grammar In linguistics, the grammar of a natural language is its set of structural constraints on speakers' or writers' composition of clauses, phrases, and words. The term can also refer to the study of such constraints, a field that includes doma ...

, the sociative case is a

grammatical case A grammatical case is a category of nouns and noun modifiers ( determiners, adjectives, participles, and numerals), which corresponds to one or more potential grammatical functions for a nominal group in a wording. In various languages, nomin ...

in the Hungarian,

Tamil Tamil may refer to: * Tamils, an ethnic group native to India and some other parts of Asia ** Sri Lankan Tamils, Tamil people native to Sri Lanka also called ilankai tamils **Tamil Malaysians, Tamil people native to Malaysia * Tamil language, na ...

, and

Malayalam Malayalam (; , ) is a Dravidian language spoken in the Indian state of Kerala and the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry ( Mahé district) by the Malayali people. It is one of 22 scheduled languages of India. Malayalam wa ...

languages that can express the person in whose company (cf.

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through ...

) an action is carried out, or to any belongings of people which take part in an action (together with their owners).

Hungarian

In Hungarian, this case is denoted by the suffixes ''-stul'' and ''-stül'', depending on

vowel harmony In phonology, vowel harmony is an assimilatory process in which the vowels of a given domain – typically a phonological word – have to be members of the same natural class (thus "in harmony"). Vowel harmony is typically long distance, me ...

. This case is archaic and nowadays the instrumental-comitative case is usually used instead. Nevertheless, it can be used also in modern Hungarian to express a slight pejorative tone against a person. Here are a few examples: * ''Karácsonykor egy fillér nélkül, kölyköstül állított be az anyósához'' "Without a dime, she wound up in her mother-in-law's house at Christmas with her kids" The use of the sociative case ''kölyköstül'' ("with her kids") signifies the speaker's contempt. The case appears also in some commonly used expressions, which survived the general obsolescence of the sociative case: * ''Ruhástul ugrott a medencébe'' "He jumped into the pool with his clothes on" * ''A fenevad szőröstül-bőröstül felfalta a védtelen kis nyuszit'' "The monster devoured the helpless little bunny neck and crop"

Tamil

In Tamil, the sociative case takes the endings () or (). It is related to the instrumental case but not identical to it. In contrast to the sociative case, the instrumental case usually denotes the means of action and takes the ending ().

External links

Hungarian_''Gyerekestül''_versus_''Gyerekkel''_(‘with_[the
/nowiki>_kid’).html" ;"title="he">Hungarian ''Gyerekestül'' versus ''Gyerekkel'' (‘with [the
/nowiki> kid’)">he">Hungarian ''Gyerekestül'' versus ''Gyerekkel'' (‘with [the
/nowiki> kid’)by Fekete, István
The Tamil Case System, by Harold F. Schiffman
Grammatical cases Hungarian grammar {{ling-morph-stub