil-Zboriv archeparchy of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church). The city was looted during the Confederation of Bar (1768–1772) by the confederates, the king's army, and by the Russians. In 1770 it was devastated by an outbreak of smallpox.

In 1772, after the First Partition of Poland, the city came under Austrian rule. In 1809, after the War of the Fifth Coalition, the city came under Russian rule, incorporated into the newly created ''Ternopol krai''. In 1815 the city (then with 11,000 residents) returned to Austrian rule in accordance with the Congress of Vienna. In 1820 Jesuits expelled from Polatsk by the Russians established a gymnasium in Tarnopol. In 1843 the last city's owner Jerzy Michal of Turkul sold the city to its residents for 175,000 florins. In 1870 the Galician Railway of Archduke Charles Louis connected Tarnopol with Lemberg in Austria-Hungary, accelerating the city's growth. At that time Tarnopol had a population of about 25,000.

20th Century

The region was part of Habsburg Galicia and was an ethnic mix of mainly Roman Catholic Poles, Greek Catholic Ruthenians, and Jews. Intermarriage between Poles and Ruthenians was common. Church of St. Mary of the Perpetual Assistance was consecrated in 1908, with its main tower reaching . In 1954, the church was blown up by Communist authorities and in its place, the city's central supermarket was built. During World War I the city passed from German and Austrian forces to Russia several times. In 1917, the city and its castle were burnt down by fleeing Russian forces. After the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the city was proclaimed as part of the West Ukrainian People's Republic on 11 November 1918. After Polish forces captured Lwów during the Polish-Ukrainian War, Tarnopol became the country's temporary capital (22 November to 30 December 1918).
The Jewish and German population accepted the new Ukrainian state, but the Poles started the military campaign against the Ukrainian authority ..On November 11, 1918 following bloody fighting, the Polish forces captured Lwów. The government of the WUPR moved to Ternopol and from the end of December the Council and the Government of the WUPR were located in Ivano-Frankivsk.
West Ukrainian People's Republic
in the "Dovidnyk z istoriï Ukraïny" (A hand-book on the History of Ukraine), 3-Volumes, Kyiv, 1993–1999, (t. 1), (t. 2), (t. 3).
After the act of union between the West Ukrainian Republic and the Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR), Ternopol formally passed under the UPR's control. On 15 July 1919, the city was captured by Polish forces. In 1920 the exiled Ukrainian government of Symon Petlura accepted Polish control of Tarnopol and of the entire area after receiving the assurance of Józef Piłsudski, the Lithuanian born Field Marshal of the Polish Army, that there would be no peace with the Russians without creating a Ukrainian state. In July and August 1920 the Red Army captured Tarnopol in the course of the Polish-Soviet War. The city then served as the capital of the Galician Soviet Socialist Republic. Although the Poles and their Ukrainian allies badly defeated the Russians on the battle field and the Russians had offered to cede Ukraine and Belarus , Polish politicians in Warsaw refused to honor Piłsudski's promise. By the terms of the Riga treaty, the Soviets and Poles effectively partitioned Ukraine. For the next 19 years, the ethnically mixed Ternopol area remained in Polish control.

After Poland established control over the West Ukrainian People's Republic, the Polish government started political repressions against ethnic Ukrainians, which culminated in the Pacification of Ukrainians in Eastern Galicia in 1930.

From 1922 to September 1939, Tarnopol served as the capital of the Tarnopol Voivodeship that consisted of 17 powiats. According to the Polish census of 1931, individuals speaking Ukrainian/Ruthenian accounted for 46% of the Tarnopol Voivodeship, while Polish speaking population consisted of 49%. The city itself consisted of 77.7% Poles, 14.0% Jewish and 8.05% Ukrainian/Ruthenian population. After World War II, Communist Party historians reported that Edward Szturm de Sztrem, the pre-war chairman of the Polish census statistical office, admitted that the census returns, particularly those from the south-east, had been altered at the executive level. Another account stated that he admitted "that officials had been directed to undercount minorities, especially those in the eastern provinces".

World War II

At the onset of World War II, the Soviet invasion of Poland began on September 17, 1939. The Red Army entered eastern Poland in furtherance of the secret Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and contrary to the Soviet–Polish Non-Aggression Pact. Tarnopol was captured, renamed Ternopol (in Russian) or Ternopil (in Ukrainian), and incorporated into the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic under Ternopol Oblast. The Soviets made it their first priority to decimate the Polish intelligentsia and destroy Ukrainian political movements. Ukrainian nationalist leaders were imprisoned. Mass arrests, torture, and executions of Ukrainians, Poles and Jews followed. The Soviets also carried out mass deportations of "enemies of the working class" to Kazakhstan. In practice, this translated into members of the former state administration, police, border service, and land and business owners, Christians and Jews alike.

On 2 July 1941, the city was occupied by the Nazis who immediately led a Jewish pogrom, partly assisted by the local population. Several thousand Jews were murdered until the Germans ordered the program stopped. Between then and July 1943, 10,000 Jews were murdered by Nazi Germans, another 6,000 were rounded up and sent to Belzec extermination camp, and a few hundred others to labor camps. During most of this time Jews lived in the Tarnopol Ghetto. Many Ukrainians were sent as forced labour to Germany.

In the years 1942–1943, the Polish Armia Krajowa was active opposing Nazi rule and performing operations in a bid to incorporate Ternopil into a future Polish state. Ukrainians, politically represented by Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), on the other hand, fought for the creation of their independent state. In the years 1942 – 1949, Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) was active in Ternopil region and battled for independence of Ukraine (opposing Nazis, Polish Armia Krajowa and People's Army of Poland as well as the Soviets), following Act of restoration of the Ukrainian state proclaimed in Lviv on 30 June 1941.

During the Soviet offensive in March and April 1944, the city was encircled. In March 1944, the city was declared a ''fortified place'' (Gates to the Reich) by Adolf Hitler, to be defended until the last round was fired. The stiff German resistance caused extensive use of heavy artillery by the Red Army on March 7–8, resulting in the complete destruction of the city and killing of nearly all German occupants (55 survivors out of 4,500). Unlike many other occasions, where the Germans had practised a scorched earth policy during their withdrawal from territories of the Soviet Union, the devastation was caused directly by the hostilities. Finally, Ternopol was occupied by the Red Army on 15 April 1944. After the second Soviet occupation, 85% of the city's living quarters were destroyed. Due to heavy destruction, the regional seat was moved to Chortkiv.

From 1944 to 1949 (active) and 1949–1956 (localized), the Ukrainian Insurgent Army resisted Soviet rule in the region and fought for Ukraine's independence.

Following the defeat of Nazi Germany, the ethnic Polish population of Ternopil and its region was forcibly deported to postwar Poland and settled in, and near Wrocław (among other locations), as part of Stalinist ethnic cleansing in the Soviet Ukraine. In the following decades, Ternopil was rebuilt in a typical Soviet style and only a few buildings were reconstructed.

Jewish Ternopil

Polish Jews settled in Ternopil beginning at its founding and soon formed a majority of the population. During the 16th and 17th centuries there were 300 Jewish families in the city. The Great Synagogue of Ternopil was built in Gothic Survival style between 1622 and 1628.

After the first partition of Poland, Ternopil came under Austrian domination. Nevertheless, Joseph Perl was able to continue his efforts to improve the condition of the Jews, which he had begun under the Russian rule. In 1813 he established a Jewish school which had as its chief object the instruction of Jewish youth in German as well as in Hebrew and in various other subjects. Controversy between the traditional Hasidim and the modernising Maskilim which this school caused, resulted four years later in a victory for the latter, whereupon the institution received official recognition and was placed under communal control. Starting in 1863, the school policy was gradually modified by Polish influences, and very little attention was given to instruction in German. The '' Tempel für Geregelten Gottesdienst'', opened by Perl in 1819, also caused dissensions within the community, and its rabbi, Samuel Judah Löb Rapoport, was forced to withdraw. This dispute also was eventually settled in favour of the Maskilim. As of 1905, the Jewish community numbered 14,000 in a total population of 30,415. Jews took an active role in the import/export trade with Russia conducted through the border city of Pidvolochysk. In 1939, the Jewish population was 18,500.

The Holocaust

In 1941, soon after the German invasion of the Soviet Union, 2,000 Jews were killed in a pogrom.

In September 1941, the Germans announced the creation of the Tarnopol Ghetto for Jews still remaining in the city. In the winter of 1941–42,
mortality in the ghetto escalated to such a degree that the ''Judenrat'' was forced to bury the dead in a common grave. Between August 1942 to June 1943 there were 5 "selections" that depleted the Jewish population of the ghetto by sending the Jews to Belzec extermination camp. A few hundred Jews from Tarnopol and its vicinity attempted to survive by hiding within the town limits. Many were denounced to the Germans, including some 200 people shortly before the Soviets established control over the area. A number of Jews survived by hiding with Ukrainians and Poles. A monument in memory of the Holocaust victims was built at Petrikovsky Yar in 1996. On September 19, 2012, the monument was desecrated, in what seems to be an anti-Semitic act.

After World War II

Following Potsdam Conference in 1945, Poland's borders were redrawn and Tarnopol (then again, Терно́поль) was incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR of the Soviet Union. The Polish population was resettled to new Poland before the end of 1946. Following the fall of the Soviet Union, Ternopil has become part of the independent Ukraine.

In 2013, the mayor of the city Serhiy Nadal issued an order which announced the 2013 year as the year of Jan Tarnowski, the Crown Hetman and Voivode. In 2015, the National Bank of Ukraine released jubilee coins commemorating the founder of Ternopil Jan Tarnowski.

Until 18 July 2020, Ternopil was designated as a city of oblast significance and did not belong to Ternopil Raion even though it was the center of the raion. As part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Ternopil Oblast to three, the city was merged into Ternopil Raion.

Climate

Ternopil has a moderate continental climate with cold winters and warm summers.

Higher education

Universities include:
* West Ukrainian National University
* Ternopil Ivan Pul'uj National Technical University
* Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatyuk National Pedagogical University
* Ternopil State Medical University

On 31 December 2013, the 11th Artillery Brigade, descendant of artillery units that had been based in the city since 1949, was disbanded.

Main sights

* Ternopil Regional Art Museum
* Church of the Exaltation of the Cross, Ternopil
* Ukrainian Greek Catholic Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception of The Blessed Virgin Mary
* The sanctuary of Our Lady of Zarvanytsia with a miraculous icon of the 13th century called icon of the Mother of God of Zarvanytsia, sanctuary of Greek-Catholic rite. Located about 40 km from Ternopil, celebrated on 22 July.

People

* Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz (1890–1963), Polish philosopher and logician, researched model theory
* Henryk Baranowski (1943–2013) a Polish theatre, opera and film director, actor, playwright and poet.
* Vasyl Barvinsky (1888–1963) a Ukrainian composer, pianist, conductor and musicologist
* Eugeniusz Baziak (1890–1962) Archbishop of Lviv and apostolic administrator of Kraków.
* Natalia Buchynska (born 1977), singer, brought up in Ternopil.
* Daria Chubata (born 1940), Ukrainian physician, author and social activist
* Mykola Chubatyi (1889-1975), historian of Ukrainian Church
* Cyryl Czarkowski-Golejewski (1885–1940) aristocratic Polish landowner, Katyn massacre victim.
* Charlotte Eisler (1894-1970) Austrian singer and pianist with the Second Viennese School.
* Kornel Filipowicz (1913–1990) a Polish novelist, poet, screenwriter and short story writer
* Franciszek Kleeberg (1888–1941) a Polish general in the Austro-Hungarian Army
* Bohdan Levkiv (1950–2021) a Ukrainian politician, mayor of Ternopil from 2002 to 2006.
* Pepi Litman (1874–1930) a cross-dressing female Yiddish vaudeville singer
* Kazimierz Michałowski, (1901–1981), Polish archaeologist, Egyptologist and art historian
* Serhiy Nadal (born 1975) a Ukrainian politician; mayor of Ternopil since 2010
* Yuriy Oliynyk (1931–2021) a Ukrainian composer, concert pianist and professor of music in the US
* Joseph Perl, (1773–1839), an Ashkenazi Jewish educator and writer, a scion of the Haskalah
* Simhah Pinsker (1801–1864) a Polish-Jewish scholar and archeologist
* Rudolf Pöch (1870–1921), doctor and anthropologist; pioneer photographer and cinematographer
* Roza Pomerantz-Meltzer (1880–1934) a Polish writer and novelist based in Lviv and politician.
* Solomon Judah Loeb Rapoport (1786–1867), a Galician and Czech rabbi and Jewish scholar.
* Karol Rathaus (1895—1954), Polish-Austrian-American modernist composer
* Eduard Romanyuta (born 1992) a Ukrainian singer, songwriter, actor and TV presenter.
* Baron Lajos Simonyi de Barbács et Vitézvár (1824–1894) a Hungarian politician
* Ruslan Stefanchuk (born 1975) a Ukrainian politician, party chairman and lawyer
* Yaroslav Stetsko (1912–1986), a leader of Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) from 1968.
* Oleh Syrotyuk (born 1978) a Ukrainian politician, Governor of Ternopil Oblast in 2014
* Jan Tarnowski (1488-1561), Polish general and nobleman, founder of Ternopil (as Tarnopol).
* Judd L. Teller (1912–1972) Jewish author, social historian and poet; emigrated to the US in 1921.
* Baroness Adelma Vay (1840–1925), a medium and pioneer of spiritualism in Slovenia and Hungary.

Sport

* Olga Babiy (born 1989), a Ukrainian chess player and Woman Grandmaster
* Petr Badlo (born 1976) a Ukrainian football manager and former footballer with 470 club caps.
* Olha Maslivets (born 1978) a Russian windsurfer who competed at four Summer Olympics
* Ihor Semenyna (born 1989) a Ukrainian football midfielder with 330 club caps

People from Ternopil Oblast

* Aleksander Brückner, (1856 in Berezhany – 1939), a Polish scholar of Slavic languages and literature
* Volodymyr Hnatiuk (1871 in Velesniv, Buchach – 1926), Ukrainian writer, literary scholar, journalist and ethnographer.
* Solomiya Krushelnytska (1872 in Biliavyntsi — 1952), an outstanding Ukrainian Soprano
* Bohdan Lepky (1872 in Krehulets – 1941), a Ukrainian writer, poet, scholar, public figure, and artist.
* Ivan Pului (1845 in Hrymailiv – 1918) physicist and inventor, developed use of X-rays for medical imaging.
* Casimir Zeglen (1869 near Tarnopol - 1927), Polish-American engineer, inventor of commercial bulletproof vest
* Serhiy Prytula (born 1981 in Zbarazh), Ukrainian TV show host, political activist, founder of Charity Foundation of Serhiy Prytula [uk
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International relations

Ternopil is Twin towns and sister cities">twinned with:

* Sliven, Bulgaria
* Yonkers, New York, Yonkers, United States ''(since 1991)''
* Elbląg in Poland ''(since 1992)''
* Chorzów, Poland
* Prudentopolis, Brazil
* Batumi, Georgia

Former twin towns include:
* Tarnów in Poland
* Pinsk in Belarus

In June 2021, the Polish city of Tarnów decided to suspend its partnership with Ternopil as a reaction to the naming of a stadium in Ternopil in honour of Roman Shukhevych, one of the leaders of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army responsible for the Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia between 1943–1945.

In June 2022, due to full-scale Russian invasion and missile strikes from the territory of Belarus, Ternopil suspended its partnership with the city of Pinsk.

Festivals

An international open-air music festival called has been held annually near Ternopil for 2–4 days in July since 2013.

References

Sources

* A. Bresler, Joseph Perl, ''Warsaw'', 1879, passim;
* '' Allg. Zeit. des Jud.'' 1839, iii. 606;
*
* J. H. Gurland, ''Le-Ḳarot ha-Gezerot'', p. 22, Odessa, 1892;
* Meyers Konversations-Lexikon
* Orgelbrandt, in ''Encyklopedia Powszechna'', xiv. 409;

External links

*
* Volodymyr Kubijovyč, Roman Mykolaievych
Ternopil in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine, updated in 2012.

Ternopil City Council

Ternopil photosTernopil City Sights

Historical footage of war damages at Ternopil (1917)
filmportal.de
*

{{Authority control

Cities in Ternopil Oblast
Ruthenian Voivodeship
Populated places in the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
Tarnopol Voivodeship
Holocaust locations in Ukraine
Populated places established in 1540
Tarnopol
Cities of regional significance in Ukraine
City name changes in Ukraine
Oblast centers in Ukraine
Jewish communities destroyed in the Holocaust