The Synergistota is a phylum of anaerobic bacteria that show

Gram-negative Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method of bacterial differentiation. They are characterized by their cell envelopes, which are composed of a thin peptidoglycan cell wa ...

staining and have rod/vibrioid cell shape. Although Synergistota have a diderm cell envelope,Gupta, R. S. (2011) Origin of Diderm (Gram-negative) Bacteria: Antibiotic Selection Pressure Rather than Endosymbiosis Likely led to the Evolution of Bacterial Cells with Two Membranes. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 100: 171–182 the genes for various proteins involved in lipopolysaccharides biosynthesis have not yet been detected in Synergistota, indicating that they may have an atypical outer cell envelope. The Synergistota inhabit a majority of anaerobic environments including animal gastrointestinal tracts, soil, oil wells, and wastewater treatment plants and they are also present in sites of human diseases such as cysts, abscesses, and areas of

periodontal disease Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, is a set of inflammatory conditions affecting the tissues surrounding the teeth. In its early stage, called gingivitis, the gums become swollen and red and may bleed. It is considered the main caus ...

.Vartoukian, S.R., Palmer, R.M., and Wade, W.G. (2007). The division "Synergistes". Anaerobe. 13, 99–106. Due to their presence at illness related sites, the Synergistota are suggested to be opportunistic pathogens but they can also be found in healthy individuals in the

microbiome A microbiome () is the community of microorganisms that can usually be found living together in any given habitat. It was defined more precisely in 1988 by Whipps ''et al.'' as "a characteristic microbial community occupying a reasonably wel ...

of the umbilicus and in normal

vaginal flora Vaginal flora, vaginal microbiota or vaginal microbiome are the microorganisms that colonize the vagina. They were discovered by the German gynecologist Albert Döderlein in 1892 and are part of the overall human flora. The amount and type of ...

. Species within this phylum have also been implicated in

, gastrointestinal infections and soft tissue infections. Other species from this phylum have been identified as significant contributors in the degradation of sludge for production of

biogas Biogas is a mixture of gases, primarily consisting of methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide, produced from raw materials such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, green waste and food waste. It is a ...

in anaerobic digesters and are potential candidates for use in renewable energy production through their production of hydrogen gas. All of the known Synergistota species and genera are presently part of a single class (Synergistia), order (Synergistiales), and family (Synergistaceae).

Comparative genomics and molecular signatures

Recent comparative analyses of sequenced Synergistota genomes have led to identification of large numbers of

conserved signature indels Conserved signature inserts and deletions (CSIs) in protein sequences provide an important category of molecular markers for understanding phylogenetic relationships. CSIs, brought about by rare genetic changes, provide useful phylogenetic markers ...

(CSIs) in protein sequences that are specific for either all sequenced Synergistota species or some of their sub-clades that are observed in

phylogenetic trees A phylogenetic tree (also phylogeny or evolutionary tree Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.) is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological spec ...

. Of the CSIs that were identified, 32 in widely distributed proteins such as RpoB, RpoC, UvrD, GyrA, PolA, PolC, MraW, NadD, PyrE, RpsA, RpsH, FtsA, RadA, etc., including a large >300 aa insert in the RpoC protein, are present in various Synergistota species, but except for isolated bacteria, these CSIs are not found in the protein homologues from all other organisms. These CSIs provide novel molecular markers for distinguishing Synergistota species from all other bacteria. Seven other CSIs in important proteins including a 13 aa in RpoB were found to be uniquely present in ''Jonquetella'', ''Pyramidobacter'' and ''Dethiosulfovibrio'' species indicating a close and specific relationship among these bacteria, which is also strongly supported by phylogenetic trees. Fifteen addition CSIs that were only present in ''Jonquetella'' and ''Pyramidobacter'' indicate a close association between these two species. Lastly, a close relationship between the ''Aminomonas'' and ''Thermanaerovibrio'' species is also supported by 9 identified CSIs. The identified molecular markers provide reliable means for the division of species from the phylum Synergistota into intermediate taxonomic ranks such as families and orders.

Phylogeny

Taxonomy

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the

List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) is an online database that maintains information on the nomenclature, naming and Taxonomy (biology), taxonomy of prokaryotes, following the taxonomy requirements and rulings of the In ...

(LSPN) and the

National Center for Biotechnology Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is part of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), a branch of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). It is approved and funded by the government of the United States. The ...

(NCBI). * Phylum Synergistota Jumas-Bilak et al. 2021 ** Class

Synergistia The Synergistota is a phylum of anaerobic bacteria that show Gram-negative staining and have rod/vibrioid cell shape. Although Synergistota have a diderm cell envelope,Gupta, R. S. (2011) Origin of Diderm (Gram-negative) Bacteria: Antibiotic Sel ...

Jumas-Bilak et al. 2009 *** Order

Synergistales The Synergistota is a phylum of anaerobic bacteria that show Gram-negative staining and have rod/vibrioid cell shape. Although Synergistota have a diderm cell envelope,Gupta, R. S. (2011) Origin of Diderm (Gram-negative) Bacteria: Antibiotic Sel ...

Jumas-Bilak et al. 2009 **** Family Synergistaceae Jumas-Bilak et al. 2009 lostridiales Family XV; Thermosynergistaceae Yang et al. 2021***** Genus ''

Acetomicrobium ''Acetomicrobium'' is a genus in the phylum Synergistota (Bacteria). In 2016, the former genus Anaerobaculum was folded into Acetomicrobium. Etymology The name ''Acetomicrobium'' derives from:Latin noun ', vinegar; New Latin neuter gender noun ...

'' Soutschek et al. 1985 'Anaerobaculum''_Rees_et_al._1997.html" ;"title="Anaerobaculum.html" ;"title="' 'Anaerobaculum''_Rees_et_al._1997">Anaerobaculum.html"_;"title="'Anaerobaculum">'Anaerobaculum''_Rees_et_al._1997******_Species_'' 'Anaerobaculum''_Rees_et_al._1997">Anaerobaculum.html"_;"title="'Anaerobaculum">'Anaerobaculum''_Rees_et_al._1997******_Species_''Acetomicrobium_flavidum">A._flavidum''_Soutschek_et_al._1985 ******_Species_''Anaerobaculum_hydrogeniformans.html" ;"title="Acetomicrobium_flavidum.html" ;"title="Anaerobaculum">' Anaerobaculum.html"_;"title="'Anaerobaculum">'Anaerobaculum''_Rees_et_al._1997******_Species_''Acetomicrobium_flavidum">A._flavidum''_Soutschek_et_al._1985 ******_Species_''Anaerobaculum_hydrogeniformans">A._hydrogeniformans''_(Maune_&_Tanner_2012)_Ben_Hania_et_al._2016 ******_Species_'' Anaerobaculum.html"_;"title="'Anaerobaculum">'Anaerobaculum''_Rees_et_al._1997******_Species_''Acetomicrobium_flavidum">A._flavidum''_Soutschek_et_al._1985 ******_Species_''Anaerobaculum_hydrogeniformans">A._hydrogeniformans''_(Maune_&_Tanner_2012)_Ben_Hania_et_al._2016 ******_Species_''Acetomicrobium_mobile">A._mobile''_(Menes_&_Muxi_2002)_Ben_Hania_et_al._2016 ******_Species_''Acetomicrobium_thermoterrenum.html" ;"title="Acetomicrobium_mobile.html" ;"title="Anaerobaculum'' Rees et al. 1997">Anaerobaculum.html" ;"title="'Anaerobaculum">'Anaerobaculum'' Rees et al. 1997****** Species ''Acetomicrobium flavidum">A. flavidum'' Soutschek et al. 1985 ****** Species ''Anaerobaculum hydrogeniformans">A. hydrogeniformans'' (Maune & Tanner 2012) Ben Hania et al. 2016 ****** Species ''Acetomicrobium mobile">A. mobile'' (Menes & Muxi 2002) Ben Hania et al. 2016 ****** Species ''Acetomicrobium thermoterrenum">A. thermoterrenum'' (Rees et al. 1997) Ben Hania et al. 2016 ***** Genus ''Aminiphilus'' Díaz et al. 2007 ****** Species ''Aminiphilus circumscriptus, A. circumscriptus'' Díaz et al. 2007 ***** Genus ''Aminivibrio'' Honda et al. 2013 ****** Species ''Aminivibrio pyruvatiphilus, A. pyruvatiphilus'' Honda et al. 2013 ***** Genus ''Aminobacterium'' Baena et al. 1999 ****** Species ''Aminobacterium colombiense, A. colombiense'' Baena et al. 1999 (type sp.) ****** Species ''Aminobacterium mobile, A. mobile'' Baena et al. 2000 ****** Species ''Aminobacterium thunnarium, A. thunnarium'' Hamdi et al. 2015 ***** Genus ''Aminomonas'' Baena et al. 1999 ****** Species ''Aminomonas paucivorans, A. paucivorans'' Baena et al. 1999 ***** Genus "''Candidatus'' Caccocola" Gilroy et al. 2021 ****** Species "''Ca.'' Caccocola faecigallinarum, C. faecigallinarum" Gilroy et al. 2021 ****** Species "''Ca.'' Caccocola faecipullorum, C. faecipullorum" Gilroy et al. 2021 ***** Genus ''Cloacibacillus'' Ganesan et al. 2008 emend. Looft et al. 2013 ****** Species ''Cloacibacillus evryensis, C. evryensis'' Ganesan et al. 2008 ****** Species ''Cloacibacillus porcorum, C. porcorum'' Looft et al. 2013 ***** Genus ''Dethiosulfovibrio'' Magot et al. 1997 ****** Species ''Dethiosulfovibrio salsuginis, D. salsuginis'' Díaz-Cárdenas et al. 2010 ****** Species ''Dethiosulfovibrio peptidovorans, D. peptidovorans'' Magot et al. 1997 (type sp.) ****** Species ''Dethiosulfovibrio acidaminovorans, D. acidaminovorans'' Surkov et al. 2001 ****** Species ''Dethiosulfovibrio marinus, D. marinus'' Surkov et al. 2001 ****** Species ''Dethiosulfovibrio russensis, D. russensis'' Surkov et al. 2001 ***** Genus ''Fretibacterium'' Vartoukian et al. 2013 ****** Species ''Fretibacterium fastidiosum, F. fastidiosum'' Vartoukian et al. 2013 ***** Genus ''Jonquetella'' Jumas-Bilak et al. 2007 ****** Species ''Jonquetella anthropi, J. anthropi'' Jumas-Bilak et al. 2007 ***** Genus ''Lactivibrio'' Qiu et al. 2014 ****** Species ''Lactivibrio alcoholicus, L. alcoholicus'' Qiu et al. 2014 ***** Genus "''Pacaella''" Ndongo et al. 2017 ****** Species "''Pacaella massiliensis, P. massiliensis''" Ndongo et al. 2017 ***** Genus ''Pyramidobacter'' Downes et al. 2009 ****** Species ''Pyramidobacter piscolens, P. piscolens'' Downes et al. 2009 ****** Species ''Pyramidobacter porci, P. porci'' Wylensek et al. 2021 ***** Genus ''Rarimicrobium'' Jumas-Bilak et al. 2015 ****** Species ''Rarimicrobium hominis, R. hominis'' Jumas-Bilak et al. 2015 ***** Genus ''Synergistes'' Allison et al. 1993 ****** Species ''Synergistes jonesii, S. jonesii'' Allison et al. 1993 ***** Genus "''Candidatus'' Tammella" Hongoh et al. 2007 ****** Species "''Ca.'' Tammella caduceiae, T. caduceiae" Hongoh et al. 2007 ***** Genus ''Thermanaerovibrio'' Baena et al. 1999 emend. Palaniappan et al. 2013 ****** Species ''Thermanaerovibrio acidaminovorans, T. acidaminovorans'' (Guangsheng et al. 1997) Baena et al. 1999 [''Selenomonas acidaminovorans'' Guangsheng et al. 1997] (type sp.) ****** Species ''Thermanaerovibrio velox, T. velox'' Zavarzina et al. 2000 ***** Genus ''Thermosynergistes'' Yang et al. 2021 ****** Species ''Thermosynergistes pyruvativorans, T. pyruvativorans'' Yang et al. 2021 ***** Genus ''Thermovirga'' Dahle and Birkeland 2006 ****** Species ''Thermovirga lienii, T. lienii'' Dahle and Birkeland 2006

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q1318124 Synergistota, Subphyla