Streptophyta (), informally the streptophytes (, from the

Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...

''strepto'' 'twisted', for the morphology of the sperm of some members), is a

clade A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English ter ...

plant Plants are predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae. Historically, the plant kingdom encompassed all living things that were not animals, and included algae and fungi; however, all current definitions of Plantae excl ...

s. The composition of the clade varies considerably between authors, but the definition employed here includes land plants and all green algae except the Chlorophyta and the more basal Prasinodermophyta.

Classifications

The composition of Streptophyta and similar groups (Streptophytina, Charophyta) varies in each classification. Some authors are more restrictive, including only the Charales and Embryophyta (e.g., Streptophyta Jeffrey 1967; Adl et al. 2012, Streptophytina Lewis & McCourt 2004), others include more groups (e.g., Charophyta Lewis & McCourt 2004; Karol et al. 2009; Adl et al. 2012, Streptophyta Bremer, 1985; de Reviers 2002; Leliaert et al. 2012, Streptobionta Kenrick & Crane 1997; some authors use this broader definition, but exclude the Embryophyta, e.g., Charophyta Cavalier-Smith 1993; Leliaert et al. 2012, Charophyceae Mattox & Stewart, 1984, Streptophycophytes de Reviers, 2002). The organism, streptophyta, includes both unicellular and multicellular organisms. All living green plants belong to the major phylums including Streptophyta and chlorophyta. The Streptophyta phylum contains the charophyte green algae in freshwater habitat and also all land plants. Another thing about streptophyta is that this organism reproduces sexually by conjugation. There is another organism that is very similar to streptophyta is the Mesostigma viride organism and it is a green flagellate. Streptophyta include the charophycean lineage along with bryophytes and tracheophytes. Bryophytes are land plants that include liverworts, hornworts and mosses, and tracheophytes are vascular plants. The organism, streptophyta, was also found in Bahia, Brazil, and is characterized by having cell walls composed of a single unit, without pores or other ornamentations. The phylum Streptophyta comprises all land plants and six monophyletic groups of charophycean green algae. These earlier classifications have not taken into account that the Coleochaetophyceae and the Zygnemophyceae appear to have emerged in the

Charophyceae Charophyceae is a class of charophyte green algae. AlgaeBase places it in division Charophyta. Extant (living) species are placed in a single order Charales, commonly known as "stoneworts" and "brittleworts". Fossil members of the class may be p ...

Embryophyta The Embryophyta (), or land plants, are the most familiar group of green plants that comprise vegetation on Earth. Embryophytes () have a common ancestor with green algae, having emerged within the Phragmoplastophyta clade of green algae as siste ...

clade, resulting in the synonymy of the

Phragmoplastophyta The Phragmoplastophyta (Lecointre & Guyader 2006) are a proposed sister clade of the Klebsormidiaceae in the Streptophyte/Charophyte clade. The Phragmoplastophyta consist of the Charophycaea and another unnamed clade which contains the Coleochae ...

and Streptophytina/Streptophyta sensu stricto (a.k.a. Adl 2012) nomenclature.

Jeffrey, 1967

* Streptophyta ** Charales **

Lewis & McCourt 2004

* Division Charophyta (charophyte algae and embryophytes) ** Class Mesostigmatophyceae (mesostigmatophytes) ** Class Chlorokybophyceae (chlorokybophytes) ** Class Klebsormidiophyceae (klebsormidiophytes) ** Class Zygnemophyceae (conjugates) *** Order Zygnematales (filamentous conjugates and saccoderm desmids) *** Order Desmidiales (placoderm desmids) ** Class Coleochaetophyceae (coleochaetophytes) *** Order Coleochaetales ** Subdivision Streptophytina *** Class

(same as the

Smith system A system of taxonomy of the cryptogams, the Smith system was published in : Smith, G.M. (1938)''Cryptogamic Botany'', vol. 1 Algae and fungi. McGraw-Hill, New York. :Smith, G.M. (1955)''Cryptogamic Botany'', vol. 2 Bryophytes and pteridophytes. 2n ...

, 1938) **** Order Charales (charophytes sensu stricto) *** Class

Embryophyceae The Embryophyta (), or land plants, are the most familiar group of green plants that comprise vegetation on Earth. Embryophytes () have a common ancestor with green algae, having emerged within the Phragmoplastophyta clade of green algae as siste ...

(embryophytes)

Leliaert ''et al''. 2012

*Streptophyta ** charophytes *** Mesostigmatophyceae *** Chlorokybophyceae *** Klebsormidiophyceae ***

*** Zygnematophyceae *** Coleochaetophyceae **

(land plants)

Adl ''et al''. 2012

Archaeplastida The Archaeplastida (or kingdom Plantae '' sensu lato'' "in a broad sense"; pronounced /ɑːrkɪ'plastɪdə/) are a major group of eukaryotes, comprising the photoautotrophic red algae (Rhodophyta), green algae, land plants, and the minor gr ...

Adl et al. 2005 ** Chloroplastida Adl et al. 2005 (

Viridiplantae Viridiplantae (literally "green plants") are a clade of eukaryotic organisms that comprise approximately 450,000–500,000 species and play important roles in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. They are made up of the green algae, which ar ...

Cavalier-Smith 1981) *** Chlorophyta Pascher 1914, emend. Lewis & McCourt 2004 *** Charophyta Migula 1897, emend. Karol et al. 2009 (

Smith 1938, Mattox & Stewart 1984) **** ''

Chlorokybus ''Chlorokybus'' is a multicellular (sarcinoid) genus of basal green algae or charophyte, a soil alga Algae (; singular alga ) is an informal term for a large and diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. It is a polyphyletic gro ...

'' Geitler 1942 **** ''

Mesostigma ''Mesostigma'' is a genus of freshwater green algae, with a single species ''Mesostigma viride''. , AlgaeBase classified it as the only genus in the family Mesostigmataceae, the only family in the order Mesostigmatales, the only order in the clas ...

'' Lauterborn 1894 **** Klebsormidiophyceae van den Hoek et al. 1995 ****

Lecointre & Guyander 2006 ***** Zygnematophyceae van den Hoek et al. 1995, emend. Hall et al. 2009 ***** Coleochaetophyceae Jeffrey 1982 ***** Streptophyta Jeffrey 1967 ******

Smith 1938, emend. Karol et al. 2009 ( Charales Lindley 1836; Charophytae Engler 1887) ******

Engler 1886, emend. Lewis & McCourt 2004 (Cormophyta Endlicher 1836;

Plantae Plants are predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae. Historically, the plant kingdom encompassed all living things that were not animals, and included algae and fungi; however, all current definitions of Plantae exclude ...

Haeckel 1866) **

Adl ''et al''. 2019

Adl et al. 2005 ** Chloroplastida Adl et al. 2005 (

Cavalier-Smith 1981) *** Phylum Streptophyta Charophyta/nowiki>.html" ;"title="Charophyta.html" ;"title="nowiki/> Charophyta/nowiki>">Charophyta.html"_;"title="nowiki/>Charophyta">Charophyta/nowiki> ****_Chlorokybus_atmophyticus ****_Mesostigma_viridae ****Family_Klebsomidiophyceae ****_Class_Phragmoplastophyta *****_Family_Zygnemataceae *****_Order_Coleochaetophyceae *****_Family_Characeae *****_Kingdom_Embryophyta Please_note_the_taxonomic_name_system_inconsistency_of_the_Kingdom_in_Class_classification.

_Phylogeny

Below_is_a_reconstruction_of_Streptophyta_relationships,_based_on_genomic_data.

__References_

*Bremer,_K._(1985)_Summary_of_green_plant_phylogeny_and_classification._Cladistics_1:369-385. * *

_External_links

The_plant_tree_of_life:_an_overview_and_some_points_of_viewThe_closest_land_plants_relatives
{{Taxonbar.html" ;"title="Charophyta">Charophyta/nowiki>">Charophyta.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Charophyta">Charophyta/nowiki> **** Chlorokybus atmophyticus **** Mesostigma viridae ****Family Klebsomidiophyceae **** Class Phragmoplastophyta ***** Family Zygnemataceae ***** Order Coleochaetophyceae ***** Family Characeae ***** Kingdom Embryophyta Please note the taxonomic name system inconsistency of the Kingdom in Class classification.

Phylogeny

Below is a reconstruction of Streptophyta relationships, based on genomic data.

References

*Bremer, K. (1985) Summary of green plant phylogeny and classification. Cladistics 1:369-385. * *

External links

The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of viewThe closest land plants relatives
{{Taxonbar">from=Q133527 Green algae Infrakingdoms