Strombus

''Strombus'' is a genus of medium to large sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Strombidae, which comprises the true conchs and their immediate relatives. The genus ''Strombus'' was named by Swedish Naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758. Around 50 living species were recognized, which vary in size from fairly small to very large. Six species live in the greater Caribbean region, including the queen conch, ''Strombus gigas'' (now usually known as ''Eustrombus gigas'' or ''Lobatus gigas''), and the West Indian fighting conch, '' Strombus pugilis''. However, since 2006, many species have been assigned to discrete genera. These new genera are, however, not yet found in most textbooks and collector's guides.

Worldwide, several of the larger species are economically important as food sources; these include the endangered queen conch, which very rarely also produces a pink, gem-quality pearl.

In the geological past, a much larger number of species of ''Strombus'' existed. Fossils of species within this genus have been found all over the world in sediments from Cretaceous to Quaternary (age range: 140.2 million years ago to recent).Fossilworks
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Of the living species, most are in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Many species of true conchs live on sandy bottoms among beds of sea grass in tropical waters. They eat algae and have a claw-shaped operculum.

Description

Anatomy

Like almost all shelled gastropods, conches have spirally constructed shells. Again, as is normally the case in many gastropods, this spiral shell growth is usually right-handed, but on very rare occasions it can be left-handed.

True conches have long eye stalks, with colorful ring-marked eyes at the tips. The shell has a long and narrow aperture, and a short siphonal canal, with another indentation near the anterior end called a stromboid notch. This notch is where one of the two eye stalks protrudes from the shell.

The true conch has a foot ending in a pointed, sickle-shaped, operculum, which can be dug into the substrate as part of an unusual "leaping" locomotion.

True conches grow a flared lip on their shells only upon reaching sexual maturity. This is called an alated outer lip or alation.

Conches lay eggs in long strands; the eggs are contained in twisted, gelatinous tubes. ''Strombus'' moves with a leaping motion.

Shell description

''Strombus'' shells have a flaring outer lip with a notch near the anterior end called the stromboid notch through which the animal can protrude one of its stalked eyes.

Phylogeny

The phylogenetic relationships among the Strombidae have been mainly accessed in two different occasions, using two distinct methods. In a 2005 monograph, Simone proposed a cladogram (a tree of descent) based on an extensive morpho anatomical analysis of representatives of the Aporrhaidae, Strombidae, Xenophoridae, and Struthiolariidae. However, according to Simone, only '' Strombus gracilior'', '' Strombus alatus'', and '' Strombus pugilis'', the type species, remained within ''Strombus''. In Simone's cladogram, these three species constituted a distinct group based on at least five synapomorphies (traits that are shared by two or more taxa and their most recent common ancestor). The remaining taxa were previously considered as subgenera, and were elevated to genus level by Simone in the end of his analysis.

In a different approach, Latiolais and colleagues (2006) proposed another cladogram that attempts to show the phylogenetic relationships of 34 species within the family Strombidae. The authors analysed 31 species in the genus ''Strombus'' and three species in the allied genus ''Lambis''. The cladogram was based on DNA sequences of both nuclear histone H3 and mitochondrial cytochrome-c oxidase I (COI) protein-coding gene regions. In this proposed phylogeny, ''Strombus pugilis'', ''Strombus alatus'', '' Strombus granulatus'' and ''Strombus gracilior'' are closely related and appear to share a common ancestor.Latiolais, J. M.; Taylor M. S.; Roy, K.; Hellberg, M. E. (2006). "A molecular phylogenetic analysis of strombid gastropod morphological diversity". ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 41: 436-444.
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Species

This genus of sea snails used to comprise about 50 species,Cob, Z. C. ''et al. '' (2009)
"Species Description and Distribution of ''Strombus'' (Mollusca: Strombidae) in Johor Straits and its Surrounding Areas"
''Sains Malaysiana'' 38 (1): 39–46. 38 of them occurring in the Indo-Pacific region. Species within the genus ''Strombus'' include:

* '' Strombus alatus'' Gmelin, 1791
* '' Strombus gracilior'' Sowerby, 1825
* '' Strombus pugilis'' Linnaeus, 1758
* '' Strombus fragilis'' (Röding, 1798)

;Extinct species


Extinct species within this genus include:
* †''Strombus arayaensis'' Landau and Marques da Silva 2010
* †''Strombus bifrons'' Sowerby 1850
* †''Strombus contortus'' Forbes 1846
* †''Strombus coronatus'' Defrance 1827
* †''Strombus cossmanni'' Dey 1961
* †''Strombus daviesi'' Dey 1961
* †''Strombus evergladesensis'' Petuch 1991
* †''Strombus floridanus'' Mansfield 1930
* †''Strombus glaber'' Martin 1879
* †''Strombus herklotsi'' Martin 1879
* †''Strombus inflatus'' Martin 1879
* †''Strombus javanus'' Martin 1879
* †''Strombus junghuhni'' Martin 1879
* †''Strombus labiatus'' Röding 1798
* †''Strombus lindae'' Petuch 1991
* †''Strombus mekranicus'' Vredenburg 1925
* †''Strombus proximus'' Sowerby 1850
* †''Strombus sedanensis'' Martin 1899
* †''Strombus triangulatus'' Martin 1879
* †''Strombus uncatus'' Forbes 1846
* †''Strombus urceus '' Linnaeus 1758
* †'' Strombus vomer'' Röding 1798
; Species brought into synonymy :

* ''Strombus accipiter'' Dillwyn, 1817 : synonym of '' Lobatus costatus'' (Gmelin, 1791)
* ''Strombus aurisdianae'' Linnaeus, 1759: synonym of ''Euprotomus aurisdianae'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Strombus bituberculatus'' Lamarck, 1822 : synonym of ''Lobatus raninus'' (Gmelin, 1791)
* ''Strombus boletus'' Röding, P.F., 1798: synonym of ''Clionella sinuata'' (Born, 1778)
* ''Strombus bulla'' Röding, 1798: synonym of '' Euprotomus bulla'' (Röding, 1798)
* ''Strombus canarium'' Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of ''Laevistrombus canarium'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Strombus costatus aguayoi'' Jaume & del Valle, 1947 : synonym of '' Lobatus costatus'' (Gmelin, 1791)
* ''Strombus decorus'' (Röding, 1798): synonym of '' Conomurex decorus'' (Röding, 1798)
* ''Strombus dehelensis'': synonym of '' Conomurex fasciatus'' (Born, 1778)
* ''Strombus dentatus'' Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of '' Tridentarius dentatus'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Strombus epidromis'' Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of '' Labiostrombus epidromis'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Strombus erythrinus'' is a synonym for '' Canarium erythrinum'' Dillwyn, 1817
* ''Strombus fasciatus'' Born, 1778: synonym of '' Persististrombus latus'' (Gmelin, 1791)
* ''Strombus fusiformis'' is a synonym for '' Canarium fusiforme'' Sowerby, 1842
* ''Strombus galeatus'' Swainson, 1823: synonym of '' Titanostrombus galeatus'' (Swainson, 1823)
* ''Strombus gallus'' Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of '' Aliger gallus'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Strombus gibberulus'' Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of '' Gibberulus gibberulus'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Strombus gigas'' is a synonym for ''Eustrombus gigas'' L., 1758
* ''Strombus guidoi'' Man in t'Veld & De Turck, 1998: synonym of ''Laevistrombus canarium guidoi'' (Man in 't Veld & De Turck, 1998)
* ''Strombus goliath'' Schröter, 1805 : synonym of '' Lobatus goliath'' (Schröter, 1805)
* ''Strombus haemastoma'' Sowerby, 1842: synonym of '' Canarium haemastoma'' (Sowerby II, 1842)
* ''Strombus hickeyi'' Willan, 2000: synonym of '' Dolomena hickeyi'' (Willan, 2000)
* ''Strombus inermis'' Swainson, 1822 : synonym of '' Lobatus costatus'' (Gmelin, 1791)
* ''Strombus integer'' Swainson, 1823 : synonym of '' Lobatus costatus'' (Gmelin, 1791)
* ''Strombus jeffersonia'' Van Hyning, 1945 : synonym of '' Lobatus costatus'' (Gmelin, 1791)
* ''Strombus labiatus'' is a synonym for '' Canarium labiatum'' Röding, 1798
* ''Strombus labiosus'' Gray in Wood, 1828: synonym of '' Dolomena labiosa'' (Wood, 1828)
* ''Strombus latus'' Gmelin, 1791: synonym of '' Persististrombus latus'' (Gmelin, 1791)
* ''Strombus lentiginosus'' Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of '' Lentigo lentiginosus'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Strombus listeri'' Gray, 1852: synonym of '' Mirabilistrombus listeri'' (Gray, 1852)
* ''Strombus luhuanus'' Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of '' Conomurex luhuanus'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Strombus magolecciai'' Macsotay & Villarroel, 2001: synonym of ''Lobatus magolecciai'' (Macsotay & Campos, 2001)
*'' Strombus marginatus'' C. Linnaeus, 1758 : synonym of '' Margistrombus marginatus'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Strombus mutabilis'' Swainson, 1821: synonym of '' Canarium mutabile'' (Swainson, 1821)
* ''Strombus oldi'' Emerson, 1965: synonym of '' Tricornis oldi'' (Emerson, 1965)
* ''Strombus persicus'' (Swainson, 1821): synonym of '' Conomurex persicus'' (Swainson, 1821)
* ''Strombus plicatus'' Röding, 1798: synonym of '' Dolomena plicata'' (Röding, 1798)
* ''Strombus sinuatus'' Humphrey, 1786: synonym of '' Sinustrombus sinuatus'' ( ightfoot 1786)
* ''Strombus terebellatus'' Sowerby, 1842: synonym of '' Terestrombus terebellatus'' (G.B. Sowerby II, 1842)
* ''Strombus tricornis'' (Humphrey, 1786): synonym of '' Tricornis tricornis'' (Lightfoot, 1786)
* ''Strombus urceus'' Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of '' Canarium urceus'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Strombus ustulatus'' (Schumacher, 1817): synonym of Canarium urceus urseus (Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Strombus variabilis'' Swainson, 1820: synonym of '' Dolomena variabilis'' (Swainson, 1820)
* ''Strombus wilsoni'' Abbott, 1967: synonym of '' Canarium wilsonorum'' (Abbott, 1967)
* ''Strombus wilsonorum'' Abbott, 1967: synonym of '' Canarium wilsonorum'' (Abbott, 1967)
* ''Strombus yerburyi'' E. A. Smith, 1891: synonym of ''Dolomena plicata yerburyi'' (E. A. Smith, 1891)
* ''Strombus zonatus'' Wood, 1828: synonym of '' Cerithium zonatum'' (W. Wood, 1828)

See also

* Conch

References

External links

{{Taxonbar, from=Q858772

Strombidae
Extant Berriasian first appearances
Berriasian genus first appearances