Smila, Ukraine

Smila ( uk, Сміла ) is a city located on Dnieper Upland near the Tyasmyn River, in Cherkasy Raion, Cherkasy Oblast of Ukraine. It hosts the administration of Smila urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.

Climate

Climate in the city is moderate continental. Winters are cold with frequent snowing. Summers are warm and can be hot in July, with little possibility of rain. Periods of temperatures higher than +10 endure up to 170 days. Annual precipitation level is 450–520 mm. Dnieper tributary Tyasmyn River flows through the city.

History

Early history and founding

Smila and its neighbourhood have been settled since the ancient times. Archeologists discovered a number of ruins of ancient settlements and numerous mounds located in different parts of Smila and near the city. Two large ancient settlements and 44 mounds were first researched during 1879–1883 years by O. O. Bobrynsky, grandson of Smila owner, Count Olexiy Olexiyovich Bobrynsky. These findings belong partly to the Stone Age and partly to the Bronze Age.

The official foundation date of Smila is 1542. Grand Duchy of Lithuania documents tell us that the settlement Yatzkove-Tyasmyno was founded at a hamlet in 1542. The modern name of the city has been known since the first half of the 17th century.

The city's name is connected with a local legend first recorded by Count L. O. Bobrynsky: "An unknown girl led warriors through a heavy swamp showing a route to the enemy. The battle was very bloody. They killed a lot of enemies there but they couldn’t save the brave girl. They buried her near Tyasmyn and called her Smila. Then warriors honoured her in the city’s name."

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1793)

After the Union of Lublin in July 1569, it was a settlement of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

During 1648 — 1667  this squadron town belonged to Chyhyryn Regiment. In 1654 the Russian tsar gave Pereyaslav colonel Pavlo Teteria possession of the town. During 1658-1659 Danylo Vyhovsky succeeded Teterya as the owner.
The Chudniv treaty of 1660 renewed Polish power on this land. Smila became an ownership of Stanislav Koniecpolski as part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Constant wars between Ukrainian Cossacks, Polish owners, Tatars, Turks, Russians and Swedes led to demolition of Smila. (More The Ruin)
The next owners of Smila, princes Lubomirski, built a wooden castle with an arbor and a palisade around the whole city in 1742.
During 1730s-1760s parts of the population of Smila took part in Haidamaka movement. In 1787 prince Xaveriy Lubomirski sold lands around Smila to Russian prince Potyomkin. Six years later Smila became a property of Potyomkin's nephew, Count Alexander Samoylov. Two years later population of Smila was 1747 people with 50 crafters, nine shoemakers, six weavers, and eight tailors. Others were peasants.

Russian Empire (1793–1917)

In 1787, Smila became the property of Prince Potemkin, a famous Russian military leader. After his death, his estate went to Count Alexander Samoilov.

Since 1793, Right-Bank Ukraine had been part of the Russian state. At this time, Smila became a county town, but a year later the institutions are transferred to Cherkasy. Since January 1797, Smila has been a town in Cherkassy district

After the second Partition of Poland Smila was a township subordinated to Cherkassy county of the Kyiv Governorate of the Russian Empire. In 1838 a large sugar plant was built here.

A new era of development of the town begins in 1838, when it became the property of Countess Sofia Alexandrovna Bobrinskaya (nee Samoilova). In the same year, Count Alexey Alekseevich Bobrinsky (a descendant of Catherine II and Count Grigory Orlov) was building one of the first sugar refineries in the south of Ukraine. For the development of the city, he needed a large number of people. Alexey Bobrinsky in 1840 gathered peasants from Kharkiv, Oryol, and Smolensk provinces in Smila.

Smila's transition into the possession of the Bobrynsky counts constituted an epoch in the development of the town, because it served not only its inhabitants, but also the entire Cherkasy district" (L. Pohylevich). Although the order in the city and its improvement were legally taken care of by the city administration, in fact, the development of Smila took place at the expense of Bobrynsky.

1917–1921

Historical upheavals of the 20th century, revolutions and world wars, did not bypass the city. The events of the February Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd and the abdication of the throne by Emperor Nicholas II reached Smila.

In early March, soldiers of the Smila garrison elected the Council of Soldiers' Deputies. Soon, councils of workers' deputies were created at the Bobrinskaya station, sugar factories and in some landlord savings. On April 17, 1917, a Civic Committee was created in the city, headed by a representative of the Ukrainian Social Democrats. The police were replaced by elected police. In early April, a single Council of Workers' Deputies was formed. The majority in it were Mensheviks and Social Revolutionaries.

At the same time, various public committees arise in the city of Smila, demanding an end to the war, a reduction in working hours, and the endowment of peasants with land. In 1917-1920 years, on the territory of Smila, in the wake of the national uprising, the power of the UPR, the Hetmanate and the Directory were established, the first detachments of the Free Cossacks were formed. In January — March 1918 Smila free Cossacks under the leadership of Yakiv Vodyanoy took part in battles against the Russian army returning from the Western Front to Russia.

Especially successful operation of the Free Cossacks, in particular, smila, was against the 8th Russian army in the area of art. Bobrinskaya. With the coming to power of the hetman P. Skoropadsky to Smila in early March 1918 arrived units of the Austro-German troops. The peasants were ordered to return land, equipment and livestock to the landowners. In response, a partisan movement of detachments of various political directions is unfolding. On November 18, 1918, railway workers on the station. Bobrynska disarmed the State Guard and the German military unit. After that, the German troops were withdrawn from the city and county, and power passed to the revolutionary committee.

Soviet power established itself in 1920 year. And only at the end of the civil war, the townspeople began to rebuild the destroyed urban economy.

1921–1939

In 1932-1933, Smila, like all of Ukraine, experienced brutal famine. Later, two waves of political repression swept through the city, which claimed thousands of lives. Despite everything, the city was revived and flourished.

By the beginning of World War II, Smila was a developed city of regional subordination with a population of 35 thousand. There were 14 industrial enterprises and 11 artels of industrial cooperation, two hospitals, ten secondary schools, a mechanical and technological technical school, and two schools for factory training.

World War II

By the beginning of 1941, enemy troops captured Smila. In just the first days of the occupation, the invaders shot more than 400 inhabitants, and thousands of people died at the Taras Shevchenko station in the open air from hunger, cold and epidemics. Underground organizations and groups were created: "Partisan detachment them. Pozharsky", "For the Fatherland", etc.

For 912 days, Smila region was held by the Germans, but the Smilas withstood, won and on January 29, 1944, the Victory Banner was hoisted over the city. In the battles for the liberation of our region, 1351 people died, more than 12 thousand smilas rest in eternal sleep in mass graves

Cold War

After the war, the industrial and economic revival of the city began.

The production capacities of enterprises are being reconstructed and increased, and new ones are opened: in 1958 – the furniture factory, in 1960 – the Metalist plant, in 1964 – the citric acid plant.

1951 – the south station of the station was opened. Them. T. Shevchenko, and in 1964 through the station. T. Shevchenko began to run electric trains

1972 – The construction of a radio equipment plant begins.

1973 – Natural gas is produced.

1980–1990 — Multi-storey residential neighborhoods No. 13,49,53 were built up.

A new overpass was opened through the railway track Znamenka-Mironovka.

The Lower Park was created

Post-1991

*1996 – the research and production private enterprise "DAK-Elektroprom" opened

*2009 – “Azhur” factory for the production of ice cream opened

*2012 – the city park and fountain were reconstructed

*2016 - major repairs to the façade of the city’s House of Culture.

*2016 – a diagnostic room of computed tomography with modern tomographic equipment opened at the city hospital.

*In September 2019, Smila celebrated the 622nd anniversary of the founding of the city

*Until 18 July 2020, Smila was designated as a city of oblast significance and served as the administrative center of Smila Raion though it did not belong to the raion. Settlements of Ploske and Irdynivka were subordinated to Smila city council. As part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Cherkasy Oblast to four, the city was merged into Cherkasy Raion.

Economy

The economic emphasis is on mechanical engineering, and the food industry is also of importance.

Smila is the biggest transport center of the region as a huge railway station is located here.

Smila, where the Kyiv– Dnipro and Odessa–Russia rail routes cross, is one of the most important railway junctions in Ukraine. The large station at the junction is named after Ukraine's national poet and artist, Taras Shevchenko.

Gallery

File:Сміла, Свердлова, 107.JPG, Female gymnasium building
File:Adda82. Вид на Успенский костел из Долины озер.jpg, Assumption Church in Smila
File:Церква Покрова Пресвятої Богородиці, Сміла.JPG, Church of the Holy Virgin
File:Smila bank DSC 9403 71-105-0016.jpg, Museum of Local History
File:Сміла, Артема, 103.JPG, Technical Institute for Sugar Industry in Smila
File:Банк, Сміла.JPG, Bank building in Smila
File:Московський, 1 (Сміла) 01.JPG, Shevchenko district
File:Залізничний вокзал, Сміла.JPG, Railway station
File:Міст через Тясмин у Смілі.jpg, Railway bridge in Smila
File:Tiasmyn River in Smila.jpg, Tiasmyn River in Smila
File:Храм на честь Різдва Іоанна Хрестителя.jpg,

International relations

Sister cities:
* Newton, Iowa, United states
* Vatutine, Ukraine
* Irpin, Ukraine
* Rzjev, Russia

Population

References

* (1972) ''Історія міст і сіл Української CCP - Черкаська область (History of Towns and Villages of the Ukrainian SSR - Cherkasy Oblast)'', Kyiv.

External links

*
Official city website
*
Unofficial city website

{{Authority control

Cities in Cherkasy Oblast
Cherkassky Uyezd
Shtetls
Cities of regional significance in Ukraine