Shema

''Shema Yisrael'' (''Shema Israel'' or ''Sh'ma Yisrael''; he , שְׁמַע יִשְׂרָאֵל ''Šəmaʿ Yīsrāʾēl'', "Hear, O Israel") is a Jewish prayer (known as the Shema) that serves as a centerpiece of the morning and evening Jewish prayer services. Its first verse encapsulates the monotheistic essence of Judaism: "Hear, O Israel: YHWH is our God, YHWH is one" (), found in .

The first part can be translated as either "The our God" or "The is our God", and the second part as either "the is one" or as "the one " (in the sense of "the alone"), since Hebrew does not normally use a copula in the present tense, so translators must decide by inference whether one is appropriate in English. The word used for "the " is the tetragrammaton YHWH.

Observant Jews consider the ''Shema'' to be the most important part of the prayer service in Judaism, and its twice-daily recitation as a '' mitzvah'' (religious commandment). Also, it is traditional for Jews to say the ''Shema'' as their last words, and for parents to teach their children to say it before they go to sleep at night.

The term ''Shema'' is used by extension to refer to the whole part of the daily prayers that commences with ''Shema Yisrael'' and comprises Deuteronomy , , and Numbers . These sections of the Torah are read in the weekly Torah portions ''Va'etchanan'', ''Eikev'', and ''Shlach'', respectively.

History

Originally, the ''Shema'' consisted of only one verse: (see Talmud Sukkah 42a and Berachot 13b). The recitation of the ''Shema'' in the liturgy, however, consists of three portions: , , and Numbers . The three portions are mentioned in the Mishnah (Berachot 2:2). The three portions relate to central issues of Jewish belief. In the Mishnah (Berakhot 2:5) the reciting of the ''shema'' was linked with re-affirming a personal relationship with God's rule. Literally, reciting the ''shema'' was stated as "receiving the kingdom of heaven." ["Heaven" is a metaphor for God. The best texts of the Mishnah, Kaufmann and Parma, do not have the addition "yoke" that is found in later printed Mishnahs: "receive the kingdom of Heaven." The original statement appears to have been "to receive the kingdom of Heaven".]

Additionally, the Talmud points out that subtle references to the Ten Commandments can be found in the three portions. As the Ten Commandments were removed from daily prayer in the Mishnaic period (70–200 CE), the ''Shema'' is seen as an opportunity to commemorate the Ten Commandments.

There are two larger-print letters in the first sentence ('ayin ע and daleth ד) which, when combined, spell "עד". In Hebrew (language), Hebrew this means "witness". The idea thus conveyed is that through the recitation or proclamation of the ''Shema'' one is a living witness testifying to the truth of its message. Modern Kabbalistic schools, namely that of the Ari, teach that when one recites the last letter of the word ''ecḥad'' (אחד), meaning "one", he is to intend that he is ready to "die into God".

Content

''Shema Yisrael''

The first, pivotal words of the ''Shema'' are:

Rabbinic Judaism teaches that the Tetragrammaton (י-ה-ו-ה), YHWH, is the ineffable and actual name of God, and as such is not read aloud in the ''Shema'' but is traditionally replaced with אדני, Adonai (""). For that reason, the ''Shema'' is recited aloud as ''Sh'ma Yisrael Adonai Eloheinu Adonai Eḥad'' ("Hear, O Israel: the is our God, the is One.")

The literal word meanings are roughly as follows:
: ''Sh'ma'': literally means ''listen'', ''heed'', or ''hear and do'' (according to the Targum, ''accept'')
: ''Yisrael'': Israel, in the sense of the people or congregation of Israel
: ''Adonai'': often translated as "", it is read in place of the YHWH written in the Hebrew text; Samaritans say Shema, which is Aramaic for "the ivineName" and is the exact equivalent of the Hebrew '' ha-Shem'', which Rabbinic Jews substitute for Adonai in a non-liturgical context such as everyday speech.
: ''Eloheinu'': the plural 1st person possessive of '' Elohim'', meaning "our God".
: ''Echad'': the unified and cardinal number ''One''

This first verse of the ''Shema'' relates to the kingship of God. The first verse, "Hear, O Israel: the our God is One ", has always been regarded as the confession of belief in the One God. Due to the ambiguity of the possible ways to translate the Hebrew passage, there are several possible renderings:
: "Hear, O Israel! Adonai is our God! Adonai is One!", and
: "Hear, O Israel! Adonai is our God – Adonai alone."

Many commentaries have been written about the subtle differences between the translations. There is an emphasis on the oneness of God and on the sole worship of God by Israel. There are other translations, though most retain one or the other emphases.

''Baruch Shem''

The second line is a rabbinic addition and is recited silently during congregational worship (except on Yom Kippur, when it is recited aloud). In Reform and Conservative Judaism, it is recited aloud, but in a quieter voice than the rest of the prayer. It was originally a liturgical response in use in the Temple when the name of God was pronounced and took the form of ''Baruch shem k’vod l’olam'', "Blessed be his glorious name forever" (Psalm 72:19). However, in time the words ''malchuto'' ("His kingdom") and ''va’ed'' ("for ever and ever") were added. ''Malchuto'' was introduced by the rabbis during Roman rule as a counter to the claim of divine honors by Roman emperors. ''Va’ed'' was introduced at the time of the Second Temple to contrast the view of the '' minim'' (heretics) that there is no life after death.

''V'ahavta''

The following verses are commonly referred to as the ''V'ahavta'' according to the first word of the verse immediately following the ''Shema'', or in Classical Hebrew ''V'ahav'ta'' meaning "and you shall love...". They contain the command to love God with all one's heart, soul, and might (). The Talmud emphasizes that you will, at some point, whether you choose to or not, and therefore uses "shall" – future tense – love God.The Complete Hebrew Bible (Tanach) based on JPS 1917 Hebrew-English translation
Deuteronomy 6, accessed 29 November 2015

Then verse 7 goes on to remind the community to remember all the commandments and to "teach them diligently to your children and speak of them when you sit down and when you walk, when you lie down and when you rise", to recite the words of God when retiring or rising; to bind those words "on thy arm and thy head" (classically Jewish oral tradition interprets as ''tefillin''), and to "inscribe them on the door-posts of your house and on your gates" (referring to ''mezuzah'').

''V'haya im shamoa''

The passage following the ''Shema'' and ''V'ahavta'' relates to the issue of reward and punishment. It contains the promise of reward for serving God with all one's heart, soul, and might (Deut 11:13) and for the fulfillment of the laws. It also contains punishment for transgression. It also contains a repetition of the contents of the first portion - but this time spoken to the second person plural, whereas the first portion is directed to the individual, this time it is directed to the whole community.

''Vayomer''

The third portion relates to the issue of redemption. Specifically, it contains the law concerning the tzitzit (Numbers 15:37-41) as a reminder that all laws of God are obeyed, as a warning against following evil inclinations and in remembrance of the exodus from Egypt. For the prophets and rabbis, the exodus from Egypt is paradigmatic of Jewish faith that God redeems from all forms of foreign domination. It can be found in the portion Shlach-Lecha in the Book of Numbers.

Summary

In summary, the content flows from the assertion of the oneness of God's kingship. Thus, in the first portion, there is a command to love God with all one's heart, soul, and might, and to remember and teach these very important words to the children throughout the day. Obeying these commands, says the second portion, will lead to rewards, and disobeying them will lead to punishment. To ensure fulfillment of these key commands, God also commands in the third portion a practical reminder, wearing the ''tzitzit'', "that ye may remember and do all my commandments, and be holy unto your God."

The full content verse by verse, in Hebrew, English transliteration, and English translation, can be found on the jewfaq.org website.

The second line quoted, "Blessed be the Name of His glorious kingdom for ever and ever", was originally a congregational response to the declaration of the Oneness of God; it is therefore often printed in small font and recited in an undertone, as recognition that it is not, itself, a part of the cited biblical verses. The third section of the ''Shema'' ends with Numbers 15:41, but traditional Jews end the recitation of the ''Shema'' by reciting the first word of the following blessing, ''Emet'', or "Truth" without interruption.

Jewish women and the Shema

In Orthodox Judaism, women are not required to daily recite the ''Shema'' (as a command from the Torah), as with other time-bound requirements which might impinge on their traditional familial obligations, although they are obligated to pray at least once daily without a specific liturgy requirement, and many fulfill that obligation through prayers like the ''Shema''.

Conservative Judaism generally regards Jewish women as being obligated to recite the ''Shema'' at the same times as men.

Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism do not regard gender-related traditional Jewish ritual requirements as necessary in modern circumstances, including obligations for men, but not women, to pray specific prayers at specific times. Instead, both genders may fulfill all requirements.

Accompanying blessings

The blessings preceding and following the ''Shema'' are traditionally credited to the members of the Great Assembly. They were first instituted in the liturgy of the Temple in Jerusalem.

According to the Talmud, the reading of the ''Shema'' morning and evening fulfills the commandment "You shall meditate therein day and night". As soon as a child begins to speak, his father is directed to teach him the verse "Moses commanded us a law, even the inheritance of the congregation of Jacob", and teach him to read the ''Shema''. The reciting of the first verse of the ''Shema'' is called "the acceptance of the yoke of the kingship of God" (''kabalat ol malchut shamayim''). Judah ha-Nasi, who spent all day involved with his studies and teaching, said just the first verse of the ''Shema'' in the morning "as he passed his hands over his eyes", which appears to be the origin of the custom to cover the eyes with the right hand while reciting the first verse.

The first verse of the ''Shema'' is recited aloud, simultaneously by the hazzan and the congregation, which responds with the rabbinically instituted ''Baruch Shem'' ("Blessed be the Name") in silence before continuing the rest of ''Shema''. Only on Yom Kippur is this response said aloud. The remainder of the ''Shema'' is read in silence. Sephardim recite the whole of the ''Shema'' aloud, except the ''Baruch Shem''. Reform Jews also recite the whole of the first paragraph of the ''Shema'' aloud.

Blessings

During ''Shacharit'', two blessings are recited before the ''Shema'' and one after the ''Shema''.Mishnah
Berachot 1:4
/ref> There is a question in Jewish law as to whether these blessings are ''on'' the ''Shema'', or ''surrounding'' the ''Shema''. The conclusion that has been drawn is that they are ''surrounding'' the ''Shema'', because the structure is similar to that of blessings of the Torah, and there is doubt as to whether such blessings would actually ''enhance'' the ''Shema''. The two blessings that are recited before the ''Shema'' are Yotzer ohr and Ahava Rabbah/Ahavat Olam. The blessing after is known as Emet Vayatziv.

During ''Maariv'', there are two blessings before the ''Shema'' and two after. The two before are HaMaariv Aravim and Ahavat Olam. The two after are Emet V'Emunah and Hashkiveinu. Ashkenazim add Baruch Hashem L'Olam outside of Israel on weekdays.

Overall, the three blessings in the morning and four in the evening which accompany the ''Shema'' sum to seven, in accordance with the verse in Psalms: "I praise You seven times each day for Your just rules."

Bedtime ''Shema''

Before going to sleep, the first paragraph of the ''Shema'' is recited. This is not only a commandment directly given in the Bible (in Deuteronomy 6:6–7), but is also alluded to from verses such as "Commune with your own heart upon your bed" (Psalms 4:4).

Some also have the custom to read all three paragraphs, along with a whole list of sections from Psalms, Tachanun, and other prayers. Altogether this is known as the ''K'riat Shema she-al ha-mitah''. According to Arizal, reading this prayer with great concentration is also effective in cleansing one from sin. This is discussed in the Tanya.

Other instances

The exhortation by the Kohen in calling Israel to arms against an enemy (which does not apply when the Temple in Jerusalem is not standing) also includes ''Shema Yisrael''.

According to the Talmud, Rabbi Akiva patiently endured while his flesh was being torn with iron combs, and died reciting the ''Shema''. He pronounced the last word of the sentence, ''Eḥad'' ("one") with his last breath. Since then, it has been traditional for Jews to say the ''Shema'' as their last words. In 2006 Roi Klein, a major in the Israel Defense Forces, said the ''Shema'' before jumping on a live grenade and dying to save his fellow soldiers.

Other religious literature

Reformulations of the ''Shema'' appear in later Jewish Scripture, Second Temple literature, and New Testament texts. In these texts, sometimes new features are added to the ''Shema'' (e.g. 2 Kings 19:19; Zech. 14:9), in others, it is abbreviated to “God is One” (Philo, Spec. 1.30), “one God” (Josephus, C. Ap. 2.193), or “God alone” (2 Maccabees 7:37). The following is a selection of significant occurrences.

In later Jewish scripture:
* : "And now, O Lord our God, please deliver us from his hand, so that all the kingdoms of the earth may know that You are the Lord God alone."
* : "And the Lord shall become King over all the earth; on that day shall the Lord be one, and His name one."
* : "Have we not all one father? Has not one God created us? Why should we betray, each one his brother, to profane the covenant of our forefathers?"

In Second Temple literature:
* ''Letter of Aristeas'' 132: "But first of all he taught that God is one, and that his power is made manifest in all things, and that every place is filled with his sovereignty, and that nothing done by men on earth secretly escapes his notice, but that all that anyone does and all that is to be is manifest to him."
* 2 Maccabees 7:37-38: "I, like my brothers, give up body and life for the laws of our fathers, appealing to God to show mercy soon to our nation and by afflictions and plagues to make you confess that he alone is God, and through me and my brothers to bring to an end the wrath of the Almighty which has justly fallen on our whole nation."
* Philo, ''On Special Laws'' 1.30: "This lesson he continually repeats, sometimes saying that God is one and the Framer and Maker of all things, sometimes that He is Lord of created beings, because stability and fixity and lordship are by nature vested in Him alone."
* Josephus, ''Antiquities of the Jews'' 4.199: "And let there be neither an altar nor a temple in any other city; for God is but one, and the nation of the Hebrews is but one."
* Josephus, ''Against Apion'' 2.193: "There ought also to be but one temple for one God; for likeness is the constant foundation of agreement. This temple ought to be common to all men, because he is the common God of all men."

In the New Testament:
* Mark 12:28-29 (NASB): One of the scribes came and heard them arguing, and recognizing that He had answered them well, asked Him, "What commandment is the foremost of all?" Jesus answered, "The foremost is, 'Hear, O Israel! The Lord our God is one Lord.'"
* Romans 3:29-30 (NASB): "Or is God the God of Jews only? Is He not the God of Gentiles also? Yes, of Gentiles also, since indeed God who will justify the circumcised by faith and the uncircumcised through faith is one."
* James 2:19 (NASB): "You believe that God is one. You do well; the demons also believe, and shudder."

Music and film

* Arnold Schoenberg used it as part of the story to his narrative orchestral work '' A Survivor from Warsaw'' (1947).
* In '' Parade'', a musical based on true events, the main character Leo Frank, wrongly accused of the murder of a child worker at the pencil factory he manages, recites the ''Shema Yisrael'' as a vigilante gang kidnap and hang him in the final scenes of the work.
* Pop versions have been published by Mordechai ben David and Sarit Hadad.
* In '' Pi'', Max Cohen and Lenny Meyer can be seen reciting the first three verses of the ''Shema''.
* In '' The Shoes of the Fisherman'', Anthony Quinn, as the fictional Pope Kiril, explores the back streets of Rome disguised as a simple priest, and recites the ''Shema'' at the bedside of a dying Roman Jew.
* Reggae singer Matisyahu recites the ''Shema'' in his songs "Got No water" and "Tel Aviv'n".
* Yaakov Shwekey, in his "Shema Yisrael", used the story of Rabbi Eliezer Silver's saving Jewish children hidden in Christian monasteries following the Holocaust by reciting the first line of the ''Shema''.
* Singer Justin Bieber says the ''Shema'' before each public performance with his manager Scooter Braun, who is Jewish.
* Italian parody band Nanowar of Steel paraphrased it as "Shema Yggdrasil" in their 2019 single Valhallelujah.

Television

In episode 9 of season 3 of the television series ''The Man in the High Castle'', the character Frank Frink recites the ''Shema'' just before he is executed.

In the '' Northern Exposure'' episode "Kaddish for Uncle Manny", Joel Fleischman doubts the sincerity of a burly itinerant lumberjack who arrives in response to Maurice Minnifield's offer of free food and lodging to participate in a minyan; he asks the man to recite the ''Shema'', which he does.

In episode 4 of season 2 of the television series ''Shtisel'' (2015), Rebetzen Erblich asks her friend Bube Malka to recite the ''Shema'' with her as she is preparing to die.

In episode of season 1 of the television series '' The Sandman'', Death comes from an old Jewish man, Harry who recites the ''Shema'' before dying.

Divine unity of the ''Shema'' in Hasidic philosophy

The second section of the Tanya brings the mystical panentheism of the founder of Hasidic Judaism, the Baal Shem Tov, into philosophical explanation. It outlines the Hasidic interpretation of God's Unity in the first two lines of the ''Shema'', based upon their interpretation in Kabbalah. The emphasis on Divine Omnipresence and immanence lies behind Hasidic joy and ''devekut'', and its stress on transforming the material into spiritual worship. In this internalisation of Kabbalistic ideas, the Hasidic follower seeks to reveal the Unity and hidden holiness in all activities of life.

Medieval, rationalist Jewish philosophers (exponents of ''Hakirah''–rational "investigation" from first principles in support of Judaism), such as Maimonides, describe Biblical monotheism to mean that there is only one God, and his essence is a unique, simple, infinite Unity. Jewish mysticism provides a philosophic paradox, by dividing God's Unity into God's essence and emanation.

In Kabbalah and especially Hasidism, God's Unity means that there is nothing independent of his essence. The new doctrine in Lurianic Kabbalah of God's ''tzimtzum'' ("withdrawal") received different interpretations after Isaac Luria, from the literal to the metaphorical. To Hasidism and Schneur Zalman, it is unthinkable for the "withdrawal" of God that "makes possible" Creation, to be taken literally. The paradox of ''Tzimtzum'' only relates to the Ohr Ein Sof ("Infinite Light"), not the Ein Sof (Divine essence) itself. God's infinity is revealed in both complementary infinitude (infinite light) and finitude (finite light). The "withdrawal" was only a concealment of the Infinite Light into the essence of God, to allow the latent potentially finite light to emerge after the God limiting ''tzimtzum''. God himself remains unaffected ("For I, the Lord, I have not changed" Malachi 3:6). His essence was One, alone, before Creation, and still One, alone, after Creation, without any change. As the ''tzimtzum'' only limits God to a concealment, therefore God's Unity remains Omnipresent. In the Baal Shem Tov's interpretation, Divine providence affects every detail of Creation. The "movement of a leaf in the wind" is part of the unfolding Divine presence, and is a necessary part of the complete '' Tikkun'' (Rectification in Kabbalah). This awareness of the loving Divine purpose and significance of each individual and his free will, awakens mystical love and awe of God.

Schneur Zalman explains that God's divided Unity has two levels, an unlimited level and a limited one, that are both paradoxically true. The main text of medieval Kabbalah, the Zohar, describes the first verse of the ''Shema'' ("Hear O Israel, the Lord is God, the Lord is One") as the "Upper level Unity", and the second line ("Blessed be the Name of the Glory of His Kingdom forever") as the limited "Lower level Unity". Schneur Zalman gives the Chabad explanation of this. In his Kabbalah philosophy, all Creation is dependent on the limited, immanent, potentially finite, " Light that Fills all Worlds", that each Creation receives continually. All is ''bittul''–nullified to the light, even though in our realm this complete dependence is hidden. From this perspective, of God knowing the Creation on its own terms, Creation exists, but the true essence of anything is only the Divine spark that continuously recreates it from nothing. God is One, as nothing has any independent existence without this continual flow of Divine Will to Create. This is the pantheistic Lower Level Unity.

In relation to God's essence, Creation affects no change or withdrawal. All Creation takes place "within" God. "There is nothing but God". The ability to create can only come from the infinite Divine essence, represented by the Tetragrammaton name of God. However, "It is not the essence of the Divine, to create Worlds and sustain them", as this ability is only external to the Infinite essence "outside" God. Creation only derives from God's revelatory antropomorphic "speech" (as in Genesis 1), and even this is unlike the external speech of Man, as it too remains "within" God. From this upper perspective of God knowing himself on his own terms, the created existence of Creation does not exist, as it is as nothing in relation to Zalman's philosophically constructed concept of God's essence. This monistic acosmism is the "Upper Level Unity", as from this perspective, only God exists.

In Islam

The words used in the ''Shema'' prayer are similar to the words of verse 1 of Sura 112 (Al-Tawhid or Monotheism) in the Quran. The word in Arabic is similar to the word in Hebrew.

ar, قُلْ هُوَ اللَّهُ أَحَدٌ - ''Qul Huwa Allāh ʾAḥad'' ("Say, He is Allah the One")

In Christianity

The ''Shema'' is one of the Old Testament sentences quoted in the New Testament. The Gospel of mentions that Jesus of Nazareth considered the opening exhortation of the ''Shema'' to be the first of his two greatest commandments and linked with a second (based on Leviticus 19:18b): "The first of all the commandments is, Hear, O Israel; The Lord our God is one Lord: And thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind, and with all thy strength: this is the first commandment. And the second is like, namely this, Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself." In the ''Shema'' is also linked with Leviticus 19:18. The verses Deuteronomy 6:5 and Leviticus 19:18b both begin with ''ve'ahavta'', "and you shall love". In Luke's Gospel, it appears that this connection between the two verses was already part of cultural discussion or practice.

Theologians Carl Friedrich Keil and Franz Delitzsch noted that "the heart is mentioned first (in Deuteronomy 6:5), as the seat of the emotions generally and of love in particular; then follows the soul (''nephesh'') as the centre of personality in man, to depict the love as pervading the entire self-consciousness; and to this is added, "with all the strength", i.e. of body and soul.

The ''Shema'' has also been incorporated into Christian liturgy, and is discussed in terms of the Trinity. In the Latin Catholic Liturgy of the Hours, the ''Shema'' is read during the Night Prayer or '' Compline'' every Saturday, thereby concluding the day's prayers. The Anglican Book of Common Prayer in use in Canada since 1962 has included the ''Shema'' in its Summary of the Law. Since 2012, when the Anglican Use version of the BCP, the Book of Divine Worship, was adapted for use in Canada, it has been recited by Roman Catholics as well.

The Anglican (and Orthodox Celtic) Church officially utilizes the ''Shema'' in the Daily Services. Namely with the decalogue.

See also

* Al-Ikhlas
* Mool Mantar
* Profession (religious)
* Tawhid

References

External links

"Shema"
at the '' Jewish Encyclopedia''

Recitation of the Shema Yisrael

Explanation of the Shema by Rabeinu Bachya
* Anthology of Translations of Shem


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