Stary Krym
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Staryi Krym (russian: Старый Крым; uk, Старий Крим; crh, Eski Qırım, italic=yes; in all three languages) is a small historical town and former bishopric in
Kirovske Raion Kirovske Raion (), known by Ukrainian authorities as the İslâm Terek Rayon (, ) is one of the 25 regions of Crimea, currently subject to a territorial dispute between the Russian Federation and Ukraine. The raion's administrative centre An a ...
of
Crimea Crimea, crh, Къырым, Qırım, grc, Κιμμερία / Ταυρική, translit=Kimmería / Taurikḗ ( ) is a peninsula in Ukraine, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, that has been occupied by Russia since 2014. It has a p ...
,
Ukraine Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inva ...
. It has been illegally occupied by Russia since 2014 (see
Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation In February and March 2014, Russia invaded and subsequently annexed the Crimean Peninsula from Ukraine. This event took place in the aftermath of the Revolution of Dignity and is part of the wider Russo-Ukrainian War. The events in Kyiv t ...
). It is located in the Eastern
Crimean Peninsula Crimea, crh, Къырым, Qırım, grc, Κιμμερία / Ταυρική, translit=Kimmería / Taurikḗ ( ) is a peninsula in Ukraine, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, that has been occupied by Russia since 2014. It has a pop ...
, approximately 25 km (15 mi.) west of Theodosia. Population:


Names

During the late 13th century, the town was known as either ''Solkhat'' (''Solkhad'', ''Solghad'', ) or as ''Qrım'' ( ). Neither name is attested prior to the 13th century, but on the authority of
al-Qalqashandi Shihāb al-Dīn Abū 'l-Abbās Aḥmad ibn ‘Alī ibn Aḥmad ‘Abd Allāh al-Fazārī al-Shāfiʿī better known by the epithet al-Qalqashandī ( ar, شهاب الدين أحمد بن علي بن أحمد القلقشندي; 1355 or 1356 &ndash ...
, ''Solkhat'' is the older of the two, dating to the period prior to the Mongol conquest in mid-1238. Both names coexisted during the 14th century, but the name ''Qırım'' came to displace ''Solkhat'' by the early 15th. The origin of either name is uncertain. Some consider ''Solkhat'' to be related to the Greek ''Colchis''. Before the Mongol period, mention is made in Greek hagiography of the residence of the Khazar governor of the eastern part of the peninsula, as a fortress named ''Phoulla'' or ''Phoullai'' (Φοῦλλαι, although other sources identify this place with
Chufut-Kale __NOTOC__ Chufut-Kale ( crh, Çufut Qale, italic=yes ; Russian and Ukrainian: Чуфут-Кале - ''Chufut-Kale''; Karaim: Кала - קלעה - ''Kala'') is a medieval city-fortress in the Crimean Mountains that now lies in ruins. It is a nati ...
) along with ''Sugdaia'' ( Sudak); it is likely that the site of this fortress corresponds to the site of ''Solghat''.E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, Volume 4
pp. 1084f
The name ''Qirim'' may continue the old name ''Cimmerium'' (after the
Cimmerians The Cimmerians (Akkadian: , romanized: ; Hebrew: , romanized: ; Ancient Greek: , romanized: ; Latin: ) were an ancient Eastern Iranian equestrian nomadic people originating in the Caspian steppe, part of whom subsequently migrated into Wes ...
). The Strait of Kerch was known as ''Bosporus Cimmerius'' in the
Roman era In modern historiography, ancient Rome refers to Roman civilisation from the founding of the city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD. It encompasses the Roman Kingdom (753–509 BC ...
(as reported by
Ptolemy Claudius Ptolemy (; grc-gre, Πτολεμαῖος, ; la, Claudius Ptolemaeus; AD) was a mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, and music theorist, who wrote about a dozen scientific treatises, three of which were of importanc ...
,
Polybius Polybius (; grc-gre, Πολύβιος, ; ) was a Greek historian of the Hellenistic period. He is noted for his work , which covered the period of 264–146 BC and the Punic Wars in detail. Polybius is important for his analysis of the mixed ...
, and
Strabo Strabo''Strabo'' (meaning "squinty", as in strabismus) was a term employed by the Romans for anyone whose eyes were distorted or deformed. The father of Pompey was called " Pompeius Strabo". A native of Sicily so clear-sighted that he could s ...
), after the city of Cimmerium which stood nearby. The promontory or peninsula on which it stood was known as ''Promontorium Cimmerium'' (Κιμμέριον ἄκρον). The 13th-century toponym ''Qrim'' is likely explained as a corruption of the name ''Cimmerium''. There are however alternative suggestions, such as derivation from the Greek ''Cremnoi'' (Κρημνοί, in post-classical Koiné Greek pronunciation, Crimni, i.e., "the Cliffs", referenced by Herodotus 4.20.1 and 4.110.2) or from a Mongolian appellation. The name "Crimea" (for the
Crimean Khanate The Crimean Khanate ( crh, , or ), officially the Great Horde and Desht-i Kipchak () and in old European historiography and geography known as Little Tartary ( la, Tartaria Minor), was a Crimean Tatar state existing from 1441 to 1783, the long ...
, and later also for the peninsula itself) is derived from the name of the city. It became adopted as an alternative term for what used to be known as ''Tauris'' or '' Tauric Peninsula'' in western languages from the 17th century. Since the annexation of Crimea by
Catherine II of Russia , en, Catherine Alexeievna Romanova, link=yes , house = , father = Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst , mother = Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp , birth_date = , birth_name = Princess Sophie of Anha ...
in 1783, the town has been known by the Russian name Staryi Krym (Russian ''staryi'' meaning "old", rendered in Crimean Tatar as ''eski''; also transliterated as ''Staroi Krim'' and variants). Although officially the town was renamed ''Levkopol'' after the ancient Greek name of ''Leukopolis'' (White City), this never gained popularity, perhaps because the town already styled a name from antiquity.


History

The town was probably the site of an earlier Khazar fortress before the Mongol conquest of the Crimea in mid-1238. The Mongols under
Batu Khan Batu Khan ( – 1255),, ''Bat haan'', tt-Cyrl, Бату хан; ; russian: хан Баты́й was a Mongol ruler and founder of the Golden Horde, a constituent of the Mongol Empire. Batu was a son of Jochi, thus a grandson of Genghis K ...
fortified the town and thereafter it became a capital of the Crimean Yurt (Crimean province of the
Golden Horde The Golden Horde, self-designated as Ulug Ulus, 'Great State' in Turkic, was originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire. With the fragmen ...
) and a home for the Emir of Crimea. Before the 1270s, Qrim had been a village surrounding a fort at best, but by the early 14th century it had grown into a prosperous city. Kaykaus II was given Qrim as a fief in c. 1265. Tatar coins were struck in Qrim from 1287/8 (AH 686) and in the same year, an Egyptian architect was sent there to build a mosque to be named after the Egyptian sultan. From that period remain the Ozbek Han Mosque, built in 1314 by Uzbeg Khan, and the ruins of a
madrassa Madrasa (, also , ; Arabic: مدرسة , pl. , ) is the Arabic word for any type of educational institution, secular or religious (of any religion), whether for elementary instruction or higher learning. The word is variously transliterated '' ...
built in 1332. The town prospered during the 14th century, but it was completely destroyed during the civil unrest under Mengli Girai in the later 15th century. Qrim seems to have retained its position as capital of the newly established
Crimean Khanate The Crimean Khanate ( crh, , or ), officially the Great Horde and Desht-i Kipchak () and in old European historiography and geography known as Little Tartary ( la, Tartaria Minor), was a Crimean Tatar state existing from 1441 to 1783, the long ...
for some years, as coins struck here are dated to as late as 1517 (AH 923), after which point in 1532 the capital of the Ottoman vassal state was moved to
Bakhchisaray Bakhchysarai ( crh, Bağçasaray, italic=yes; russian: Бахчисара́й; ua, Бахчисара́й; tr, Bahçesaray) is a town in Crimea, a territory recognized by a majority of countries as part of Ukraine and annexed by Russia as the Re ...
, and the city declined into relative obscurity. After the Russian conquest of the Crimean Khanate in the 1770s, the city of Staryi Krym was given the Greek name of ''Leukopolis'' (''Lewkopol''), but this name never entered common usage. In 1863, the town had a population of 1,085, of which 43.4% were
Armenian Christian , native_name_lang = hy , icon = Armenian Apostolic Church logo.svg , icon_width = 100px , icon_alt = , image = Էջմիածնի_Մայր_Տաճար.jpg , imagewidth = 250px , a ...
, 42.8% were
Eastern Orthodox Eastern Orthodoxy, also known as Eastern Orthodox Christianity, is one of the three main branches of Chalcedonian Christianity, alongside Catholicism and Protestantism. Like the Pentarchy of the first millennium, the mainstream (or "canonical") ...
, 13.1% were
Muslim Muslims ( ar, المسلمون, , ) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God of Abrah ...
, and 0.7% were
Protestant Protestantism is a Christian denomination, branch of Christianity that follows the theological tenets of the Reformation, Protestant Reformation, a movement that began seeking to reform the Catholic Church from within in the 16th century agai ...
. In the late 19th century, the inhabitants were mostly employed in gardening, tobacco cultivation and farming. Staryi Krym was the city where the famous Russian writer
Alexander Grin Aleksandr Stepanovich Grinevsky (better known by his pen name, Aleksandr Green / Grin (spelling varies in non-Russian literature), rus, Александр Грин, p=ɐlʲɪˈksandr ɡrʲin, a=Ru-Aleksandr Grin.ogg, 23 August 1880 – 8 July 1932 ...
lived and died, and now has a museum dedicated to him. The city is home to an important
cardiac The heart is a muscular organ in most animals. This organ pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system. The pumped blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the body, while carrying metabolic waste such as carbon dioxide to t ...
sanatorium A sanatorium (from Latin '' sānāre'' 'to heal, make healthy'), also sanitarium or sanitorium, are antiquated names for specialised hospitals, for the treatment of specific diseases, related ailments and convalescence. Sanatoriums are often ...
, formerly run by notable heart
surgeon In modern medicine, a surgeon is a medical professional who performs surgery. Although there are different traditions in different times and places, a modern surgeon usually is also a licensed physician or received the same medical training as ...
Nikolai Amosov Nikolai Mikhailovich Amosov, Doctor of Science, Professor (December 6, 1913 in Olkhovo, Novgorod Governorate, Russian Empire – December 12, 2002 in Kyiv, Ukraine) was a Soviet and Ukrainian doctor of Russian origin, heart surgeon, inventor, bes ...
. During
World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
, the German occupiers operated a ''
Sicherheitsdienst ' (, ''Security Service''), full title ' (Security Service of the ''Reichsführer-SS''), or SD, was the intelligence agency of the SS and the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany. Established in 1931, the SD was the first Nazi intelligence organization ...
'' prison in the town.


Ecclesiastical history

As Phulli, it was one of the bishoprics in the Roman client-state, later province, of the
Bosporan Kingdom The Bosporan Kingdom, also known as the Kingdom of the Cimmerian Bosporus (, ''Vasíleio toú Kimmerikoú Vospórou''), was an ancient Greco-Scythian state located in eastern Crimea and the Taman Peninsula on the shores of the Cimmerian Bosporus, ...
, where no imperial metropolis was established, and it faded under heathen rule. The diocese was nominally restored in 1929, as a Latin Catholic
titular archbishopric A titular see in various churches is an episcopal see of a former diocese that no longer functions, sometimes called a "dead diocese". The ordinary or hierarch of such a see may be styled a "titular metropolitan" (highest rank), "titular archbish ...
(Curiate Italian name Fulli). It has been vacant for decades, having had the following incumbents of the intermediary (archiepiscopal) rank: * Francis Joseph Beckman (1946.11.11 – 1948.10.17) * Gabriele M. Reyes (1949.08.25 – 1949.10.13) * Pasquale Mores (1950.01.31 – 1960.05.15) * Willem Pieter Adrian Maria Mutsaerts (1960.06.27 – 1964.08.16)


Gallery

File:Мечеть Узбека.JPG, Ozbek Han Mosque File:120829 Церква Сурб-Ншан06247.jpg, Surb Khach Armenian monastery File:Starokrymskii sanatorii.jpg, Health resort in Staryi Krym


Notable people

* Abraham Kirimi, medieval Karaite rabbi


Notes


External links

* http://www.iccrimea.org/monuments/monuments.html * http://tatarworld.com/history.htm * https://web.archive.org/web/20070929191951/http://www.go2crimea.com/en/index.php?p=31&s=10 * http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/russia/crimeapre1478.html * https://web.archive.org/web/20060214212726/http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.tcl?place_id=8092
The murder of the Jews of Staryi Krym
during
World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
, at
Yad Vashem Yad Vashem ( he, יָד וַשֵׁם; literally, "a memorial and a name") is Israel's official memorial to the victims of the Holocaust. It is dedicated to preserving the memory of the Jews who were murdered; honoring Jews who fought against th ...
website.
GCatholic - Phulli, with titular incumbent links
{{Authority control Cities in Crimea Kirovske Raion Cities of district significance in Ukraine Holocaust locations in Ukraine