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Air Vice Marshal Sir Frederick Hugh Sykes, (23 July 1877 – 30 September 1954) was a British military officer and politician.
Sykes was a junior officer in the 15th The King's Hussars, 15th Hussars before becoming interested in military aviation. He was the first Officer Commanding the Military Wing of the Royal Flying Corps before the First World War, and later served as the Flying Corps' Chief of Staff in France in 1914 and 1915. Later in the war, he served in the Royal Naval Air Service in the Eastern Mediterranean before returning to Great Britain where he worked to organise the Machine Gun Corps and manpower planning. In late 1917 and early 1918, Sykes was the deputy to Sir Henry Wilson, 1st Baronet, General Wilson on the Supreme War Council and from April 1918 to early 1919 he served as the second Chief of the Air Staff (United Kingdom), Chief of the Air Staff.
After the war, Sykes was appointed the Controller of Civil Aviation and he continued in this role until 1922 when he entered politics, becoming the Conservative MP for Sheffield Hallam (UK Parliament constituency), Sheffield Hallam, which he held until 1928 when he resigned. From 1928 to 1931 he was Governor of Bombay, after which time he returned to Great Britain where he involved himself in business and public life. During the Second World War, Sykes was an MP once more, this time for Nottingham Central (UK Parliament constituency), Central Nottingham. He lost his seat in 1945 and he died nine years later.
On 13 May 1912 Sykes was appointed Officer Commanding the Military Wing of the Royal Flying Corps with the temporary rank of Major (United Kingdom), major. His duties included the recruitment and training of pilots. While in command, Sykes solicited suggestions for a new motto for the Corps: Sykes approved J S Yule's suggestion, ''Per ardua ad astra, Per Ardua ad Astra'', and it was this phrase which was subsequently adopted by the Royal Air Force as its motto. On 9 July 1913 his role was restyled as Commandant of the Military Wing of the Royal Flying Corps and he was granted the temporary rank of Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom), lieutenant-colonel.
With the outbreak of the First World War, Royal Flying Corps squadrons were deployed to France in August 1914. Although the configuration and effectiveness of the deployed forces owed much to Sykes, as a middle-ranking officer he lacked the seniority thought necessary for command in the field. David Henderson (British Army officer), General Henderson became the general officer commanding the Royal Flying Corps in the Field and Sykes acted as his Chief of staff (military), chief of staff from 5 August 1914. On 22 November 1914, Henderson was appointed General Officer Commanding the History of the British 1st Division during the World Wars, 1st Division and Sykes took up command of the Royal Flying Corps in the Field. However, Sykes did not spend long in command. The decision to post Henderson and replace him with Sykes was not to Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener, Lord Kitchener's liking and he ordered a reversal of the posting. On 21 December 1914, Henderson resumed command of the Royal Flying Corps in the Field and Sykes was granted the temporary rank of Colonel (United Kingdom), colonel and once again made his chief of staff. He was promoted to the substantive rank of brevet lieutenant colonel on 18 February 1915. With the rapid expansion of the corps, there was a growing debate between those who believed that the corps should remain under central control and those who hoped that its units could be placed under the control of the corps or divisional commanders. Unsurprisingly as chief of staff, Sykes took the former view and following increasing arguments, Sykes was posted on 26 May 1915 being placed at the disposal of the British Admiralty, Admiralty.
Sykes visited the Dardanelles to investigate the confused air situation and after writing a report he was appointed as the Officer Commanding the Royal Naval Air Service Eastern Mediterranean Station on 24 July 1915 with the rank of Royal Navy officer rank insignia#Royal Marines, colonel second commandant in the Royal Marines as well as the rank of Wing Captain in the Royal Naval Air Service. This made Sykes the air commander for the Dardanelles Campaign. During this time he acted on the recommendations of his report, building up air forces that sunk several Turkish ships. He was honoured as Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George on 14 March 1916 and mentioned in despatches on 16 March 1916.
Sykes was made assistant adjutant and quartermaster-general of the 4th Mounted Division in March 1916 and, having been awarded the Russian Order of St Vladimir, Order of St Vladimir, 4th Class on 12 April 1916, he was appointed assistant adjutant-general at the War Office with responsibility for organising the Machine Gun Corps and manpower planning on 9 June 1916. He was made Deputy Director of Organisation at the War Office and granted the temporary rank of brigadier general on 8 February 1917. On 27 November 1917 he became Deputy Adjutant and Quartermaster-General at the War Office in which role he served on the British section of the Supreme War Council, Allied War Council in the Palace of Versailles under General Sir Henry Wilson, 1st Baronet, Sir Henry Wilson.
Sykes's military career culminated in his appointment as Chief of the Air Staff (United Kingdom), Chief of the Air Staff on 13 April 1918 and, in that role, he did much to establish the new service. However, in January 1919, Winston Churchill was appointed Secretary of State for War and Secretary of State for Air. While Churchill was preoccupied with implementing post-War defence cuts and the demobilization of the Army, Sykes submitted a paper with what were at the time unrealistic proposals for a large air force of the future. Being dissatisfied with Sykes performance, Churchill decided to reinstate Hugh Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard, Sir Hugh Trenchard, the previous Chief of the Air Staff. Accordingly, on 1 January 1919 Sykes was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath and allowed to take early retirement with the rank of Major-general (United Kingdom), major general with effect from 31 March 1919.
Sykes was appointed a Commander of the Belgian Order of Leopold (Belgium), Order of Leopold on 15 July 1919 and awarded the American Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army), Distinguished Service Medal on the same date. He was also granted the rank of air vice marshal when the RAF introduced its own rank structure on 1 August 1919, appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire on 26 August 1919 and appointed an officer of the French Legion of Honour on 18 November 1919.
From 1919 to 1922, Sykes was the Controller of Civil Aviation. He was awarded the Japanese Order of the Rising Sun, Order of the Rising Sun, 2nd Class on 4 January 1921 and in 1922 he published ''Aviation in War and Peace'', a history of aviation in three chapters which covered pre-War flight, aviation during World War I and both military and civil aviation in peace time.
Sykes entered political life at the 1922 United Kingdom general election, general election in November 1922 when he was elected the Conservative Party (UK), Conservative Member of Parliament (United Kingdom), Member of Parliament for Sheffield Hallam (UK Parliament constituency), Sheffield Hallam. Sykes retained the seat at the 1923 United Kingdom general election, 1923 election and the 1924 United Kingdom general election, 1924 election. He Resignation from the British House of Commons, resigned the seat on 26 June 1928 to become Governor of Bombay on 17 October 1928. He was appointed a Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire on 3 November 1928 and a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom, Privy Council on 20 November 1928 and served in Bombay until 8 November 1933.
Sykes returned to Great Britain in 1933 and for the next six years he held various directorships and official committee posts including with the Miners' Welfare Commission and the British Sailors' Society. He was appointed a Order of the Star of India, Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India on 2 February 1934 and a Venerable Order of Saint John, Knight of Justice of the Order of St John on 19 June 1936.
With the outbreak of war in 1939 Sykes offered his services to the British Government but he was not required, and so he stood for Parliament once more. After the death in May 1940 of Terence O'Connor, the Solicitor General for England and Wales, Solicitor General and MP for Nottingham Central (UK Parliament constituency), Nottingham Central, Sykes was returned unopposed in 1940 Nottingham Central by-election, the resulting by-election. He sat as Nottingham Central MP until defeated at the 1945 United Kingdom general election, 1945 general election.
Military career
Sykes was the son of Henry Sykes and Margaret Sykes (née Sykes), and nephew of the artist Godfrey Sykes. Following civilian employment as a clerk and after working on a tea plantation in Ceylon, Sykes enlisted as a trooper in the Imperial Yeomanry Scouts regiment of the British Army at the start of the Second Boer War. Following capture, Sykes was forcibly marched across South Africa but was later abandoned and returned to the British forces. In 1900 he was commissioned into Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts, Lord Roberts' Bodyguard but suffered a serious wound to the chest which resulted in his being invalided back to Great Britain. On 2 October 1901 he was granted a regular commission as a second lieutenant in the 15th The King's Hussars, 15th Hussars. He was posted to the West African Regiment and granted the local rank of Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines), lieutenant on 7 March 1903. He was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant on 29 July 1903. In 1904, Sykes's interest in aviation was first demonstrated when he obtained a Hot-air balloon, ballooning certificate whilst being attached to the Balloon Section of the Royal Engineers. He was restored to the establishment of the 15th Hussars on 22 September 1904. He joined the Intelligence Staff at Shimla, Simla in India in 1905 before attending Pakistan Command and Staff College, Staff College, Quetta in Autumn 1908. He was promoted to Captain (British Army and Royal Marines), captain on 1 October 1908. In 1910 Sykes commenced flying lessons at Brooklands which led to him being awarded Royal Aero Club List of pilots awarded an Aviator's Certificate by the Royal Aero Club in 1911, certificate No. 96 in June 1911. On 25 February 1911 Sykes was posted as a staff officer to the Directorate of Military Operations at the War Office. As a firm believer in the importance of wartime aerial reconnaissance, he was chosen to join the sub-committee of the Committee of Imperial Defence which was given the task of investigating the use of aircraft.Probert, p. 5
On 13 May 1912 Sykes was appointed Officer Commanding the Military Wing of the Royal Flying Corps with the temporary rank of Major (United Kingdom), major. His duties included the recruitment and training of pilots. While in command, Sykes solicited suggestions for a new motto for the Corps: Sykes approved J S Yule's suggestion, ''Per ardua ad astra, Per Ardua ad Astra'', and it was this phrase which was subsequently adopted by the Royal Air Force as its motto. On 9 July 1913 his role was restyled as Commandant of the Military Wing of the Royal Flying Corps and he was granted the temporary rank of Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom), lieutenant-colonel.
With the outbreak of the First World War, Royal Flying Corps squadrons were deployed to France in August 1914. Although the configuration and effectiveness of the deployed forces owed much to Sykes, as a middle-ranking officer he lacked the seniority thought necessary for command in the field. David Henderson (British Army officer), General Henderson became the general officer commanding the Royal Flying Corps in the Field and Sykes acted as his Chief of staff (military), chief of staff from 5 August 1914. On 22 November 1914, Henderson was appointed General Officer Commanding the History of the British 1st Division during the World Wars, 1st Division and Sykes took up command of the Royal Flying Corps in the Field. However, Sykes did not spend long in command. The decision to post Henderson and replace him with Sykes was not to Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener, Lord Kitchener's liking and he ordered a reversal of the posting. On 21 December 1914, Henderson resumed command of the Royal Flying Corps in the Field and Sykes was granted the temporary rank of Colonel (United Kingdom), colonel and once again made his chief of staff. He was promoted to the substantive rank of brevet lieutenant colonel on 18 February 1915. With the rapid expansion of the corps, there was a growing debate between those who believed that the corps should remain under central control and those who hoped that its units could be placed under the control of the corps or divisional commanders. Unsurprisingly as chief of staff, Sykes took the former view and following increasing arguments, Sykes was posted on 26 May 1915 being placed at the disposal of the British Admiralty, Admiralty.
Sykes visited the Dardanelles to investigate the confused air situation and after writing a report he was appointed as the Officer Commanding the Royal Naval Air Service Eastern Mediterranean Station on 24 July 1915 with the rank of Royal Navy officer rank insignia#Royal Marines, colonel second commandant in the Royal Marines as well as the rank of Wing Captain in the Royal Naval Air Service. This made Sykes the air commander for the Dardanelles Campaign. During this time he acted on the recommendations of his report, building up air forces that sunk several Turkish ships. He was honoured as Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George on 14 March 1916 and mentioned in despatches on 16 March 1916.
Sykes was made assistant adjutant and quartermaster-general of the 4th Mounted Division in March 1916 and, having been awarded the Russian Order of St Vladimir, Order of St Vladimir, 4th Class on 12 April 1916, he was appointed assistant adjutant-general at the War Office with responsibility for organising the Machine Gun Corps and manpower planning on 9 June 1916. He was made Deputy Director of Organisation at the War Office and granted the temporary rank of brigadier general on 8 February 1917. On 27 November 1917 he became Deputy Adjutant and Quartermaster-General at the War Office in which role he served on the British section of the Supreme War Council, Allied War Council in the Palace of Versailles under General Sir Henry Wilson, 1st Baronet, Sir Henry Wilson.
Sykes's military career culminated in his appointment as Chief of the Air Staff (United Kingdom), Chief of the Air Staff on 13 April 1918 and, in that role, he did much to establish the new service. However, in January 1919, Winston Churchill was appointed Secretary of State for War and Secretary of State for Air. While Churchill was preoccupied with implementing post-War defence cuts and the demobilization of the Army, Sykes submitted a paper with what were at the time unrealistic proposals for a large air force of the future. Being dissatisfied with Sykes performance, Churchill decided to reinstate Hugh Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard, Sir Hugh Trenchard, the previous Chief of the Air Staff. Accordingly, on 1 January 1919 Sykes was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath and allowed to take early retirement with the rank of Major-general (United Kingdom), major general with effect from 31 March 1919.
Sykes was appointed a Commander of the Belgian Order of Leopold (Belgium), Order of Leopold on 15 July 1919 and awarded the American Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army), Distinguished Service Medal on the same date. He was also granted the rank of air vice marshal when the RAF introduced its own rank structure on 1 August 1919, appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire on 26 August 1919 and appointed an officer of the French Legion of Honour on 18 November 1919.
From 1919 to 1922, Sykes was the Controller of Civil Aviation. He was awarded the Japanese Order of the Rising Sun, Order of the Rising Sun, 2nd Class on 4 January 1921 and in 1922 he published ''Aviation in War and Peace'', a history of aviation in three chapters which covered pre-War flight, aviation during World War I and both military and civil aviation in peace time.
Political career
Sykes entered political life at the 1922 United Kingdom general election, general election in November 1922 when he was elected the Conservative Party (UK), Conservative Member of Parliament (United Kingdom), Member of Parliament for Sheffield Hallam (UK Parliament constituency), Sheffield Hallam. Sykes retained the seat at the 1923 United Kingdom general election, 1923 election and the 1924 United Kingdom general election, 1924 election. He Resignation from the British House of Commons, resigned the seat on 26 June 1928 to become Governor of Bombay on 17 October 1928. He was appointed a Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire on 3 November 1928 and a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom, Privy Council on 20 November 1928 and served in Bombay until 8 November 1933.
Sykes returned to Great Britain in 1933 and for the next six years he held various directorships and official committee posts including with the Miners' Welfare Commission and the British Sailors' Society. He was appointed a Order of the Star of India, Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India on 2 February 1934 and a Venerable Order of Saint John, Knight of Justice of the Order of St John on 19 June 1936.
With the outbreak of war in 1939 Sykes offered his services to the British Government but he was not required, and so he stood for Parliament once more. After the death in May 1940 of Terence O'Connor, the Solicitor General for England and Wales, Solicitor General and MP for Nottingham Central (UK Parliament constituency), Nottingham Central, Sykes was returned unopposed in 1940 Nottingham Central by-election, the resulting by-election. He sat as Nottingham Central MP until defeated at the 1945 United Kingdom general election, 1945 general election.
Personal life
In 1920 Sykes married Isabel Harrington Law, the elder daughter of Bonar Law, the Conservative Party leader who two years later became Prime Minister. Frederick and Isabel Sykes had one son, Bonar Hugh Charles Sykes, Bonar Sykes. Sykes bought the 18th-century Conock Manor, near Devizes in Wiltshire, in 1945 and the associated Manor Farm in 1948. Robert Blake, Baron Blake, Lord Blake, who knew Sykes personally, stayed at Conock while writing his biography of Bonar Law. Frederick Sykes died at Beaumont Street, London on 30 September 1954, and was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium, Golders Green. Geoffrey de Havilland wrote to Isabel after the cremation: "I was deeply touched by your husband's wish that I should scatter the ashes over Salisbury Plain. I will, of course, do so... I always had admiration and affection for your husband and will always remember his kindness and help in the early days at Royal Aircraft Establishment#History, Farnborough." Isabel died in 1969.References
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* * * , - , - , - , - , - , - , - , - , - , - {{DEFAULTSORT:Sykes, Frederick 1877 births 1954 deaths People from Addiscombe Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire Knights of Justice of the Order of St John Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun, 2nd class Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France) Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom British Army personnel of the Second Boer War British Yeomanry soldiers Royal Flying Corps officers 15th The King's Hussars officers South African military personnel British Army cavalry generals of World War I Royal Air Force generals of World War I Chiefs of the Air Staff (United Kingdom) Royal Air Force air marshals Military theorists Politics of Sheffield Politics of Nottingham Governors of Bombay UK MPs 1922–1923 UK MPs 1923–1924 UK MPs 1924–1929 UK MPs 1935–1945 Military personnel from Surrey British Army generals Graduates of the Staff College, Quetta Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)