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Silvanidae, "silvan flat bark beetles", is a family of
Investigations into the phylogenetic relationships within the family and between the Silvanidae and other cucujoids are at the preliminary stages. A phylogenetic analysis of the "primitive" cucujoids using morphological characters of larvae and adults found a close relationship between the Silvanidae and Cucujidae. A molecular phylogenetic study primarily aimed at clarifying the status of the more "advanced" cucujoids nevertheless included exemplars of the basal taxa. It showed a close relationship between Passandridae and Silvanidae, and a more distant one with Cucujidae.
Ten genera are represented by species that have been moved widely through commerce and now have worldwide or nearly worldwide distributions (e.g., ''Ahasverus'', ''Oryzaephilus'', ''Silvanus'', ''Cryptamorpha'', ''Monanus''.) The most economically important genus is ''Oryzaephilus'', with two common stored products pest species (''O. surinamensis'' (L.), the sawtoothed grain beetle, and ''O. mercator'' (Fauvel), the merchant grain beetle), and several others that are sporadic pests Halstead, D.G.H. 1980. A revision of the genus ''Oryzaephilus'' Ganglbauer, including descriptions of related genera (Coleoptera: Silvanidae). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 69:271-374. Other economically important stored products pests include ''Ahasverus advena'' (Waltl), ''Cathartus quadricollis'' (Guerin-Meneville), and ''Nausibius clavicornis'' (Kugelann).
beetle
Beetles are insects that form the order Coleoptera (), in the superorder Endopterygota. Their front pair of wings are hardened into wing-cases, elytra, distinguishing them from most other insects. The Coleoptera, with about 400,000 describ ...
s in the superfamily Cucujoidea
Cucujoidea is a superfamily of beetles. This group formerly included all of the families now included in the superfamily Coccinelloidea. They include some fungus beetles and a diversity of lineages of "bark beetles" unrelated to the "true" bark ...
,Thomas, M. C., and R.A. B. Leschen. 2010. Silvanidae Kirby, 1837. p. 346-350. In: Leschen, R.A.B., R.G. Beutel, and J.F. Lawrence. Coleoptera, Beetles. Vol. 2: Morphology and Systematics (Elateroidea, Bostrichiformia, Cucujiformia partim). Handbook of Zoology. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin. consisting of 68 described genera and about 500 described species. The family is represented on all continents except Antarctica, and is most diverse at both the generic and species levels in the Old World tropics.
Description
Silvanids generally are small, brownish, flattened, pubescent and densely punctured beetles ranging from 1.2-15mm in length, and mostly with a 5-5-5tarsal formula
Tarsal formula is the number of segments of the tarsi, which has 3 numbers a-b-c, starting with the fore leg (a), then the middle leg (b), then the hind leg (c). For example, a tarsal formula of "5-5-4" as found in the Trictenotomidae means the ...
. They have short, strongly clubbed, to very elongate antennae, and frequently grooves or carinae on the head and/or pronotum. Many genera have the lateral margins of the pronotum dentate or denticulate. The family is divided unequally into two subfamilies: Brontinae and Silvaninae. The Brontinae, arranged in two tribes (Brontini and Telephanini) of 10 genera each, are larger, loosely jointed beetles with long antennae, an especially elongate scape, inverted male genitalia, and mandibular mycangia. Both brontine tribes have recently been reviewed at the genus level.Thomas, M. C. 2004. The Brontini of the world: A generic review of the tribe (Coleoptera: Silvanidae: Brontinae). Insecta Mundi 17: 1-31 (2003). The Silvaninae, which has not been divided into tribes, consists of 48 genera of mostly smaller beetles characterized by their closed procoxal cavities, mostly without mandibular mycangia, and non-inverted male genitalia.
Taxonomy
The largest genera are ''Telephanus'' (109 species), ''Psammoecus'' (81 species), and ''Cryptamorpha'' (27 species) (all Brontinae: Telephanini) and the Old World silvanine genus ''Airaphilus'' (35 species). There have been a number of major taxonomic studies in the Silvanidae in recent decades, including Halstead (1973), Sen Gupta and Pal (1996), Pal (1981, 1985), and Karner (1995, 2012).
Investigations into the phylogenetic relationships within the family and between the Silvanidae and other cucujoids are at the preliminary stages. A phylogenetic analysis of the "primitive" cucujoids using morphological characters of larvae and adults found a close relationship between the Silvanidae and Cucujidae. A molecular phylogenetic study primarily aimed at clarifying the status of the more "advanced" cucujoids nevertheless included exemplars of the basal taxa. It showed a close relationship between Passandridae and Silvanidae, and a more distant one with Cucujidae.
Biology and habitats
Although all silvanids seem to be primarily fungivorous, the habitat where the various taxa are found varies. Members of the tribe Brontini primarily are found under dead bark, although ''Brontoliota'' are found on the outside of dead wood lying on the ground in wet forests and ''Protodendrophagus'' occur under rocks in alpine areas of New Zealand. Brontini do not have lobed tarsomeres. Members of Telephanini usually occur on withered, pendant leaves, especially of Musaceae and Heliconiaceae. Telephanini usually have lobed tarsomeres. Silvaninae are found in subcortical habitats as well as in leaf-litter and soil. Two genera, ''Nepharis'' and ''Nepharinus'', are inquilines of ants in Australia, and two species of ''Coccidotrophus'' and one of ''Eunausibius'' occur in the petioles of ant-plants (''Tachigalia'' spp.) in the American tropics, where they feed on honeydew produced by a mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae).
Ten genera are represented by species that have been moved widely through commerce and now have worldwide or nearly worldwide distributions (e.g., ''Ahasverus'', ''Oryzaephilus'', ''Silvanus'', ''Cryptamorpha'', ''Monanus''.) The most economically important genus is ''Oryzaephilus'', with two common stored products pest species (''O. surinamensis'' (L.), the sawtoothed grain beetle, and ''O. mercator'' (Fauvel), the merchant grain beetle), and several others that are sporadic pests Halstead, D.G.H. 1980. A revision of the genus ''Oryzaephilus'' Ganglbauer, including descriptions of related genera (Coleoptera: Silvanidae). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 69:271-374. Other economically important stored products pests include ''Ahasverus advena'' (Waltl), ''Cathartus quadricollis'' (Guerin-Meneville), and ''Nausibius clavicornis'' (Kugelann).
Genera
*'' Acathartus'' Grouvelle, 1912 *'' Acorimus'' Halstead, 1980 *'' Afrocorimus'' Halstead, 1980 *'' Afronausibius'' Halstead, 1980 *'' Ahasverus'' Des Gozis, 1881 *'' Airaphilus'' Redtenbacher, 1858 *'' Aplatamus'' Grouvelle, 1912 *'' Astilpnus'' Perris, 1866 *'' Australodendrophagus'' Thomas, 2004 *'' Australohyliota'' Thomas, 2004 *'' Austronausibius'' Halstead, 1980 *'' Austrophanus'' Thomas 2008 *'' Brontoliota'' Thomas, 2004 *'' Brontopriscus'' Sharp, 1886 *'' Calpus'' Halstead, 1973 *'' Cathartosilvanus'' Grouvelle, 1913 *'' Cathartus'' Reiche, 1854 *'' Coccidotrophus'' Schwarz & Barber, 1921 *'' Cryptamorpha'' Wollaston, 1854 *'' Dendrophagella'' Thomas, 2004 *'' Dendrophagus'' Schoenherr, 1809 *'' Eunausibius'' Grouvelle, 1912 *'' Euplatamus'' Sharp 1899 *'' Indophanus'' Pal, 1982 *'' Macrohyliota'' Thomas, 2004 *'' Megahyliota'' Thomas, 2004 *'' Megapsammoecus'' Karner, 1995 *'' Metacorimus'' Halstead, 1997 *'' Microhyliota'' Thomas, 2004 *'' Monanus'' Sharp, 1879 *'' Nausibius'' Redtenbacher, 1858 *'' Neosilvanus'' Grouvelle, 1912 *'' Nepharinus'' Grouvelle, 1912 *'' Nepharis'' Laporte de Castelnau, 1869 *'' Notophanus'' Thomas, 2011 *'' Oryzaephilus'' Ganglbauer, 1899 *'' Parahyliota'' Thomas, 2004 *'' Parasilvanus'' Grouvelle, 1912 *'' Pensus'' Halstead, 1973 *'' Protodendrophagus'' Thomas, 2004 *'' Protosilvanus'' Grouvelle, 1912 *'' Psammaechidius'' Fairmaire, 1869 *'' Psammoecus'' Latreille in Cuvier, 1829 *'' Pseudonausibius'' Halstead, 1980 *'' Pseudosilvanus'' Grouvelle, 1912 *'' Saunibius'' Halstead, 1997 *'' Silvaninus'' Grouvelle, 1912 *'' Silvanoides'' Halstead, 1973 *'' Silvanolomus'' Reitter, 1912 *'' Silvanoprus'' Reitter, 1911 *'' Silvanops'' Grouvelle, 1912 *'' Silvanopsis'' Grouvelle, 1892 *'' Silvanosoma'' Brèthes, 1922 *'' Silvanus'' Latreille, 1807 *'' Synobius'' Sharp, 1899 *'' Synoemis'' Pascoe, 1863 *'' Telephanus'' Erichson, 1845 *'' Uleiota'' Latreille, 1796Extinct genera
* Subfamily Brontinae Erichson, 1845 ** Tribe Brontini Erichson, 1845 *** †'' Cretoliota'' Liu, Slipiñski, Wang et Pang, 2019Burmese amber
Burmese amber, also known as Burmite or Kachin amber, is amber from the Hukawng Valley in northern Myanmar. The amber is dated to around 100 million years ago, during the latest Albian to earliest Cenomanian ages of the mid-Cretaceous period. The ...
, Myanmar, Mid Cretaceous (latest Albian
The Albian is both an age of the geologic timescale and a stage in the stratigraphic column. It is the youngest or uppermost subdivision of the Early/Lower Cretaceous Epoch/ Series. Its approximate time range is 113.0 ± 1.0 Ma to 100.5 ± 0 ...
-earliest Cenomanian
The Cenomanian is, in the ICS' geological timescale, the oldest or earliest age of the Late Cretaceous Epoch or the lowest stage of the Upper Cretaceous Series. An age is a unit of geochronology; it is a unit of time; the stage is a unit in ...
)
*** †'' Protoliota'' Liu Slipiñski, Wang et Pang, 2019 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Mid Cretaceous (latest Albian-earliest Cenomanian)
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