Simeon Borisov von Saxe-Coburg-Gotha ( bg, Симеон Борисов Сакскобургготски, translit=Simeon Borisov Sakskoburggotski, ; born 16 June 1937) is a Bulgarian politician who reigned as the last tsar of the Kingdom of Bulgaria as Simeon II from 1943 until 1946. He was six years old when his father

Boris III of Bulgaria Boris III ( bg, Борѝс III ; Boris Treti; 28 August 1943), originally Boris Klemens Robert Maria Pius Ludwig Stanislaus Xaver (Boris Clement Robert Mary Pius Louis Stanislaus Xavier) , was the Tsar of the Kingdom of Bulgaria from 1918 until h ...

died in 1943 and royal power was exercised on his behalf by a regency led by Simeon's uncle

Kiril, Prince of Preslav Prince Kiril of Bulgaria, Prince of Preslav ( bg, Кирил, принц Преславски; 17 November 1895 – 1 February 1945) was the second son of Ferdinand I of Bulgaria and his first wife Marie Louise of Bourbon-Parma. He was a younger ...

, General

Nikola Mihov Nikola Mihaylov Mihov ( bg, Никола Михайлов Михов, 11 December 1891 – 1 February 1945) was a Bulgarian lieutenant general of artillery who served as one of the three Regents of Bulgaria for the underage Simeon II (1943–44) ...

and prime minister,

Bogdan Filov Bogdan Dimitrov Filov ( bg, Богдан Димитров Филов; 10 April 1883 – 1 February 1945) was a Bulgarian archaeologist, art historian and politician. He was prime minister of Bulgaria during World War II. During his tenure, Bulgar ...

. In 1946 the monarchy was abolished by

referendum A referendum (plural: referendums or less commonly referenda) is a Direct democracy, direct vote by the Constituency, electorate on a proposal, law, or political issue. This is in contrast to an issue being voted on by a Representative democr ...

, and Simeon was forced into

exile Exile is primarily penal expulsion from one's native country, and secondarily expatriation or prolonged absence from one's homeland under either the compulsion of circumstance or the rigors of some high purpose. Usually persons and peoples suf ...

. He returned to his home country in 1996, formed the political party National Movement for Stability and Progress (NMSP) and was elected

Prime Minister A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister is ...

of the Republic of Bulgaria from July 2001 until August 2005. In the next elections, as a leader of NMSP, he took part in a coalition government with the

Bulgarian Socialist Party The Bulgarian Socialist Party ( bg, Българска социалистическа партия, translit=Balgarska sotsialisticheska partiya, BSP), also known as The Centenarian ( bg, Столетницата, links=no, translit=Stoletnitsat ...

. In 2009, after NMSP failed to win any seats in Parliament, he left politics. He is, along with the current

Dalai Lama Dalai Lama (, ; ) is a title given by the Tibetan people to the foremost spiritual leader of the Gelug or "Yellow Hat" school of Tibetan Buddhism, the newest and most dominant of the four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism. The 14th and current D ...

, one of only two living people who were heads of state during

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the World War II by country, vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great power ...

Royal history

BASA-3K-15-302-13-Simeon-The Prince of Turnovo

BASA-3K-15-302-18-Simeon-The Prince of Turnovo

Simeon was born to

and Giovanna of Italy. Following his birth, Boris III sent an air force officer to the

Jordan River The Jordan River or River Jordan ( ar, نَهْر الْأُرْدُنّ, ''Nahr al-ʾUrdunn'', he, נְהַר הַיַּרְדֵּן, ''Nəhar hayYardēn''; syc, ܢܗܪܐ ܕܝܘܪܕܢܢ ''Nahrāʾ Yurdnan''), also known as ''Nahr Al-Shariea ...

to obtain water for Simeon's baptism in the Orthodox faith. He was pointed to accede to the throne on 28 August 1943 upon the death of his father, who had just returned to Bulgaria from a meeting with

Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (; 20 April 188930 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was dictator of Germany from 1933 until his death in 1945. He rose to power as the leader of the Nazi Party, becoming the chancellor in 1933 and the ...

. Then a massive media campaign was launched throughout Bulgaria in the name of the Tsar to uphold the national spirit during heavy War-times. Since Simeon was only six years old, his uncle Prince Kiril, Prime Minister

, and Lt. General

of the Bulgarian Army were appointed

regent A regent (from Latin : ruling, governing) is a person appointed to govern a state '' pro tempore'' (Latin: 'for the time being') because the monarch is a minor, absent, incapacitated or unable to discharge the powers and duties of the monarchy ...

s.Geoffrey Hindley, ''The Royal Families of Europe'', p. 156. London: Lyric Books Ltd., 1979. Under his father, Bulgaria had reluctantly joined the

Axis powers The Axis powers, ; it, Potenze dell'Asse ; ja, 枢軸国 ''Sūjikukoku'', group=nb originally called the Rome–Berlin Axis, was a military coalition that initiated World War II and fought against the Allies. Its principal members were ...

but had managed to preserve diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union. Still, on 5 September 1944 Stalin declared war on Bulgaria and three days later, the Red Army entered the country without encountering resistance. On the next day, 9 September 1944, Prince Kyril and the other regents were deposed by a

Soviet The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...

-backed coup and arrested. The three regents, all members of the last three governments, Parliament deputies, heads of the army and eminent journalists were executed by the Communists in February 1945.

Towards exile

The royal family—Queen Giovanna, Simeon, and his sister Maria-Louisa—remained at Vrana Palace near Sofia, while three new regents were appointed (

Todor Pavlov Todor Dimitrov Pavlov (14 February 1890 in Štip, Kosovo Vilayet, Ottoman Empire – 8 May 1977, Sofia, Bulgaria) was a Bulgarian Marxist philosopher, politician, journalist and leading member of the Bulgarian Communist Party. He was on ...

Venelin Ganev Venelin Yordanov Ganev ( bg, Венелин Йорданов Ганев; 16 February 188025 March 1966) was a Bulgarian lawyer, diplomat, and politician. He was a leading authority on commercial law, and after the Communist coup d'état on 9 Se ...

and

Tsvetko Boboshevski Tsvetko Petrov Boboshevski ( Bulgarian: Цвятко Петров Бобошевски) was Regent of Bulgaria for the underage Simeon II from 1944 to 1946. The first name is also transliterated Transliteration is a type of conversion of ...

). On 15 September 1946, a

was held in the presence of the Soviet army. It resulted in a 95.6% approval for republic and abolition of the monarchy. On 16 September 1946, the royal family was exiled from Bulgaria while given a way to take out large amount of movable property along with the train composition. They first went to

Alexandria Alexandria ( or ; ar, ٱلْإِسْكَنْدَرِيَّةُ ; grc-gre, Αλεξάνδρεια, Alexándria) is the second largest city in Egypt, and the largest city on the Mediterranean coast. Founded in by Alexander the Great, Alexandri ...

, Egypt, where Queen Giovanna's father Victor Emmanuel III, the former king of Italy, lived in exile. There, in 1951 Simeon studied at Victoria College (along with Crown Prince Leka of Albania). In July 1951,

General Francisco Franco Francisco Franco Bahamonde (; 4 December 1892 – 20 November 1975) was a Spanish general who led the Nationalist forces in overthrowing the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War and thereafter ruled over Spain from 193 ...

dictatorship A dictatorship is a form of government which is characterized by a leader, or a group of leaders, which holds governmental powers with few to no limitations on them. The leader of a dictatorship is called a dictator. Politics in a dictatorship a ...

Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = '' Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , ...

granted asylum to the family.

Education and business career

Madrid Madrid ( , ) is the capital and most populous city of Spain. The city has almost 3.4 million inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.7 million. It is the second-largest city in the European Union (EU), and ...

, Simeon studied at the Lycée Français. On 16 June 1955, upon turning 18, in accordance with the Tarnovo Constitution Simeon read a proclamation to the Bulgarian people, claiming he is Tsar of Bulgaria, confirming his will to be Tsar of all Bulgarians and to follow the principles contrary to then ruled by communist regime Bulgaria. In 1958, he enrolled at Valley Forge Military Academy and College in the United States, where he was known as "Cadet Rylski No. 6883", and graduated as a second lieutenant. Once again in Spain (between 1959 and 1962), Simeon studied law and business administration. He became a businessman. For thirteen years, he was chairman of the Spanish subsidiary of Thomson, a French defense and electronics group. He was also an adviser in the banking, hotel, electronics, and catering sectors.

Marriage and issue

On 21 January 1962, Simeon married a Spanish aristocrat, '' Doña''

Margarita Gómez-Acebo y Cejuela Margarita Gómez-Acebo y Cejuela (born 6 January 1935) is the wife of Tsar Simeon II of Bulgaria, whom she married after he went into exile. As such, she is also sometimes styled Tsaritsa Margarita; in this context, she may be styled as Princess ...

. The couple have had five children – four sons (Kardam, Kiril, Kubrat and Konstantin) and a daughter, Kalina, all of whom subsequently married

Spaniards Spaniards, or Spanish people, are a Romance ethnic group native to Spain. Within Spain, there are a number of national and regional ethnic identities that reflect the country's complex history, including a number of different languages, both ...

. All of his sons received names of Bulgarian Tsars, his daughter has a Bulgarian name, although only four of his eleven grandchildren have Bulgarian names (Boris, Sofia, Mirko and Simeon). * Kardam (1962–2015) married Miriam Ungría y López. They had two sons, Boris and Beltran. * Kiril (born 1964) married María del Rosario Nadal y Fuster de Puigdórfila. They have two daughters, Mafalda and Olimpia, and one son, Tassilo. * Kubrat (born 1965) married Carla María de la Soledad Royo-Villanova y Urrestarazu. They have three sons: Mirko, Lukás and Tirso. * Konstantin-Assen (born 1967) married María García de la Rasilla y Gortázar. They have twins, Umberto and Sofia. * Kalina (born 1972) married Antonio José "Kitín" Muñoz y Valcárcel. They have one son, Simeon Hassan Muñoz.

Political return

In 1990, just months after the fall of communism, Simeon was issued a new Bulgarian passport. In 1996, fifty years after the abolition of the monarchy, Simeon returned to Bulgaria and was met in many places by crowds of approval. He did not, at that point, make any political announcements or moves, as he had already denied in a TV interview (1990) to have any material property claims against Bulgaria. However, these social sentiments gradually disappeared after his premiership, with Simeon making moves to take back large areas or real estate property in Bulgaria that was under the monarchy's governance before 1945. In 2001, Simeon, who had by this time taken the name ''Simeon Borisov Saxe-Coburg-Gotha'', announced he would return to Bulgaria to form a new political party, the National Movement Simeon II (later renamed to NMSP), dedicated to "reforms and political integrity." Simeon promised that in 800 days the

Bulgarian people Bulgarians ( bg, българи, Bǎlgari, ) are a nation and South Slavic ethnic group native to Bulgaria and the rest of Southeast Europe. Etymology Bulgarians derive their ethnonym from the Bulgars. Their name is not completely underst ...

would feel tangible positive effects of his government and would enjoy significantly higher standards of living.

Prime Minister

NMSP won a large victory in the parliamentary elections held on 17 June 2001, capturing 120 of the 240 seats in Parliament and defeating the two main pre-existing political parties. Simeon gave an oath as Prime Minister of Republic of Bulgaria on 24 July, forming a coalition with the ethnic Turkish party, Movement for Rights and Freedoms (MRF). He gave ministerial positions in his government mainly to

technocrats Technocracy is a form of government in which the decision-maker or makers are selected based on their expertise in a given area of responsibility, particularly with regard to scientific or technical knowledge. This system explicitly contrasts w ...

and Western-educated economic specialists. During his time in power, Bulgaria joined

NATO The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO, ; french: Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord, ), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 30 member states – 28 European and two N ...

, after he had agreed to enter into the USA led coalition against Iraq. In 2002, he received the Path to Peace Award from the Path to Peace Foundation. In the 2005 elections, Simeon's party ranked second and participated in the grand coalition government led by the

and including the Movement for Rights and Freedoms. Simeon was given the unofficial ceremonial post of Chairman of the Coalition Council. The party got just 3.01% of votes and no seats at the parliamentary elections of 2009. Shortly after, on 6 July, Simeon also resigned as NMSP leader.

Views on restoration of the Bulgarian monarchy

Although not yet formally renouncing his claim to the Bulgarian throne, Simeon and his family take part in long orchestrated media campaigns and moves throughout Bulgarian political space. He used the title "Tsar of the Bulgarians" in his political statements during his exile. Since his return to Bulgaria, however, Simeon has consistently avoided revealing his views on the restoration of the Bulgarian monarchy, notwithstanding the original name of his party.

Autobiography

Simeon wrote an autobiography in French under the title ''Simeon II de Bulgarie, un destin singulier'' that was released in Bulgaria on 28 October 2014. It was first presented at the headquarters of the UNESCO in Paris on 22 October 2014. Simeon Sakskoburggotski

Longevity

At the time of his death, Ferdinand I held the record for the longest-lived head of state in Bulgarian history, having been 87 years, and 197 days old when he died on 10 September 1948. Simeon will break his grandfather's record if he remains living after December 31, 2024.

Titles and styles

*15 September 1946 – present: (unofficial and legally disputed) ''His Majesty'' Tsar Simeon II of the Bulgarians ( title of pretense and by courtesy) **24 July 2001 – present: Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha In a statement published on its website on 1 May 2015, the Bulgarian Patriarchy announced that Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha will be referred to as Tsar of Bulgaria in all public and private services held in the dioceses of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church.

Dynastic honours

* House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha-Koháry: Knight and Grand Master of the

Order of Saints Cyril and Methodius The Order of Saints Cyril and Methodius is an award conferred by the Republic of Bulgaria. History It has had three incarnations : * first on 18 May 1909 by the Kingdom of Bulgaria, * second on 13 December 1950 by the People's Republic of Bulga ...

The Grand Master of the Bulgarian Orders
– official website of H.M. Simeon II * House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha-Koháry: Grand Master of the Royal Order of Saint Alexander * House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha-Koháry: Grand Master of the Royal Order of Bravery * House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha-Koháry: Grand Master of the Royal Order of Civil Merit * House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha-Koháry: Grand Master of the Royal Order of Military Merit * House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha-Koháry: Recipient of the Coming of age Medal of Tsar Simeon II

National state honours

* : Grand Cross of the Order of Stara Planinahttp://www.kingsimeon.bg/en/
page with Simeon's honours
* Bulgarian Ministry of Defence: Collar of the Order of Justice

Foreign state and dynastic honours

* : Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold II * : Grand'Croix of the Order of the Legion of Honour ** Orléans-French Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Lazarus * Greek Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Redeemer *

Italian Royal Family The House of Savoy ( it, Casa Savoia) was a royal dynasty that was established in 1003 in the historical Savoy region. Through gradual expansion, the family grew in power from ruling a small Alpine county north-west of Italy to absolute rule o ...

: Knight of the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation * : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre * : Bailiff Knight Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion of the

Sovereign Military Order of Malta The Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM), officially the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta ( it, Sovrano Militare Ordine Ospedaliero di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme, di Rodi e di Malta; ...

* Two Sicilian Royal Family: ** Knight of the Royal Order of Saint Januarius ** Bailiff Knight Grand Cross of the Two Sicilian Royal Sacred Military Order of Saint George * : Grand Cordon of the Order of Independence * : Knight Grand Cordon with Collar of the Order of Palestine * Portuguese Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross of the

Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa The Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa (also known as The Order of Our Lady of Conception of Vila Vicosa; pt, Ordem de Nossa Senhora da Conceição de Vila Viçosa) is a dynastic order of knighthood of the House of Braganza, the f ...

* Russian Imperial Family: Knight of the Imperial Order of Saint Andrew * : ** Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III ** Knight of the

Order of the Golden Fleece The Distinguished Order of the Golden Fleece ( es, Insigne Orden del Toisón de Oro, german: Orden vom Goldenen Vlies) is a Catholic order of chivalry founded in Bruges by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, in 1430, to celebrate his marriag ...

National awards

* :

Honorary degree An honorary degree is an academic degree for which a university (or other degree-awarding institution) has waived all of the usual requirements. It is also known by the Latin phrases ''honoris causa'' ("for the sake of the honour") or '' ad h ...

of the National Guards Unit of Bulgaria * : Jubilee badge of honour of the Bulgarian Chitalishte community

Foreign awards

* : Paneuropean Union integration award * :

of the University of Bucharest * : Adoptive Son of Madrid

Arms

Patronages

National patronages

* : Patron of the National day of Bulgaria

Foreign patronages

* : Patron of restoration of the

Statue of St. John of Nepomuk in Divina The statue of St. John of Nepomuk in Divina is the National Cultural Monument of Slovakia. Divina is a village and municipality in Žilina District in the Žilina Region of northern Slovakia. In historical records the village was first mentione ...

, realised out under auspices of the Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany in Slovakia (2017).

Ancestry

References

Bibliography

* Ramon Perez-Maura, El rey possible: Simeon de Bulgaria, Belacqua, Madrid, 2002 () * Simeon II de Bulgarie, Sébastien de Courtois, Un destin singulier, Flammarion, 2014 ()

Books

In addition to the books listed in the References, the following may be mentioned: * Walter J.R. Curley, ''Monarchs in Waiting''. London: Hutchinson & Co., 1975. (pp. 23–25: "Bulgaria: His Majesty King Simeon II") * Pashanko Dimitroff, ''Boris III of Bulgaria 1894–1943''. London, 1986. * Charles Fenyvesi, ''Royalty in Exile''. London: Robson Books, 1981. (pp. 153–171: "Czar Simeon of the Bulgars") * Stephane Groueff ''Crown of Thorns'', Lanham MD. and London, 1987. * Gregory Lauder-Frost, ''The Betrayal of Bulgaria'', Monarchist League Policy Paper, London, 1989. * Robert K. Massie and Jeffrey Firestone, ''The Last Courts of Europe''. New York: Greenwich House, 1983. *

Articles

* ''The Daily Telegraph'', Obituary for "HM Queen Ioanna of the Bulgarians", London, 28 February 2000.

External links

King Simeon II
– Personal website
The first website about Simeon II of Bulgaria
focuses on his pre-1995 history
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha's statement, 5 July 2002
concerning Bulgaria's candidacy for

membership: "The role of the international community should be gradually transformed from crisis response to integration. Palliative measures intended to mitigate yet another crisis cannot bring stability and prosperity. The best solution is the region's integration into the European and Euroatlantic institutions."
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha's address, 10 February 2005
concerning amending the constitution to bring it in line with EU requirements, ''Standart'' {{DEFAULTSORT:Simeon II of Bulgaria 1937 births 20th-century Bulgarian monarchs Simeon Leaders ousted by a coup Living people Modern child rulers Eastern Orthodox monarchs Politicians from Sofia Child pretenders Prime Ministers of Bulgaria Rulers deposed as children Victoria College, Alexandria alumni Valley Forge Military Academy and College alumni World War II political leaders Grand Master of the Order of Military Merit (Bulgaria) Recipients of the Order of Bravery Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Belgium) Recipients of the Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold II Grand Cordons of the Order of Independence (Jordan) Knights of the Holy Sepulchre Bailiffs Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta Recipients of the Order of Saint Lazarus (statuted 1910) Grand Officiers of the Légion d'honneur Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa Nobility from Sofia