Stylommatophora is an orderPhilippe Bouchet, Jean-Pierre Rocroi, Bernhard Hausdorf, Andrzej Kaim, Yasunori Kano, Alexander Nützel, Pavel Parkhaev, Michael Schrödl and Ellen E. Strong. 2017.
Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of Gastropod and Monoplacophoran Families
'.

Malacologia ''Malacologia'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal in the field of malacology, the study of mollusks. The journal publishes articles in the fields of molluscan systematics, ecology, population ecology, genetics, molecular genetics, evolu ...

, 61(1-2): 1-526. of air-breathing land snails and slugs,

terrestrial Terrestrial refers to things related to land or the planet Earth. Terrestrial may also refer to: * Terrestrial animal, an animal that lives on land opposed to living in water, or sometimes an animal that lives on or near the ground, as opposed to ...

pulmonate gastropod

molluscs Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is estim ...

. This taxon includes most land snails and slugs. The two strong synapomorphies of Stylommatophora are a long pedal gland placed beneath a membrane and two pairs of retractile tentacles (Dayrat & Tillier). Several families in this group contain species of snails and slugs that create

love dart A love dart (also known as a gypsobelum, shooting darts, or just as darts) is a sharp, calcareous or chitinous dart which some hermaphroditic land snails and slugs create. Love darts are both formed and stored internally in a dart sac. These ...

s. Stylommatophora are known from the

Cretaceous The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era, as well as the longest. At around 79 million years, it is the longest geological period of ...

period up to the present day. Pek I., Vašíček Z., Roček Z., Hajn. V. & Mikuláš R. (1996). ''Základy zoopaleontologie''. Olomouc, 264 pp., .

2005 taxonomy

According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) based on evolutionary ancestry is the clade Stylommatophora in clade

Eupulmonata Eupulmonata is a taxonomic clade of air-breathing snails. The great majority of this group are land snails and slugs, but some are marine and some are saltmarsh snails that can tolerate salty conditions. Linnean taxonomy *Suborder Eupulmonat ...

within informal group Pulmonata. It uses unranked clades for taxa above the rank of superfamily (replacing the ranks suborder, order, superorder and subclass) and the traditional Linnaean approach for all taxa below the rank of superfamily. The clade Stylommatophora contains the subclades Elasmognatha, Orthurethra and the informal group Sigmurethra. The term "informal group" has been used to indicate whenever

monophyly In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gro ...

has not been tested, or where a traditional taxon of gastropods has now been discovered to be paraphyletic or

polyphyletic A polyphyletic group is an assemblage of organisms or other evolving elements that is of mixed evolutionary origin. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as homoplasies, which are explained as a result of conver ...

. clade

Elasmognatha Elasmognatha is a taxonomic grouping, a clade, of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. A number of species in this taxonomic group are endangered. Taxonomy In the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bou ...

* Superfamily Succineoidea * Superfamily Athoracophoroidea clade

Orthurethra Orthurethra is a clade of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora. In the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, Orthurethra is treated as an informal group and subcla ...

* Superfamily

Partuloidea Pupilloidea is a superfamily of small and very small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the infraorder ''Pupilloidei'' . Taxonomy This superfamily contains the following families: * Achatinellidae Gulick, 1873 * Agar ...

* Superfamily Achatinelloidea * Superfamily

Cochlicopoidea Pupilloidea is a superfamily of small and very small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the infraorder ''Pupilloidei'' . Taxonomy This superfamily contains the following families: * Achatinellidae Gulick, 1873 * Agar ...

* Superfamily

Pupilloidea Pupilloidea is a superfamily of small and very small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the infraorder ''Pupilloidei'' . Taxonomy This superfamily contains the following families: * Achatinellidae Gulick, 1873 * A ...

* Superfamily Enoidea informal group

Sigmurethra Sigmurethra is a taxonomic category of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. This is an informal group which includes most land snails and slugs. The two strong synapomorphies of Sigmurethra are a ...

* Superfamily Clausilioidea * Superfamily

Orthalicoidea The Orthalicoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Orthalicoidei of the suborder HelicinaMolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Simpulopsidae Schileyko, 1999. Accessed through: W ...

* Superfamily

Achatinoidea The Achatinoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra. 2005 taxonomy According to taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005 there are four fami ...

* Superfamily Aillyoidea * Superfamily Testacelloidea * Superfamily Papillodermatoidea * Superfamily

Streptaxoidea Streptaxoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the suborder Achatinina of the order Stylommatophora. Taxonomy 2005 taxonomy There have been recognized the only family Streptaxidae wi ...

* Superfamily

Rhytidoidea The Rhytidoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the suborder Helicina. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Rhytidoidea Pilsbry, 1893. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Spec ...

* Superfamily

Acavoidea The Acavoidea are a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra. This taxonomy was based on the study by Nordsieck, published in 1986. Taxonomy ...

* Superfamily

Punctoidea Punctoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra. Taxonomy The superfamily Punctoidea is classified within the clade Stylommatophora within the clade ...

* Superfamily

Sagdoidea Sagdoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Helicoidei of the suborder Helicina. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Sagdoidea Pilsbry, 1895. Accessed through: Wor ...

limacoid clade The Limacoidei is a taxonomic infraorder of air-breathing land snails, semislugs and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the suborder Helicina Distribution The original ancestral area of limacoid families is thought to b ...

" (within the Sigmurethra) * Superfamily Staffordioidea * Superfamily Dyakioidea * Superfamily Gastrodontoidea * Superfamily

Parmacelloidea Parmacelloidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora and the informal group Pulmonata. These are limacoid or keelback slugs. Families Families within the super ...

* Superfamily Zonitoidea * Superfamily

Helicarionoidea Helicarionoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and semi-slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Limacoidei. Families There are three families within the superfamily Helicarionoidea: * Helicarionidae ...

* Superfamily Limacoidea (not in limacoid clade, but is within the Sigmurethra) * Superfamily Arionoidea * Superfamily

Helicoidea Helicoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora. Taxonomy 2005 taxonomy There are 19 families within the superfamily Helicoidea according to the ta ...

Previous taxonomy

*Subinfraorder

**Superfamily Achatinelloidea Gulick, 1873 **Superfamily

Pilsbry, 1900 **Superfamily

Turton, 1831 *Subinfraorder

**Superfamily

Pilsbry, 1895 **Superfamily

Swainson, 1840 **Superfamily Aillyoidea Baker, 1960 **Superfamily Arionoidea J.E. Gray in Turnton, 1840 **Superfamily Buliminoidea Clessin, 1879 **Superfamily Camaenoidea Pilsbry, 1895 **Superfamily Clausilioidea Mörch, 1864 **Superfamily Dyakioidea Gude & Woodward, 1921 **Superfamily Gastrodontoidea Tryon, 1866 **Superfamily

Rafinesque Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz (; October 22, 1783September 18, 1840) was a French 19th-century polymath born near Constantinople in the Ottoman Empire and self-educated in France. He traveled as a young man in the United States, ultimat ...

, 1815 **Superfamily Helixarionoidea Bourguignat, 1877 **Superfamily Limacoidea

, 1815 **Superfamily Oleacinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855 **Superfamily

Albers-Martens, 1860 **Superfamily Plectopylidoidea Moellendorf, 1900 **Superfamily Polygyroidea Pilsbry, 1894 **Superfamily

Morse, 1864 **Superfamily

Pilsbry, 1893 **Superfamily Sagdidoidera Pilsbry, 1895 **Superfamily Staffordioidea Thiele, 1931 **Superfamily

J.E. Gray, 1806 **Superfamily Strophocheiloidea Thiele, 1926 **Superfamily Trigonochlamydoidea Hese, 1882 **Superfamily Zonitoidea Mörch, 1864

References

{{Authority control Extant Cretaceous first appearances