Simon the Shoemaker ( grc-gre, Σίμων Ἀθηναῖος, σκυτοτόμος; fl. c. late 5th century BC) was an associate of

Socrates Socrates (; ; –399 BC) was a Greek philosopher from Athens who is credited as the founder of Western philosophy and among the first moral philosophers of the ethical tradition of thought. An enigmatic figure, Socrates authored no te ...

, and a 'working-philosopher'. He is known mostly from the account given in Diogenes Laërtius' '' Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers''. He is also mentioned in passing by

Plutarch Plutarch (; grc-gre, Πλούταρχος, ''Ploútarchos''; ; – after AD 119) was a Greek Middle Platonist philosopher, historian, biographer, essayist, and priest at the Temple of Apollo in Delphi. He is known primarily for hi ...

and Synesius; a pupil of Socrates,

Phaedo of Elis Phaedo of Elis (; also ''Phaedon''; grc-gre, Φαίδων ὁ Ἠλεῖος, ''gen''.: Φαίδωνος; fl. 4th century BCE) was a Greek philosopher. A native of Elis, he was captured in war as a boy and sold into slavery. He subsequently ...

, is known to have written a dialogue called ''Simon''.

Influence

Xenophon Xenophon of Athens (; grc, Ξενοφῶν ; – probably 355 or 354 BC) was a Greek military leader, philosopher, and historian, born in Athens. At the age of 30, Xenophon was elected commander of one of the biggest Greek mercenary armies o ...

reports that because youths were not allowed to enter the Agora, they used to gather in workshops surrounding it. Socrates frequented these shops in order to converse with the merchants, Simon being one among them. Simon committed these conversations to writing, as far as he could remember them. These were the first

Socratic dialogues Socratic dialogue ( grc, Σωκρατικὸς λόγος) is a genre of literary prose developed in Greece at the turn of the fourth century BC. The earliest ones are preserved in the works of Plato and Xenophon and all involve Socrates as the p ...

. Diogenes Laërtius, '' Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers'', ii.123 Indeed, Simon’s excellence in the art of shoemaking would have been a form of expertise that Socrates, of

Plato Plato ( ; grc-gre, Πλάτων ; 428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC) was a Greek philosopher born in Athens during the Classical period in Ancient Greece. He founded the Platonist school of thought and the Academy, the first institution ...

's '' Apology'', held up as the only example of genuine knowledge.J. Sellars, (2003), Simon the Shoemaker and the Problem of Socrates. Classical Philology 98, 207-216. Simon's writings attracted the notice of

Pericles Pericles (; grc-gre, Περικλῆς; c. 495 – 429 BC) was a Greek politician and general during the Golden Age of Athens. He was prominent and influential in Athenian politics, particularly between the Greco-Persian Wars and the Pelo ...

, who offered to provide for him if Simon would come and reside with him. The cobbler refused on the grounds that he did not wish to surrender his independence.

Postmortem

A number of later philosophers associated Simon with a certain philosophical way of life. The Cynics seem to have idealized Simon. Among the surviving

Cynic epistles The Cynic epistles are a collection of letters expounding the principles and practices of Cynic philosophy mostly written in the time of the Roman empire but purporting to have been written by much earlier philosophers. Letters and dating The tw ...

, there are some spurious Socratic Letters, written in the 2nd or 3rd century, in which various pupils of Socrates, including

Antisthenes Antisthenes (; el, Ἀντισθένης; 446 366 BCE) was a Greek philosopher and a pupil of Socrates. Antisthenes first learned rhetoric under Gorgias before becoming an ardent disciple of Socrates. He adopted and developed the ethical side ...

, Aristippus, and

, debate philosophy from a Cynic point of view. Simon is described in these letters as an ideal Cynic-type figure. One of these letters purports to come from Simon himself, and is addressed to Aristippus:

I hear that you ridicule our wisdom in the presence of Dionysius. I admit that I am a shoemaker and that I do work of that nature, and in like manner I would, if it were necessary, cut straps once more for the purpose of admonishing foolish men who think that they are living in great luxury. Antisthenes shall be the chastiser of your foolish jests. For you are writing him letters which make fun of our way of life. But let what I have said to you in jest suffice. At any rate, remember hunger and thirst, for these are worth much to those who pursue self control.

In the '' Cataplus'' of Lucian, a group of dead people, including the tyrant Megapenthes, are carried to the

Underworld The underworld, also known as the netherworld or hell, is the supernatural world of the dead in various religious traditions and myths, located below the world of the living. Chthonic is the technical adjective for things of the underwor ...

in Charon's boat. Lucian pairs his ideal Cynic, Cyniscus, with the cobbler Micyllus, who is the only one who accepts his fate – albeit with resignation. Here, Lucian follows a literary convention of his time by pairing a Cynic with a shoemaker.R. F. Hock, (1976), ''Simon the Shoemaker as an ideal Cynic'', Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 17. 41-53. From influence of the Cynics, the Stoics drew inspiration from Simon as well.

Zeno of Citium Zeno of Citium (; grc-x-koine, Ζήνων ὁ Κιτιεύς, ; c. 334 – c. 262 BC) was a Hellenistic philosopher from Citium (, ), Cyprus. Zeno was the founder of the Stoic school of philosophy, which he taught in Athens from about 300 B ...

is said to have produced a collection of anecdotes about Crates.

Stobaeus Joannes Stobaeus (; grc-gre, Ἰωάννης ὁ Στοβαῖος; fl. 5th-century AD), from Stobi in Macedonia, was the compiler of a valuable series of extracts from Greek authors. The work was originally divided into two volumes containin ...

preserves one:

Zeno said that Crates was sitting in a shoemaker’s shop and reading aloud
Aristotle Aristotle (; grc-gre, Ἀριστοτέλης ''Aristotélēs'', ; 384–322 BC) was a Greek philosopher and polymath during the Classical period in Ancient Greece. Taught by Plato, he was the founder of the Peripatetic school of ph ...
’s '' Protrepticus'', which he had written for Themison, the Cyprian king. In it he said that no one had more advantages for being a philosopher, for he had great wealth so that he could spend money on this activity and still have his reputation intact. And Zeno said that while Crates was reading, the shoemaker was attentive but all the while kept on with his stitching. And Crates said, "It seems to me, Philiscus, that I should write a Protrepticus for you, since I see that you have more advantages for being a philosopher than the man for whom Aristotle wrote."

Historicity

Doubt

Some scholars have suggested that Simon was a purely fictional figure. The central contention of his existence is his omission in the works of

, and

Aristophanes Aristophanes (; grc, Ἀριστοφάνης, ; c. 446 – c. 386 BC), son of Philippus, of the deme Kydathenaion ( la, Cydathenaeum), was a comic playwright or comedy-writer of ancient Athens and a poet of Old Attic Comedy. Eleven of his for ...

– the primary sources on Socrates. Other scholars, point out that absence of evidence is not evidence of absence. If he is indeed fictional, he would have most likely been invented by Phaedo of Elis in his dialogue ''Simon'' - of which, only a few fragments survive.

Support

Archaeological investigations have revealed the remains of a shop near the Tholos in the southwest corner of the

Agora of Athens The ancient Agora of Athens (also called the Classical Agora) is the best-known example of an ancient Greek agora, located to the northwest of the Acropolis and bounded on the south by the hill of the Areopagus and on the west by the hill kn ...

which has yielded quantities of hobnails and a pot base with the word "Simon's" ( el, ΣΙΜΟΝΟΣ) inscribed on it. Skeptics assert that it cannot be certain if this is Simon's shop. In the

, Simon is referenced by

and Aristippus, and even partakes in the exchange. However, these letters are later Roman creations.Abraham J. Malherbe, (1977), ''The Cynic Epistles: A Study Edition''. SBL Within the ''Heracles'' of

, references Simon. Thus, it would be unlikely that he would be a literary creation of two early writers: Antisthenes, and

. In the recording of Simon's dialogues, Diogenes Laërtius' lack of order and the repetition of some titles point against the works being fabrication. R. F. Hock concludes that the lack of information and interest on Simon the Shoemaker is testified by the fact that he "came to function in a very specific context" and he "was admired really only by strict Cynics."

Works

According to Diog. 2.123, Simon's writings were the first

. It has been suggested that all of his works could have fit under the length of two Stephanus pages. As with Simon himself, the reality of these lost works has also been doubted, but the lack of any order in Diogenes’ list and the repetition of some titles point against its being a fabrication. Diogenes Laërtius lists thirty-three conversations (''dialogi'') which were contained in one volume. The titles of his works are as follows: *Of the Gods *Of the Good *On the Beautiful *What is the Beautiful *On the Just: two dialogues *Of Virtue, that it cannot be taught *Of Courage: three dialogues *On Law *On Guiding the People *Of Honour *Of Poetry *On Good Eating *On Love *On Philosophy *On Knowledge *On Music *On Poetry *What is the Beautiful *On Teaching *On the Art of Conversation *Of Judging *Of Being *Of Number *On Diligence *On Efficiency *On Greed *On Pretentiousness *On the Beautiful *On Deliberation *On Reason, or On Expediency *On Doing Ill However, in recent times it has been argued that what Diogenes Laërtius meant was, rather, that Simon had been the first with whom Socrates entertained philosophical conversations.S. Molinelli (2018), 'Simon the Athenian: archaeological, sociological and philosophical remarks on a philosopher-shoemaker', in S. Pickup and S. Waite (eds.), ''Shoes, Slippers & Sandals: Feet and footwear in Classical Antiquity'', Routledge: 133-142, at 140.

Notes

References

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