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The book ' or ' (
Swedish Swedish or ' may refer to: Anything from or related to Sweden, a country in Northern Europe. Or, specifically: * Swedish language, a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Sweden and Finland ** Swedish alphabet, the official alphabet used by ...
and
Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...
, respectively, for "Swedish spiders") is one of the major works of the Swedish arachnologist and entomologist
Carl Alexander Clerck Carl Alexander Clerck (1709 – 22 July 1765) was a Sweden, Swedish entomologist and arachnology, arachnologist. Clerck came from a family in the petty Swedish nobility, nobility and entered the University of Uppsala in 1726. Little is known of hi ...
and was first published in Stockholm in the year 1757. It was the first comprehensive book on the spiders of Sweden and one of the first regional monographs of a group of animals worldwide. The full title of the work is '' – '', ("Swedish spiders into their main genera separated, and as sixty and a few particular species described and with illuminated figures illustrated") and included 162 pages of text (eight pages were unpaginated) and six colour plates. It was published in Swedish, with a Latin translation printed in a slightly smaller font below the Swedish text. Clerck described in detail 67 species of Swedish spiders, and for the first time in a zoological work consistently applied
binomial nomenclature In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called nomenclature ("two-name naming system") or binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, bot ...
as proposed by
Carl Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the ...
. Linnaeus had originally invented this system for botanical names in his 1753 work ''
Species Plantarum ' (Latin for "The Species of Plants") is a book by Carl Linnaeus, originally published in 1753, which lists every species of plant known at the time, classified into genera. It is the first work to consistently apply binomial names and was the ...
'', and presented it again in 1758 in the 10th edition of his work ''
Systema Naturae ' (originally in Latin written ' with the ligature æ) is one of the major works of the Swedish botanist, zoologist and physician Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) and introduced the Linnaean taxonomy. Although the system, now known as binomial nomen ...
'' for more than 4,000 animal species. ''Svenska Spindlar'' is the only pre-Linnaean source to be recognised as a taxonomic authority for such names.


Presentation of the spiders

Clerck explained in the last (9th of the 2nd part) chapter of his work that in contrast to previous authors he used the term "spider" in the strict sense, for animals possessing eight eyes and separated
prosoma The cephalothorax, also called prosoma in some groups, is a tagma of various arthropods, comprising the head and the thorax fused together, as distinct from the abdomen behind. (The terms ''prosoma'' and ''opisthosoma'' are equivalent to ''cepha ...
and
opisthosoma The opisthosoma is the posterior part of the body in some arthropods, behind the prosoma (cephalothorax). It is a distinctive feature of the subphylum Chelicerata (arachnids, horseshoe crabs and others). Although it is similar in most respects to a ...
, and that his concept of this group of animals did not include
Opiliones The Opiliones (formerly Phalangida) are an order of arachnids colloquially known as harvestmen, harvesters, harvest spiders, or daddy longlegs. , over 6,650 species of harvestmen have been discovered worldwide, although the total number of ext ...
(because they had two eyes and a broadly joined prosoma and opisthosoma) and other groups of
arachnids Arachnida () is a Class (biology), class of joint-legged invertebrate animals (arthropods), in the subphylum Chelicerata. Arachnida includes, among others, spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, pseudoscorpions, opiliones, harvestmen, Solifugae, came ...
. For all spiders Clerck used a single generic name (''
Araneus ''Araneus'' is a genus of common orb-weaving spiders. It includes about 650 species, among which are the European garden spider and the barn spider. The genus was erected by Carl Alexander Clerck in 1757. Description Spiders of this genus prese ...
''), to which was added a specific name which consisted of only one word. Each species was presented in the Swedish text with their Latin scientific names, followed by detailed information containing the exact dates when he had found the animals, and a detailed description of eyes, legs and body. The differences between the sexes were also described. Each species was illustrated in impressively accurate drawings printed on coloured copper plates which were bound at the end of the volume.


Impact and importance of the work

Because of the exceptionally thorough treatment of the spider species, the scientific names proposed by Clerck (which were adopted by Carl Linnaeus in his ''Systema Naturae'' in 1758 with only minor modifications) had traditionally been recognized by arachnologists as
binomial Binomial may refer to: In mathematics *Binomial (polynomial), a polynomial with two terms * Binomial coefficient, numbers appearing in the expansions of powers of binomials *Binomial QMF, a perfect-reconstruction orthogonal wavelet decomposition ...
and available. In 1959 the
ICZN Commission The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) is an organization dedicated to "achieving stability and sense in the scientific naming of animals". Founded in 1895, it currently comprises 26 commissioners from 20 countries. Orga ...
decided that Clerck's work should be available for zoological nomenclature, but the
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) is a widely accepted convention in zoology that rules the formal scientific naming of organisms treated as animals. It is also informally known as the ICZN Code, for its publisher, the ...
did not mention Clerck's work. Only after 1999 was this officially recognized in the Code. This means that in case of doubt the spelling of a spider name as from Clerck's 1757 work has priority over that proposed by Linnaeus in 1758 (an example is ''Araneus'' instead of ''Aranea''), and that Clerck's spiders were the first animals in modern zoology to have obtained an available scientific name in the Linnean system.


Year 1757 or 1758?

In the late 1800s, Clerck's 1757 work was commonly accepted as the first application of binomial nomenclature to spiders. In 1959 the ICZN Commission ruled that the date 1758 should be used for Clerck's names, this date 1758 was repeated to apply to Clerck's names in the 4th edition of the
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) is a widely accepted convention in zoology that rules the formal scientific naming of organisms treated as animals. It is also informally known as the ICZN Code, for its publisher, the ...
in 1999. In a complete binomial name with author and year, the year corresponds to the year of publication of the original source. Since 2000, the ICZN Code includes an exception of this very basic rule. From the beginning on the new provision in the Code has been misunderstood by many researchers who believed that by setting the date for Clerck's work to 1758 (overriding its true date 1757) and the date for ''Systema Naturae'' to 1 January 1758, the priority was changed. In 2007, a case was even brought before the Commission because the researchers were no longer sure whether the generic name should be ''
Araneus ''Araneus'' is a genus of common orb-weaving spiders. It includes about 650 species, among which are the European garden spider and the barn spider. The genus was erected by Carl Alexander Clerck in 1757. Description Spiders of this genus prese ...
'' Clerck or ''Aranea'' Linnaeus. In their judgement the year 1758 for Clerck's ''Svenska Spindlar'' could be interpreted in a way that the Linnean work from 1 January 1758 should have priority. In 2009 the Commission saw itself forced to repeat once more, although this was already explicit in the Code's Article 3.1, that the name ''Araneus'' established by Clerck shall have priority and be used for the genus.


Species

''Svenska Spindlar'' lists the following 67 species of spider; their current identities follow Platnick (2000–2010).Agelenidae


an

/ref> Chapter 2 (
Araneidae Orb-weaver spiders are members of the spider family Araneidae. They are the most common group of builders of spiral wheel-shaped webs often found in gardens, fields, and forests. The English word "orb" can mean "circular", hence the English name ...
,
Tetragnathidae Long-jawed orb weavers or long jawed spiders (Tetragnathidae) are a family of araneomorph spiders first described by Anton Menge in 1866. They have elongated bodies, legs, and chelicerae, and build small orb webs with an open hub with few, wide-se ...
) *''
Araneus angulatus ''Araneus angulatus'' is a species of orb-weaving spiders found in the Palearctic realm. It resembles the European garden spider, ''Araneus diadematus'', but has distinctive tubercles on its abdomen. The species was first described in '' Aranei S ...
'' *''
Araneus diadematus The spider species ''Araneus diadematus'' is commonly called the European garden spider, diadem spider, orangie, cross spider, and crowned orb weaver. It is sometimes called the pumpkin spider, although this name is also used for a different spec ...
'' *''
Araneus quadratus ''Araneus quadratus'', the four-spot orb-weaver, is a common orb-weaver spider found in Europe and Central Asia, and as far as the Kamchatka Peninsula and Japan. Females can reach 17 mm in length, especially when gravid, with males around h ...
'' *''
Araneus marmoreus ''Araneus marmoreus'', commonly called the marbled orbweaver, is a species of spider belonging to the family Araneidae. It is sometimes also called the pumpkin spider from the resemblance of the female's inflated abdomen to an orange pumpkin. It ...
'' *''Araneus umbraticus'' – ''
Nuctenea umbratica ''Nuctenea umbratica'', the walnut orb-weaver spider, is a species of spider in the family Araneidae. Name The species name ''umbratica'' means "living in the shadows" in Latin. Description The walnut orb-weaver spider is very wide and flatte ...
'' *''Araneus pyramidatus'' – ''
Araneus marmoreus ''Araneus marmoreus'', commonly called the marbled orbweaver, is a species of spider belonging to the family Araneidae. It is sometimes also called the pumpkin spider from the resemblance of the female's inflated abdomen to an orange pumpkin. It ...
'' *''Araneus ocellatus'' – ''
Larinioides patagiatus ''Larinioides patagiatus'' is a species of orb weaver in the family Araneidae. It is found in North America, Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia to Central Asia, China, Mongolia Mongolia; Mongolian script: , , ; lit. "Mongol Nation" or "Stat ...
'' *''Araneus patagiatus'' – ''
Larinioides patagiatus ''Larinioides patagiatus'' is a species of orb weaver in the family Araneidae. It is found in North America, Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia to Central Asia, China, Mongolia Mongolia; Mongolian script: , , ; lit. "Mongol Nation" or "Stat ...
'' *''Araneus cornutus'' – ''
Larinioides cornutus ''Larinioides cornutus'', the furrow spider,Weber, Larry (2003). ''Spiders of the North Woods''. Duluth, MN: Kollath+Stensaas Publ. pp. 88–89. furrow orb spider, or foliate spider is an orb-weaver spider with Holarctic distribution. Physica ...
'' *''Araneus sericatus'' – ''
Larinioides sclopetarius ''Larinioides sclopetarius'', commonly called bridge-spider or gray cross-spider, is a relatively large orb-weaver spider with Holarctic distribution. These spiders are located in Europe and have been observed as south as the Mediterranean Coast ...
'' *''Araneus sclopetarius'' – ''
Larinioides sclopetarius ''Larinioides sclopetarius'', commonly called bridge-spider or gray cross-spider, is a relatively large orb-weaver spider with Holarctic distribution. These spiders are located in Europe and have been observed as south as the Mediterranean Coast ...
'' *''Araneus cucurbitinus'' – '' Araniella cucurbitina'' *''Araneus segmentatus'' – ''
Metellina segmentata ''Metellina segmentata'' is a spider in the family Tetragnathidae with a Palaearctic distribution. This spiders name is often shortened to ''Meta segmentata'', and some even call it ''Araneus segmentatus'' simply meaning, orb weaving spiders. It ...
'' *''Araneus litera x notatus'' – ''
Zygiella x-notata ''Zygiella x-notata'', sometimes known as the missing sector orb weaver or the silver-sided sector spider,Factsheet 6: Missing-sector Orbweaver (Zygiella x-notata)', British Arachnological Society, 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2016 is a spider sp ...
'' Chapter 3 (
Theridiidae Theridiidae, also known as the tangle-web spiders, cobweb spiders and comb-footed spiders, is a large family of Araneomorphae, araneomorph spiders first described by Carl Jakob Sundevall in 1833. This diverse, globally distributed family includes ...
,
Nesticidae Scaffold web spiders (Nesticidae) is a family of araneomorph spiders closely allied with tangle web spiders. Like the "Theridiidae", these spiders have a comb of serrated bristles on the hind tarsi that are used to pull silk bands from the spinne ...
,
Linyphiidae Linyphiidae, spiders commonly known as sheet weavers (from the shape of their webs), or money spiders (in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, and in Portugal, from the superstition that if such a spider is seen running on you, ...
) *''Araneus castaneus'' – '' Steatoda castanea'' *''Araneus hamatus'' – '' Singa hamata'' *''Araneus lunatus'' – '' Parasteatoda lunata'' *''Araneus sisyphius'' – '' Phylloneta sisyphia'' *''Araneus formosus'' – '' Parasteatoda lunata'' *''Araneus ovatus'' – ''
Enoplognatha ovata ''Enoplognatha ovata'', the common candy-striped spider, is a species of spider belonging to the family Theridiidae. It is native to Europe and has also been introduced to North America. It is notably found in Lithuania.The checklist of Lithuani ...
'' *''Araneus redimitus'' – ''
Enoplognatha ovata ''Enoplognatha ovata'', the common candy-striped spider, is a species of spider belonging to the family Theridiidae. It is native to Europe and has also been introduced to North America. It is notably found in Lithuania.The checklist of Lithuani ...
'' *''Araneus lineatus'' – ''
Enoplognatha ovata ''Enoplognatha ovata'', the common candy-striped spider, is a species of spider belonging to the family Theridiidae. It is native to Europe and has also been introduced to North America. It is notably found in Lithuania.The checklist of Lithuani ...
'' *''Araneus cellulanus'' – '' Nesticus cellulanus'' *''Araneus bucculentus'' – '' Floronia bucculenta'' *''Araneus montanus'' – '' Neriene montana'' *''Araneus triangularis'' – '' Linyphia triangularis'' Chapter 4 (
Agelenidae The Agelenidae are a large family of spiders in the suborder Araneomorphae. Well-known examples include the common "grass spiders" of the genus ''Agelenopsis''. Nearly all Agelenidae are harmless to humans, but the bite of the hobo spider (''Erat ...
,
Clubionidae The sac spiders of the family Clubionidae have a very confusing taxonomic history. Once, this family was a large catch-all taxon for a disparate collection of spiders, similar only in that they had eight eyes arranged in two rows and conical anter ...
) *''Araneus domesticus'' – ''
Tegenaria domestica The spider species ''Tegenaria domestica'', commonly known as the barn funnel weaver in North America and the domestic house spider in Europe, is a member of the funnel-web family Agelenidae. Distribution and habitat Domestic house spiders ran ...
'', '' Malthonica ferruginea'' *''Araneus labyrinthicus'' – ''
Agelena labyrinthica ''Agelena labyrinthica'' is a species of spider in the family Agelenidae. It is a widespread species in Europe. Range and habitat ''Agelena labyrinthica'' build flat plate surface webs connected to funnel-shaped retreats similar to labyrinths ...
'' *''Araneus pallidulus'' – '' Clubiona pallidula'' Chapter 5 (
Lycosidae Wolf spiders are members of the family Lycosidae (). They are robust and agile hunters with excellent eyesight. They live mostly in solitude, hunt alone, and do not spin webs. Some are opportunistic hunters, pouncing upon prey as they find it or ...
,
Pisauridae Nursery web spiders (Pisauridae) is a family of Araneomorphae, araneomorph spiders first described by Eugène Simon in 1890. They resemble wolf spiders (Lycosidae) except for several key differences. Wolf spiders have two very prominent eyes in ad ...
) *''Araneus fabrilis'' – ''
Alopecosa fabrilis ''Alopecosa fabrilis'', known as the great fox-spider, is a species of wolf spider in the family Lycosidae. It is predominantly found in Europe and was rediscovered in the United Kingdom in 2020 after being thought extinct. Description ''Alopeco ...
'' *''Araneus aculeatus'' – '' Alopecosa aculeata'' *''Araneus inquilinus'' – '' Alopecosa inquilina'' *''Araneus lignarius'' – '' Acantholycosa lignaria'' *''Araneus monticola'' – ''
Pardosa monticola ''Pardosa monticola'', or pin-stripe wolf spider, is a species of wolf spider found mainly in Europe. It is found in both dry and humid habitats, and up to an altitude of 2000m. Description Females are 5 mm to 7 mm in length, males 4&n ...
'' *''Araneus pulverulentus'' – '' Alopecosa pulverulenta'' *''Araneus paludicola'' – '' Pardosa paludicola'' *''Araneus amentatus'' – ''
Pardosa amentata ''Pardosa amentata'', otherwise known as the wolf spider or spotted wolf spider is a species of spider in the genus ''Pardosa'' belonging to the family of wolf spiders, Lycosidae. The species has a widespread distribution in central Europe and n ...
'' *''Araneus trabalis'' – '' Alopecosa trabalis'' *''Araneus cuneatus'' – '' Alopecosa cuneata'' *''Araneus undatus'' – ''
Dolomedes fimbriatus The raft spider, scientific name ''Dolomedes fimbriatus'', is a large semi-aquatic spider of the family Pisauridae found throughout north-western and central Europe. It is one of only two species of the genus ''Dolomedes'' found in Europe, the ot ...
'' *''Araneus nivalis'' – '' Alopecosa inquilina'' *''Araneus piraticus'' – ''
Pirata piraticus ''Pirata piraticus'' is a species of wolf spider in the family Lycosidae. It is found in North America, Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, a range from Russia (European to Far East The ''Far East'' was a European term to refer to the geographical regi ...
'' *''Araneus piscatorius'' – ''
Pirata piscatorius Pirata may refer to: * ''Pirata'' (album), a 1989 album by Litfiba * Pirata (footballer) (born 1987), a Portuguese footballer * ''Pirata'' (graphic novel), a graphic novel by Pol Medina, Jr * ''Pirata'' (spider), a genus of wolf spiders * ''Il p ...
'' *''Araneus fumigatus'' – ''
Pardosa amentata ''Pardosa amentata'', otherwise known as the wolf spider or spotted wolf spider is a species of spider in the genus ''Pardosa'' belonging to the family of wolf spiders, Lycosidae. The species has a widespread distribution in central Europe and n ...
'' *''Araneus pullatus'' – ''
Pardosa pullata ''Pardosa pullata'' is a species of spiders from genus ''Pardosa'' in the family Lycosidae Wolf spiders are members of the family Lycosidae (). They are robust and agile hunters with excellent eyesight. They live mostly in solitude, hunt alone, ...
'' *''Araneus plantarius'' – ''
Dolomedes plantarius The great raft spider or fen raft spider (''Dolomedes plantarius'') is a European species of spider in the family Pisauridae. Like other ''Dolomedes'' spiders, it is semiaquatic, hunting its prey on the surface of water. It occurs mainly in neutr ...
'' *''Araneus fimbriatus'' – ''
Dolomedes fimbriatus The raft spider, scientific name ''Dolomedes fimbriatus'', is a large semi-aquatic spider of the family Pisauridae found throughout north-western and central Europe. It is one of only two species of the genus ''Dolomedes'' found in Europe, the ot ...
'' *''Araneus mirabilis'' – ''
Pisaura mirabilis The nursery web spider ''Pisaura mirabilis'' is a spider species of the family Pisauridae. Description Striking characteristics of ''Pisaura mirabilis'' are its long legs (the fourth one being the longest) and its slender abdomen (opisthosoma ...
'' Chapter 6 (
Salticidae Jumping spiders are a group of spiders that constitute the family Salticidae. As of 2019, this family contained over 600 described genera and over 6,000 described species, making it the largest family of spiders at 13% of all species. Jumping spi ...
) *''Araneus hastatus'' – '' Dendryphantes hastatus'' *''Araneus muscosus'' – ''
Marpissa muscosa ''Marpissa muscosa'' is a species of jumping spider. On average, females have body length ranging from 7.5–14mm, whereas males have a body length ranging from 6–8.1mm. Both sexes are coloured grey to brown. The whole spider has a furry appe ...
'' *''Araneus scenicus'' – ''
Salticus scenicus The zebra jumping spider (''Salticus scenicus'') is a common jumping spider of the Northern Hemisphere. Their common name refers to their vivid black-and-white colouration, whilst their scientific name derives from ''Salticus'' from the Latin fo ...
'' *''Araneus striatus'' – 'nomen_dubium''.html" ;"title="nomen_dubium.html" ;"title="'nomen dubium">'nomen dubium''">nomen_dubium.html" ;"title="'nomen dubium">'nomen dubium''*''Araneus terebratus'' – ''Sitticus terebratus'' *''Araneus litera v insignitus'' – ''Aelurillus v-insignitus'' *''Araneus litera v notatus'' – ''Aelurillus v-insignitus'' *''Araneus flammatus'' – 'nomen_dubium''.html" ;"title="nomen_dubium.html" ;"title="'nomen dubium">'nomen dubium''">nomen_dubium.html" ;"title="'nomen dubium">'nomen dubium''*''Araneus falcatus'' – ''Evarcha falcata'' *''Araneus arcuatus'' – ''Evarcha arcuata'' Chapter 7 (Thomisidae, Philodromidae, Sparassidae) *''Araneus vatius'' – ''Misumena vatia'' *''Araneus margaritatus'' – ''Philodromus margaritatus'' *''Araneus aureolus'' – '' Philodromus aureolus'' *''Araneus formicinus'' – '' Thanatus formicinus'' *''Araneus cristatus'' – '' Xysticus cristatus'' *''Araneus roseus'' – ''
Micrommata virescens ''Micrommata virescens'', common name green huntsman spider, is a species of huntsman spiders belonging to the family Sparassidae. Distribution This species has a Palearctic realm, Palearctic distribution. It occurs naturally in Northern and Ce ...
'' *''Araneus virescens'' – ''
Micrommata virescens ''Micrommata virescens'', common name green huntsman spider, is a species of huntsman spiders belonging to the family Sparassidae. Distribution This species has a Palearctic realm, Palearctic distribution. It occurs naturally in Northern and Ce ...
'' Chapter 8 (
Cybaeidae Cybaeidae is a family of spiders first described by Nathan Banks in 1892. The diving bell spider or water spider ''Argyroneta aquatica'' was previously included in this family, but is now in the family Dictynidae. Genera , the World Spider Cat ...
) *''Araneus aquaticus'' - ''
Argyroneta aquatica The diving bell spider or water spider (''Argyroneta aquatica'') is the only species of spider known to live almost entirely under water. It is the only member of the genus ''Argyroneta''. When out of the water, the spider ranges in colour from m ...
''


Footnotes


References

{{Authority control Arachnological literature Biological classification Zoological nomenclature 1757 books Zoology books Carl Linnaeus Biological systems 1757 in science Swedish books