Hereford String Orchestra Spring Concert 2010

A string orchestra is an

orchestra An orchestra (; ) is a large instrumental ensemble typical of classical music, which combines instruments from different families. There are typically four main sections of instruments: * bowed string instruments, such as the violin, viola, c ...

consisting solely of a string section made up of the bowed strings used in Western Classical music. The instruments of such an orchestra are most often the following: the

violin The violin, sometimes known as a '' fiddle'', is a wooden chordophone ( string instrument) in the violin family. Most violins have a hollow wooden body. It is the smallest and thus highest-pitched instrument ( soprano) in the family in regu ...

, which is divided into first and second violin players (each usually playing different parts), the viola, the

cello The cello ( ; plural ''celli'' or ''cellos'') or violoncello ( ; ) is a bowed (sometimes plucked and occasionally hit) string instrument of the violin family. Its four strings are usually tuned in perfect fifths: from low to high, C2, G2, ...

, and usually, but not always, the

double bass The double bass (), also known simply as the bass () (or #Terminology, by other names), is the largest and lowest-pitched Bow (music), bowed (or plucked) string instrument in the modern orchestra, symphony orchestra (excluding unorthodox addit ...

. String orchestras can be of chamber orchestra size ranging from between 12 (4 first violins, 3 second violins, 2 violas, 2 cellos and 1 bass = 12) and 21 musicians (6 first violins, 5 second violins, 4 violas, 4 cellos and 2 double basses= 21) sometimes performing without a conductor. It could also consist of the entire string section of a large symphony orchestra which could have 60 musicians (16 first violins, 14 second violins, 12 violas, 10 cellos and 8 double basses = 60; '' Gurre-Lieder'' calls for 84: 20.20.16.16.12).

Repertoire

The repertoire includes several works by Mozart (including '' Eine kleine Nachtmusik''),

William Boyce William Boyce may refer to: * William Boyce (composer) (1711–1779), English-born composer and Master of the King's Musick * William Binnington Boyce (1804–1889), English-born philologist and clergyman, active in Australia *William Waters Boyce ...

(his eight symphonies are for strings only), and Haydn which dispense with the

baroque The Baroque (, ; ) is a style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished in Europe from the early 17th century until the 1750s. In the territories of the Spanish and Portuguese empires including ...

basso continuo. Some of these works are problematic when it comes to deciding whether they are for orchestra or

string quartet The term string quartet can refer to either a type of musical composition or a group of four people who play them. Many composers from the mid-18th century onwards wrote string quartets. The associated musical ensemble consists of two violinist ...

. Particularly in Haydn's early works it is argued that the inversions of harmony from the occasional crossings of the bass and viola line imply a double bass; the question is not settled, however. Important 20th century works have been written for string orchestra by Bartók ( Divertimento for String Orchestra), Stravinsky (''

Apollo Apollo, grc, Ἀπόλλωνος, Apóllōnos, label=genitive , ; , grc-dor, Ἀπέλλων, Apéllōn, ; grc, Ἀπείλων, Apeílōn, label=Arcadocypriot Greek, ; grc-aeo, Ἄπλουν, Áploun, la, Apollō, la, Apollinis, label= ...

''), Witold Lutosławski ('' Musique funèbre''),

Benjamin Britten Edward Benjamin Britten, Baron Britten (22 November 1913 – 4 December 1976, aged 63) was an English composer, conductor, and pianist. He was a central figure of 20th-century British music, with a range of works including opera, other ...

('' Simple Symphony'' and '' Variations on a Theme of Frank Bridge''), Charles Wuorinen (''Grand Bamboula''), and Malcolm Williamson ( Symphony No. 7). Sir Michael Tippett wrote a '' Concerto for Double String Orchestra'' and

Ralph Vaughan Williams Ralph Vaughan Williams, (; 12 October 1872– 26 August 1958) was an English composer. His works include operas, ballets, chamber music, secular and religious vocal pieces and orchestral compositions including nine symphonies, written over ...

wrote a ''Partita for Double String Orchestra''. Composers who have written a

Serenade In music, a serenade (; also sometimes called a serenata, from the Italian) is a musical composition or performance delivered in honor of someone or something. Serenades are typically calm, light pieces of music. The term comes from the Itali ...

for string orchestra include Tchaikovsky, Dvořák, Suk and Elgar. Mendelssohn, in his youth, also wrote thirteen symphonies for string orchestra. Sometimes works originally written for string quartet, quintet, sextet etc. are arranged for string orchestra. Samuel Barber's '' Adagio for Strings'', Alban Berg's 3 Pieces from his ''Lyric Suite'',

Arnold Schoenberg Arnold Schoenberg or Schönberg (, ; ; 13 September 187413 July 1951) was an Austrian-American composer, music theorist, teacher, writer, and painter. He is widely considered one of the most influential composers of the 20th century. He was as ...

's string sextet '' Verklärte Nacht'' and String Quartet No. 2,

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky , group=n ( ; 7 May 1840 – 6 November 1893) was a Russian composer of the Romantic period. He was the first Russian composer whose music would make a lasting impression internationally. He wrote some of the most popu ...

's sextet ''

Souvenir de Florence The String Sextet in D minor "''Souvenir de Florence''", Op. 70, is a string sextet scored for 2 violins, 2 violas, and 2 cellos composed in the summer of 1890 by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. Tchaikovsky dedicated the work to the St. Petersburg Cham ...

'',

John Corigliano John Paul Corigliano Jr. (born February 16, 1938) is an American composer of contemporary classical music. His scores, now numbering over one hundred, have won him the Pulitzer Prize, five Grammy Awards, Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition, an ...

's Second String Quartet and

Jean Sibelius Jean Sibelius ( ; ; born Johan Julius Christian Sibelius; 8 December 186520 September 1957) was a Finnish composer of the late Romantic and early-modern periods. He is widely regarded as his country's greatest composer, and his music is often ...

's ''

Andante Festivo ''Andante Festivo'' () is a single-movement composition by Jean Sibelius, originally scored for string quartet in 1922. In 1938, the composer rescored the piece for string orchestra and timpani. On 1 January 1939 Sibelius conducted his compositio ...

'' are examples. An optional timpani part is also added in the Sibelius piece. The work '' Shaker Loops'' written in 1978 for septet then arranged in 1983 for string orchestra by the American composer

John Adams John Adams (October 30, 1735 – July 4, 1826) was an American statesman, attorney, diplomat, writer, and Founding Fathers of the United States, Founding Father who served as the second president of the United States from 1797 to 1801. Befor ...

has become a popular addition to the repertoire in recent times.

Graham Waterhouse Graham Waterhouse (born 2 November 1962) is an English composer and cellist who specializes in chamber music. He has composed a cello concerto, '' Three Pieces for Solo Cello'' and '' Variations for Cello Solo'' for his own instrument, and stri ...

composed several works for string orchestra (''Sinfonietta''), also in combination with contrasting sounds as Great Highland Bagpipe ('' Chieftain's Salute'').

Works for string orchestra

*Giovanni Albini: ''Una teoria della prossimità'' (2006) *

Louis Andriessen Louis Joseph Andriessen (; 6 June 1939 – 1 July 2021) was a Dutch composer, pianist and academic teacher. Considered the most influential Dutch composer of his generation, he was a central proponent of The Hague school of composition. Althoug ...

: ''Symphony for Open Strings'' * Lera Auerbach: **String Symphony "Memoria de la Luz" (2013) **Serenade for a Melancholic Sea for violin, violoncello, piano and string orchestra (2002) ** Dialogues of Stabat Mater (after G.B. Pergolesi) for violin, viola, vibraphone and string orchestra (2005) *

Maciej Bałenkowski Maciej (Polish pronunciation: ) is a Polish given name, the etymological equivalent of Matthias. Its diminutive forms are Maciek, Maciuś. Namedays according to Polish calendar: 30 January, 24 February, 14 May Maciej may refer to: Arts and e ...

: **Sinfonietta no. 1 "Time is ticking" for string orchestra (2013/2014) **Sinfonietta no. 2 "Polonia" - hommage à Wojciech Kilar for string orchestra (2017/2018) **"Farewell" for string orchestra (2016) * Granville Bantock: ''Celtic Symphony'' for string orchestra and six harps * Samuel Barber: '' Adagio for Strings'' *

Béla Bartók Béla Viktor János Bartók (; ; 25 March 1881 – 26 September 1945) was a Hungarian composer, pianist, and ethnomusicologist. He is considered one of the most important composers of the 20th century; he and Franz Liszt are regarded as Hu ...

: Divertimento for String Orchestra **Romanian Dances for String Orchestra * Mason Bates: '' Icarian Rhapsody'' (1999) *

Jeremy Beck Jeremy Beck (born 1960) is an American composer who "knows the importance of embracing the past while also going his own way." The critic Mark Sebastian Jordan has said that "Beck was committed to tonality and a recognizable musical vernacular l ...

: ''Sinfonietta'' (2000) * Alan Belkin: ''Adagio Symphonique'' (2002) *

Luciano Berio Luciano Berio (24 October 1925 – 27 May 2003) was an Italian composer noted for his experimental work (in particular his 1968 composition ''Sinfonia'' and his series of virtuosic solo pieces titled ''Sequenza''), and for his pioneering work ...

: ''Notturno'' (1995) * Leonard Bernstein: '' Serenade for Solo Violin, Strings, Harp and Percussion after Plato's "Symposium"'' *

Judith Bingham Judith Bingham (born 21 June 1952) is an English composer and mezzo-soprano singer. Life Bingham was born on 21 June 1952, in Nottingham. Her parents are Jack Bingham and Peggy Bingham (née McGowan). She was educated at High Storrs Grammar S ...

: ''The Hythe'' (2012) *

Georges Bizet Georges Bizet (; 25 October 18383 June 1875) was a French composer of the Romantic music, Romantic era. Best known for his operas in a career cut short by his early death, Bizet achieved few successes before his final work, ''Carmen'', whi ...

: ''Adagietto,'' L'Arlesienne Suite No. 1 (1872) *

Ernest Bloch Ernest Bloch (July 24, 1880 – July 15, 1959) was a Swiss-born American composer. Bloch was a preeminent artist in his day, and left a lasting legacy. He is recognized as one of the greatest Swiss composers in history. As well as producing music ...

: ''Concerto Grosso'' No. 2 * Nimrod Borenstein **In the night opus 48 (2007) **In the morning opus 51 (2008) **Symphony for strings opus 68 (2014) **Suspended opus 69 (2014) **Yodit opus 82 (2018) * Pierre Boulez: Livre pour cordes * Frank Bridge: ''Lament'' (1915) *

: '' Simple Symphony'' * Stephen Brown: **''The Carol Suite'' (1993) **''Sunrise Serenade'' (2001) **''On the Idle Hill of Summer'' (2002) *

John Cage John Milton Cage Jr. (September 5, 1912 – August 12, 1992) was an American composer and music theorist. A pioneer of indeterminacy in music, electroacoustic music, and non-standard use of musical instruments, Cage was one of the leading f ...

: ''Twenty-Three'' (for violins, violas, and cellos) Additionally, many of Cage's indeterminate scores could be arranged for string orchestra. * Carlos Chávez: Symphony No. 5 * Nigel Clarke: ''The Miraculous Violin'' *

Anna Clyne Anna Clyne (born 9 March 1980, in London) is an English composer, now resident in New York, US. She has worked in both acoustic music and electro-acoustic music. Biography Clyne began writing music as a child, completing her first composition a ...

: **''

Within Her Arms ''Within Her Arms'' is a composition for string orchestra by the British-born composer Anna Clyne. The work was commissioned by the conductor Esa-Pekka Salonen and the Los Angeles Philharmonic. It was first performed April 7, 2009 at the Walt Dis ...

'' (2009) **'' Prince of Clouds'' (2012) * Paul Creston: ''Gregorian Chant for String Orchestra'' (1936) *

Tansy Davies Tansy Davies (born 29 May 1973, Bristol) is an English composer of contemporary classical music. She won the BBC Young Composers' Competition in 1996 and has written works for ensembles such as the London Symphony Orchestra, the BBC Symphony Orc ...

: ''Residuum'' * David Diamond: ''Rounds for String Orchestra'' (1944) * Avner Dorman: Concerto Grosso (2002–2003) * Andrew Douglass: Piece For Strings (''Flight To Tasman'') * Antonín Dvořák: Serenade for String Orchestra in E major, Op.22 *

Edward Elgar Sir Edward William Elgar, 1st Baronet, (; 2 June 1857 – 23 February 1934) was an English composer, many of whose works have entered the British and international classical concert repertoire. Among his best-known compositions are orchestr ...

: **'' Introduction and Allegro for Strings'' (1905) ** Serenade for Strings *Zoran Erić: ''Cartoon for Strings'' * Irving Fine: ''Serious Song: A Lament for String Orchestra'' (1955) * Gerald Finzi: Romance, Op. 11 (1928) * Arthur Foote: Suite in E major for String Orchestra, Op. 63 (1909) *

Alberto Ginastera Alberto Evaristo Ginastera (; April 11, 1916June 25, 1983) was an Argentinian composer of classical music. He is considered to be one of the most important 20th-century classical composers of the Americas. Biography Ginastera was born in Buenos ...

: ''Concerto per corde'', Op. 33 (originally written for string quartet then arranged for string orchestra) * Philip Glass: film score for ''The Hours'' (large string orchestra plus piano soloist) * Henryk Gorecki: Three Pieces in Old Style (1963) * Edvard Grieg: ''

Holberg Suite The ''Holberg Suite'', Op. 40, more properly ''From Holberg's Time'' (Norwegian: ''Fra Holbergs tid''), subtitled "Suite in olden style" ( no, Suite i gammel stil, links=no, italics=no), is a suite of five movements based on eighteenth-century ...

'' (originally written for piano then arranged for string orchestra) * Stefans Grové: Elegy for Strings (1948) * Mark Gustavson: ''Hymn to the Vanished'' (2001) * Karl Amadeus Hartmann: Symphony No. 4 * Victor Herbert: Serenade for Strings * Alfred Hill: String Symphonies * Gustav Holst: **''

St Paul's Suite ''St Paul's Suite'' in C major ( Op. 29, No. 2), originally titled simply Suite in C, is a popular work for string orchestra by the English composer Gustav Holst. Finished in 1913, but not published until 1922 due to revisions, it takes its name ...

'' (1912) **'' Brook Green Suite'' (1933) **''

A Moorside Suite ''A Moorside Suite'' (H.173) is a work for brass band by the English composer Gustav Holst. It was commissioned by the BBC and the National Brass Band Festival Committee in 1927 for the final of the 1928 National Brass Band Championships of Grea ...

'' (1928) *

Arthur Honegger Arthur Honegger (; 10 March 1892 – 27 November 1955) was a Swiss composer who was born in France and lived a large part of his life in Paris. A member of Les Six, his best known work is probably ''Antigone'', composed between 1924 and 1927 t ...

: Symphony No. 2 *

Alan Hovhaness Alan Hovhaness (; March 8, 1911 – June 21, 2000) was an American- Armenian composer. He was one of the most prolific 20th-century composers, with his official catalog comprising 67 numbered symphonies (surviving manuscripts indicate over 70) a ...

: Symphony No. 31 (1976–77) *

Ketil Hvoslef Ketil is a Norwegian masculine given name, and may refer to: * Ketil Askildt (1900-1978), Norwegian discus thrower * Ketil Bjørnstad (born 1952), Norwegian pianist * Ketil Flatnose (9th century), Norwegian hersir * Ketil Haugsand (21st centur ...

: Serenata for Strings * Charles Ives: ''The Call of the Mountains'' (arranged by Jonathan Dore from the String Quartet No. 2) *Stephen Jablonsky: ''String Thing'' (2018) A serenade in six movements **''The Old Man and the Sea'' (2018) **''Arirang'' (2008) * Karl Jenkins: ''Palladio'' (1996) *David Johnstone: more than 20 published works for string orchestra * Paul Juon: Five Pieces for String Orchestra, op.16 * Vasily Kalinnikov: Serenade for Strings in G minor * Mieczyslaw Karlowicz: Serenade for Strings Op. 2 (1897) *

Nigel Keay Nigel Keay (born 1955) is a New Zealand composer. He has been a freelance musician since 1983 working as a composer, violist, and violin teacher. Nigel Keay has held the following composer residencies: Mozart Fellowship, University of Otago 1986 ...

: Serenade for Strings * Uuno Klami: Suite for String Orchestra (1937) * Sophie Lacaze: ** ''Y aparece el sol'' (2017) for flute, didgeridoo and string orchestra ** ''Immobilité sérieuse I'' (2013) for piano and string orchestra * Kenneth Leighton: ** Symphony for Strings, Op. 3 (1948-49) ** Concerto for String Orchestra, Op. 39 (1960-61) * Elizabeth Maconchy: Symphony for Double String Orchestra (1952–53) * Gustav Mahler: Adagietto from Symphony No. 5. * Gian Francesco Malipiero: Symphony No. 6 "Degli Archi" (1947) * Andrew March: Sanguis Venenatus (Tainted Blood) Elegy for Strings (200

*

Bohuslav Martinů Bohuslav Jan Martinů (; December 8, 1890 – August 28, 1959) was a Czech composer of modern classical music. He wrote 6 symphonies, 15 operas, 14 ballet scores and a large body of orchestral, chamber, vocal and instrumental works. He be ...

: '' Double Concerto for Two String Orchestras, Piano, and Timpani'' * Nicholas Maw: ''Life Studies'' * Felix Mendelssohn: ** 13 String Symphonies ** Concerto for Violin and Strings * Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: ** Three Concertos for Piano and Strings in D major, G major and E major, K. 107 (1771 or 1765) ** Divertimento No. 1 for Strings in D major, K. 136/125a (1772) ** Divertimento No. 2 for Strings in B major, K. 137/125b (1772) ** Divertimento No. 3 for Strings in F major, K. 138/125c (1772) ** '' Eine kleine Nachtmusik'' (1787) * Lior Navok: ''Between Two Coasts'' * Ștefan Niculescu: ''Formants'' (1967), for 17 solo strings * Robert Paterson: **''Suite for String Orchestra'' (2011) **''I See You'' (for String Orchestra and Recording) (2015) * Vincent Persichetti: Symphony No. 5 *

Allan Pettersson Gustaf Allan Pettersson (19 September 1911 – 20 June 1980) was a Swedish composer and violist. He is considered one of the 20th century's most important Swedish composers, he was described as one of the last great symphonists, ...

: **Concerto No. 1 (1949–50) **Concerto No. 2 (1956) **Concerto No. 3 (1956–57) *

Ottorino Respighi Ottorino Respighi ( , , ; 9 July 187918 April 1936) was an Italian composer, violinist, teacher, and musicologist and one of the leading Italian composers of the early 20th century. His compositions range over operas, ballets, orchestral su ...

: '' Ancient Airs and Dances, Suite No. 3'' (1932) * Carl Ruggles: ''Portals'' * Aulis Sallinen: ''Aspects of the Funeral March of Hintriki Peltoniemi'' (originally written for string quartet then arranged for string orchestra) *

Esa-Pekka Salonen Esa-Pekka Salonen (; born 30 June 1958) is a Finnish orchestral conductor and composer. He is principal conductor and artistic advisor of the Philharmonia Orchestra in London, conductor laureate of the Los Angeles Philharmonic, and music di ...

: '' Stockholm Diary'' (2004) *

: '' Verklärte Nacht'' or ''Transfigured Night'' (1899) (originally written for string sextet then arranged for string orchestra) * Franz Schreker: Scherzo for String Orchestra (1900) **Intermezzo for String Orchestra (Opus 8, 1900) * William Schuman: Symphony No. 5 *

: ''

'' for strings and timpani * Richard St. Clair Symphony for String Orchestra * Richard Strauss: '' Metamorphosen'' for 23 solo strings * Igor Stravinsky: ** Concerto in D (1946) **'' Apollon Musagète'' (1927–1928), ballet for string orchestra * Josef Suk: Serenade for Strings, op. 6 (1892) *

William Susman William Joseph Susman (born August 29, 1960) is an American composer of concert and film music and a pianist. He has written orchestral and chamber music as well as documentary film scores. Music Susman's music is inspired by Afro-Cuban montuño ...

: **''Zydeco Madness'' **''Angels of Light'' * Tōru Takemitsu: ''Requiem'' (1957) **"A Way a Lone II" (1981) *

: Serenade for Strings in C major, Op. 48 *Dimitri Tchesnokov: ''Réminiscence d'après la symphonie pour cordes'' * Michael Tippett: **Concerto for Double String Orchestra **''Corelli Fantasia'' **''Little Music for Strings'' *Robin Toan: ''dans la nuit'' (2006) * Joan Trimble: "Suite for Strings" (1951) * Peteris Vasks: **''Cantabile'' (1979) **''Musica Dolorosa'' (1984) *

: **'' Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis'' **''

Five Variants of Dives and Lazarus ''Five Variants of Dives and Lazarus'' is a work for harp and string orchestra by Ralph Vaughan Williams. The composition is based on the folk tune "Dives and Lazarus", one of the folk songs quoted in Vaughan Williams' ''English Folk Song Suite'' ...

'' ** Concerto Grosso * Heitor Villa-Lobos: ''Bachianas Brasileiras No.9'' * Carl Vine: ''Smith's Alchemy'' * Claude Vivier: ''

Zipangu The word ''Japan'' is an exonym, and is used (in one form or another) by many languages. The Japanese names for Japan are Nippon () and Nihon (). They are both written in Japanese using the kanji . During the third-century CE Three Kingdoms peri ...

'' (1980) * Julian Wagstaff: ''Treptow'' for String Orchestra (2005) * George Walker: '' Lyric for Strings'' (1946) * William Walton: Sonata for Strings *

Robert Ward Robert Ward may refer to: Politicians *Robert Ward (MP for City of York) * Robert Ward (1754–1831), Irish MP for Wicklow Borough, Killyleagh and Bangor * Robert Ward (American politician) (1952–2021), American lawyer and politician * Robert Wa ...

: ''Concertino for String Orchestra'' (originally written for string quartet then arranged for string orchestra) *

: **'' Celtic Voices and Hale Bopp'' (1995, 1997) **Sinfonietta (2002) *Anthony Watson: ''Prelude and Allegro for Strings'' (1960) * Malcolm Williamson: **''Epitaphs for Edith Sitwell'' (1966/72) **''Ode for Queen Elizabeth'' (1980) **''Lento for Strings'' (1985) *

Dag Wirén Dag Ivar Wirén (15 October 1905 – 19 April 1986) was a Swedish composer. Life Wirén was born at Striberg near Nora. His father had a roller blind factory, and there were various musical activities in the family home; he took piano lessons ...

: ''Serenade for Strings'' * John Woolrich: **''Blue Drowning'' (2005) **''It is Midnight Dr. Schweitzer'' **''To the Silver Bow'', double concerto for viola, double bass and strings (2014) **'' Ulysses Awakes'' * Charles Wuorinen: ''Grand Bamboula'' * Iannis Xenakis: '' Pithoprakta'' for 46 strings, 2 trombones, wood block and xylophone. *

Takashi Yoshimatsu is a Japanese classical music composer. He is well known for composing the 2003 remake of ''Astro Boy''. Biography Yoshimatsu was born and raised in Yoyogi, Tokyo. He did not receive formal musical training while growing up. Yoshimatsu was a fa ...

: ''Threnody to Toki'' for Piano and String Orchestra (1980) *

Đuro Živković Đuro Živković, also rendered as Djuro Zivkovic ( Serbian Cyrillic: Ђуро Живковић; born 1975), is a Serbian-Swedish composer and violinist. He has lived in Stockholm, Sweden, since 2000. Biography Živković was born in Belgrade, w ...

: **''Serenade'' (2002) **''PSALM XIII'' (2014) * Ellen Taaffe Zwilich: **''Partita'' (Violin Concerto No. 2) for Violin and String Orchestra (2000) **''Commedia dell'arte'' (Violin Concerto No. 3) for Violin and String Orchestra (2012) **''Prologue and Variations'' (1983)

Instrumentation

Violin The violin, sometimes known as a '' fiddle'', is a wooden chordophone ( string instrument) in the violin family. Most violins have a hollow wooden body. It is the smallest and thus highest-pitched instrument ( soprano) in the family in regu ...

(1,2) * Viola *

Cello The cello ( ; plural ''celli'' or ''cellos'') or violoncello ( ; ) is a bowed (sometimes plucked and occasionally hit) string instrument of the violin family. Its four strings are usually tuned in perfect fifths: from low to high, C2, G2, ...

Double bass The double bass (), also known simply as the bass () (or #Terminology, by other names), is the largest and lowest-pitched Bow (music), bowed (or plucked) string instrument in the modern orchestra, symphony orchestra (excluding unorthodox addit ...

References

{{Authority control Types of musical groups Orchestras