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In
mathematics Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics ...
, a stopped process is a
stochastic process In probability theory and related fields, a stochastic () or random process is a mathematical object usually defined as a family of random variables. Stochastic processes are widely used as mathematical models of systems and phenomena that ap ...
that is forced to assume the same value after a prescribed (possibly random) time.


Definition

Let * (\Omega, \mathcal, \mathbb) be a
probability space In probability theory, a probability space or a probability triple (\Omega, \mathcal, P) is a mathematical construct that provides a formal model of a random process or "experiment". For example, one can define a probability space which models t ...
; * (\mathbb, \mathcal) be a
measurable space In mathematics, a measurable space or Borel space is a basic object in measure theory. It consists of a set and a σ-algebra, which defines the subsets that will be measured. Definition Consider a set X and a σ-algebra \mathcal A on X. Then the ...
; * X : ,_+_\infty)_\times_\Omega_\to_\mathbb_be_a_stochastic_process; *_\tau_:_\Omega_\to_
,_+_\infty)_\times_\Omega_\to_\mathbb_be_a_stochastic_process; *_\tau_:_\Omega_\to_[0,_+_\infty/math>_be_a_stopping_rule">stopping_time_ In_probability_theory,_in_particular_in_the_study_of_stochastic_processes,_a_stopping_time_(also_Markov_time,_Markov_moment,_optional_stopping_time_or_optional_time_)_is_a_specific_type_of_“random_time”:_a_random_variable_whose_value_is_inter_...
_with_respect_to_some_
,_+_\infty)_\times_\Omega_\to_\mathbb_be_a_stochastic_process; *_\tau_:_\Omega_\to_[0,_+_\infty/math>_be_a_stopping_rule">stopping_time_ In_probability_theory,_in_particular_in_the_study_of_stochastic_processes,_a_stopping_time_(also_Markov_time,_Markov_moment,_optional_stopping_time_or_optional_time_)_is_a_specific_type_of_“random_time”:_a_random_variable_whose_value_is_inter_...
_with_respect_to_some_filtration_(abstract_algebra)">filtration_ Filtration_is_a_physical__separation_process_that_separates_solid_matter_and__fluid_from_a_mixture_using_a_''filter_medium''_that_has_a_complex_structure_through_which_only_the_fluid_can_pass._Solid_particles_that_cannot_pass_through_the_filter_...
_\_of_\mathcal. Then_the_stopped_process_X^_is_defined_for_t_\geq_0_and_\omega_\in_\Omega_by :X_^_(\omega)_:=_X__(\omega).


_Examples


_Gambling

Consider_a_Gambling.html" "title="filtration_(abstract_algebra).html" "title=",_+_\infty/math>_be_a_stopping_rule.html" "title=",_+_\infty.html" ;"title=", + \infty) \times \Omega \to \mathbb be a stochastic process; * \tau : \Omega \to [0, + \infty">, + \infty) \times \Omega \to \mathbb be a stochastic process; * \tau : \Omega \to [0, + \infty/math> be a stopping rule">stopping time In probability theory, in particular in the study of stochastic processes, a stopping time (also Markov time, Markov moment, optional stopping time or optional time ) is a specific type of “random time”: a random variable whose value is inter ...
 with respect to some filtration (abstract algebra)">filtration Filtration is a physical separation process that separates solid matter and fluid from a mixture using a ''filter medium'' that has a complex structure through which only the fluid can pass. Solid particles that cannot pass through the filter ...
 \ of \mathcal. Then the stopped process X^ is defined for t \geq 0 and \omega \in \Omega by :X_^ (\omega) := X_ (\omega).


Examples


Gambling

Consider a Gambling">gambler Gambling (also known as betting or gaming) is the wagering of something of value ("the stakes") on a random event with the intent of winning something else of value, where instances of strategy are discounted. Gambling thus requires three elem ...
 playing roulette. ''X''''t'' denotes the gambler's total holdings in the casino at time ''t'' ≥ 0, which may or may not be allowed to be negative, depending on whether or not the casino offers credit. Let ''Y''''t'' denote what the gambler's holdings would be if he/she could obtain unlimited credit (so ''Y'' can attain negative values). * Stopping at a deterministic time: suppose that the casino is prepared to lend the gambler unlimited credit, and that the gambler resolves to leave the game at a predetermined time ''T'', regardless of the state of play. Then ''X'' is really the stopped process ''Y''''T'', since the gambler's account remains in the same state after leaving the game as it was in at the moment that the gambler left the game. * Stopping at a random time: suppose that the gambler has no other sources of revenue, and that the casino will not extend its customers credit. The gambler resolves to play until and unless he/she goes broke. Then the random time :\tau (\omega) := \inf \ is a stopping time for ''Y'', and, since the gambler cannot continue to play after he/she has exhausted his/her resources, ''X'' is the stopped process ''Y''''τ''.


Brownian motion

Let B : , + \infty) \times \Omega \to \mathbb be a one-dimensional standard Brownian motion starting at zero. * Stopping at a deterministic time T > 0: if \tau (\omega) \equiv T, then the stopped Brownian motion B^ will evolve as per usual up until time T, and thereafter will stay constant: i.e., B_^ (\omega) \equiv B_ (\omega) for all t \geq T. * Stopping at a random time: define a random stopping time \tau by the first hitting time for the region \: ::\tau (\omega) := \inf \. Then the stopped Brownian motion B^ will evolve as per usual up until the random time \tau, and will thereafter be constant with value a: i.e., B_^ (\omega) \equiv a for all t \geq \tau (\omega).


See also

* Killed process


References

*Robert G. Gallager. ''Stochastic Processes: Theory for Applications.'' Cambridge University Press, Dec 12, 2013 pg. 450 {{DEFAULTSORT:Stopped Process Stochastic processes