The Sharifate of Mecca () or Emirate of Mecca was a state, non-sovereign for much of its existence, ruled by the

Sharifs of Mecca The Sharif of Mecca ( ar, شريف مكة, Sharīf Makkah) or Hejaz ( ar, شريف الحجاز, Sharīf al-Ḥijāz, links=no) was the title of the leader of the Sharifate of Mecca, traditional steward of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina and ...

. A

sharif Sharīf ( ar, شريف, 'noble', 'highborn'), also spelled shareef or sherif, feminine sharīfa (), plural ashrāf (), shurafāʾ (), or (in the Maghreb) shurfāʾ, is a title used to designate a person descended, or claiming to be descended, f ...

is a descendant of

Hasan ibn Ali Hasan ibn Ali ( ar, الحسن بن علي, translit=Al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī; ) was a prominent early Islamic figure. He was the eldest son of Ali and Fatima and a grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He briefly ruled as caliph from Jan ...

Muhammad Muhammad ( ar, مُحَمَّد; 570 – 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam. According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet divinely inspired to preach and confirm the mo ...

's grandson. In Western sources, the prince of Mecca was known as Grand Sherif, but Arabs have always used the appellation "

Emir Emir (; ar, أمير ' ), sometimes transliterated amir, amier, or ameer, is a word of Arabic origin that can refer to a male monarch, aristocrat, holder of high-ranking military or political office, or other person possessing actual or cer ...

". The Sharifate existed from about 967 to 1925. From 1201, the descendants of the Sharifian patriarch Qatada ruled over

Mecca Mecca (; officially Makkah al-Mukarramah, commonly shortened to Makkah ()) is a city and administrative center of the Mecca Province of Saudi Arabia, and the holiest city in Islam. It is inland from Jeddah on the Red Sea, in a narrow ...

Medina Medina,, ', "the radiant city"; or , ', (), "the city" officially Al Madinah Al Munawwarah (, , Turkish: Medine-i Münevvere) and also commonly simplified as Madīnah or Madinah (, ), is the second-holiest city in Islam, and the capital of the ...

and the Hejaz in unbroken succession until 1925. Originally a Zaydi Shi'ite emirate, the Hasanid Sharifs converted to the Shafi'i rite of Sunni Islam in the late Mamluk or early Ottoman period. Their Husaynid kin who traditionally ruled over Medina professed Twelver (Imami) Shi'ism. Both the Hasanid sharifs in Mecca and Husayni emirs in Medina converted to Sunnism in the Mamluk period, however, Mamluk and Ottoman sources hint towards continued Shia sympathy from among the ruling Hasanids and Husaynids after their conversion to Sunnism.

Early history

Originally, the

s of the Hejaz had generally avoided involvement in public life. This situation changed in the second half of the 10th century, with the rise of the Qaramita sect. The Qaramita directed tribal raids towards Iraq, Syria and much of Arabia, interrupting the flux of pilgrims to Mecca. In 930, Qaramita raiders attacked Mecca, and stole the holy

Black Stone The Black Stone ( ar, ٱلْحَجَرُ ٱلْأَسْوَد, ', 'Black Stone') is a rock set into the eastern corner of the Kaaba, the ancient building in the center of the Grand Mosque in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. It is revered by Muslims as an ...

from the Kaaba, gravely embarrassing the

Abbasid The Abbasid Caliphate ( or ; ar, الْخِلَافَةُ الْعَبَّاسِيَّة, ') was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It was founded by a dynasty descended from Muhammad's uncle, Abbas ibn Abdul-Muttalib ...

caliph in Baghdad. Abu al-Misk Kafur, an Abbasid vassal and ruler of Egypt, persuaded the Qaramita to end their raids and return the Black Stone to Mecca in return for an annual tribute. As a measure to enhance the safety of the pilgrims he chose one of the sharifs of Hejaz, and installed him as emir of Mecca in about 964. In 1012, the Emir of Mecca Abu'l-Futuh al-Hasan declared himself caliph, but he was persuaded to give up his title in the same year. The first

Sulayhid The Sulayhid dynasty ( ar, بَنُو صُلَيْح, Banū Ṣulayḥ, lit=Children of Sulayh) was an Ismaili Shi'ite Arab dynasty established in 1047 by Ali ibn Muhammad al-Sulayhi that ruled most of historical Yemen at its peak. The Sulayh ...

ruler conquered the whole of Yemen in 1062, and proceeded northwards to occupy the Hejaz. For a time, they appointed the Emirs of Mecca. As Sunni power began to revive after 1058, the Meccan emirs maintained an ambiguous position between the Fatimids and the

Seljuks The Seljuk dynasty, or Seljukids ( ; fa, سلجوقیان ''Saljuqian'', alternatively spelled as Seljuqs or Saljuqs), also known as Seljuk Turks, Seljuk Turkomans "The defeat in August 1071 of the Byzantine emperor Romanos Diogenes by the Turk ...

of Isfahan. After

Saladin Yusuf ibn Ayyub ibn Shadi () ( – 4 March 1193), commonly known by the epithet Saladin,, ; ku, سه‌لاحه‌دین, ; was the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty. Hailing from an ethnic Kurdish family, he was the first of both Egypt and ...

overthrew the Fatimids in 1171, the

Ayyubids The Ayyubid dynasty ( ar, الأيوبيون '; ) was the founding dynasty of the medieval Sultanate of Egypt established by Saladin in 1171, following his abolition of the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt. A Sunni Muslim of Kurdish origin, Saladin ...

aspired to establishing their sovereignty over Mecca. Their constant dynastic disputes, however, led to a period free of external interferences in the Hejaz. In 1200 circa, a sharif by the name of

Qatadah ibn Idris Abu Aziz Qatada ibn Idris al-Hasani al-Alawi al-Yanbu'i al-Makki ( ar, أبو عزيز قتادة بن إدريس الحسني العلوي الينبعى المكي, Abū ʿAzīz Qatāda ibn Idrīs al-Ḥasanī al-ʿAlawī al-Yanbuʿī al-Makkī ...

seized power and was recognised as Emir by the Ayyubid sultan. He became the first of a dynasty, the

Banu Qatadah The Banu Qatadah ( ar, بنو قتادة, Banū Qatādah, Sons of Qatadah), or the Qatadids ( ar, القتاديون, al-Qatādayūn), were a dynasty of Hasanid sharifs that held the Sharifate of Mecca continuously from 1201 until its abolition in ...

, that held the emirate until it was abolished in 1925. The Mamluks succeeded in taking over the Hejaz, and made it a regular province of their empire after 1350. Jeddah became a base of the Mamluks for their operations in the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, leading it to replace

Yanbu Yanbu ( ar, ينبع, lit=Spring, translit=Yanbu'), also known simply as Yambu or Yenbo, is a city in the Al Madinah Province of western Saudi Arabia. It is approximately 300 kilometers northwest of Jeddah (at ). The population is 222,360 (2 ...

as the main maritime trade centre on the Hejaz coast. By playing off members of the sharifian house against one another, the Mamluks managed to achieve a high degree of control over the Hejaz.

Ottoman era

During the Ottoman period the Emirate was not hereditary, and owed its succession to direct nomination by the

Ottoman Porte The Sublime Porte, also known as the Ottoman Porte or High Porte ( ota, باب عالی, Bāb-ı Ālī or ''Babıali'', from ar, باب, bāb, gate and , , ), was a synecdoche for the central government of the Ottoman Empire. History The name ...

. A dual system of government existed over the Hejaz for much of this period. Ruling authority was shared between the Emir, a member of the

ashraf Sharīf ( ar, شريف, 'noble', 'highborn'), also spelled shareef or sherif, feminine sharīfa (), plural ashrāf (), shurafāʾ (), or (in the Maghreb) shurfāʾ, is a title used to designate a person descended, or claiming to be descended, fr ...

or descendants of Muhammad, and the Ottoman wāli or governor. This system continued until the

Arab Revolt The Arab Revolt ( ar, الثورة العربية, ) or the Great Arab Revolt ( ar, الثورة العربية الكبرى, ) was a military uprising of Arab forces against the Ottoman Empire in the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I. On ...

of 1916. Apart from the Emirs of Mecca, Ottoman administration in the Hejaz was first at the hands of the Governor of

Egypt Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Medit ...

and then the Governors of Jeddah. The Eyalet of Jeddah was later transformed into the Hejaz Vilayet, with a governor in

. For much of the 19th century, the northernmost place of the Emirate was Al-'Ula, while the southern limit was usually Al Lith, and sometimes Al Qunfudhah; to the east, it never stretched further than the

Khaybar KhaybarOther standardized Arabic transliterations: / . Anglicized pronunciation: , . ( ar, خَيْبَر, ) is an oasis situated some north of the city of Medina in the Medina Province of Saudi Arabia. Prior to the rise of Islam in the 7th ...

oasis. Mecca,

and Jeddah were its largest cities. Some of the population of these cities consisted of non-Arab Muslims, including Bukharis, Javanese, Indians, Afghans, and Central Asians.

Early period

The Hejaz region was formerly under the

Mamluk Sultanate The Mamluk Sultanate ( ar, سلطنة المماليك, translit=Salṭanat al-Mamālīk), also known as Mamluk Egypt or the Mamluk Empire, was a state that ruled Egypt, the Levant and the Hejaz (western Arabia) from the mid-13th to early 16t ...

until its defeat and take over by the Ottomans in 1517.Hejaz (region, Saudi Arabia) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia
/ref> In the same year, Sharif Barakat of Mecca acknowledged the Ottoman Sultan as

Caliph A caliphate or khilāfah ( ar, خِلَافَة, ) is an institution or public office under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph (; ar, خَلِيفَة , ), a person considered a political-religious successor to th ...

. When the Sharifs accepted Ottoman sovereignty, the Sultan confirmed them in their position as rulers of the Hejaz. Ottoman authority was only indirect, as the arrangement left real power with the Emir. The Sultan assumed the title of "Hâdimü’l-Haremeyni’ş-Şerifeyn", or Custodian of the Two Holy Cities. In 1630, a flood swept Mecca, almost completely destroying the Kaaba. It had been restored by 1636. In 1680, about 100 people drowned in another flood in Mecca. Initially, the Ottomans administered the Hejaz under the Eyalet of Egypt. The Emirs were appointed by the Sultan taking into consideration the choice of the

s, as well as the opinions of the walis of Egypt, Damascus and Jeddah (after it was established), as well as that of the

qadi A qāḍī ( ar, قاضي, Qāḍī; otherwise transliterated as qazi, cadi, kadi, or kazi) is the magistrate or judge of a '' sharīʿa'' court, who also exercises extrajudicial functions such as mediation, guardianship over orphans and mino ...

of Mecca. The emir of Mecca was always from the

Hashemite The Hashemites ( ar, الهاشميون, al-Hāshimīyūn), also House of Hashim, are the royal family of Jordan, which they have ruled since 1921, and were the royal family of the kingdoms of Hejaz (1916–1925), Syria (1920), and Iraq (1921� ...

clan of Muhammad. This situation was ended in 1803, when fundamentalist

Wahhabis Wahhabism ( ar, ٱلْوَهَّابِيَةُ, translit=al-Wahhābiyyah) is a Sunni Islamic revivalist and fundamentalist movement associated with the reformist doctrines of the 18th-century Arabian Islamic scholar, theologian, preacher, and ...

deposed the ruling Emir of Mecca, Sharif Ghalib.

Saudi invasion and Egyptian control

The Saudis started to be a threat on the Hejaz from the 1750s onwards. Subscribing to the Salafi-Wahhabi creed, the religious establishment of the Saudis rose as a religious movement in Dira’iyya in the

Nejd Najd ( ar, نَجْدٌ, ), or the Nejd, forms the geographic center of Saudi Arabia, accounting for about a third of the country's modern population and, since the Emirate of Diriyah, acting as the base for all unification campaigns by the H ...

in 1744-1745. Their doctrine found few sympathisers in the Hejaz, and the

Mufti A Mufti (; ar, مفتي) is an Islamic jurist qualified to issue a nonbinding opinion (''fatwa'') on a point of Islamic law (''sharia''). The act of issuing fatwas is called ''iftāʾ''. Muftis and their ''fatwas'' played an important role ...

of Mecca pronounced them heretics. They were able to take the two holy cities in 1801. In 1803 the Wahhabis, led by Abdul-Aziz Al Saud, attacked Mecca. Sharif Ghalib fled to Jeddah, which was besieged shortly thereafter. Sharif Ghalib was sent back to Mecca as a Saudi vassal. First Tosun Pasha led the army in 1811 and occupied Medina in 1812 and Mecca in 1813. After his death İbrahim Pasha, who had accompanied Mehmed Ali's personal visit to the Hejaz in 1814, took over after lagging success with repeated Saudi resistance and managed to push the Wahhabis back into the Nejd. Upon the news of the victory,

Mahmud II Mahmud II ( ota, محمود ثانى, Maḥmûd-u s̠ânî, tr, II. Mahmud; 20 July 1785 – 1 July 1839) was the 30th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 until his death in 1839. His reign is recognized for the extensive administrative, ...

appointed İbrahim Pasha governor of Jeddah and Habesh. He was the nominal ruler of Hejaz on behalf of the Ottomans from 1811 to 1840. The Wahhabis were ousted from the Hejaz in 1818, when Mehmed Ali Pasha, by then Governor of Egypt, was able to succeed in final victory. The Hejaz then fell under his domination. The 1840 Convention of London forced Mehmed Ali to pull out from the Hejaz.

Vilayet of Hejaz

After the Hejaz was restored to the Ottomans, the provincial administration was restructured, and it was organised as the Vilayet of Hejaz. This led to the creation of two parallel political and administrative bodies: the Emirate and the Vilayet. After the Governor started to reside in Mecca, the Vilayet in a way took the Emirate into its jurisdiction, leading to a situation of dual government. The reform provided for the loss of the near-autonomy of the Emir, leading to a conflict between Emir and wali that lasted for the rest of the 19th century. Even then, the Emir of Mecca was not relegated to a position where he would be subordinate to the wali. The Emirs of Mecca continued to have a say in the administration of the Hejaz alongside the governors. The two had an uneasy parallel coexistence: while ruling over the same geography, they divided authority in a complex way, leading to a continuous negotiation, conflict or cooperation between them. As early as the 1880s, there was talk of British occupation of the Hejaz with the support of the sharifs. The British also challenged the Sultan's

caliphate A caliphate or khilāfah ( ar, خِلَافَة, ) is an institution or public office under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph (; ar, خَلِيفَة , ), a person considered a political-religious successor to th ...

by claiming that Britain should appoint the Emir, as it ruled over four times as many Muslims as the Ottomans.

Kingdom of the Hejaz

Hussein bin Ali, the Sharif and Emir of Mecca from 1908, enthroned himself as King of the Hejaz after proclaiming the Great Arab Revolt against the

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...

, and continued to hold both of the offices of Sharif and King from 1916 to 1924. At the end of his reign he also briefly laid claim to the office of

Sharifian Caliph The Sharifian Caliphate of the Hejaz ( ar, الخلافة الشريفية) was an Arab Muslim caliphate proclaimed by the Sharifian rulers of the Hashemite Kingdom of the Hejaz in 1924, in lieu of the Ottoman Caliphate. History The idea of ...

; he was a 37th-generation direct descendant of

, as he belongs to the

family. A member of the Dhawu Awn clan ( Banu Hashim) from the Qatadid emirs of Mecca, he was perceived to have rebellious inclinations and in 1893 was summoned to

Istanbul ) , postal_code_type = Postal code , postal_code = 34000 to 34990 , area_code = +90 212 (European side) +90 216 (Asian side) , registration_plate = 34 , blank_name_sec2 = GeoTLD , blank_i ...

, where he was kept on the Council of State. In 1908, in the aftermath of the

Young Turk Revolution The Young Turk Revolution (July 1908) was a constitutionalist revolution in the Ottoman Empire. The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), an organization of the Young Turks movement, forced Sultan Abdul Hamid II to restore the Ottoman Consti ...

, he was appointed Emir of Mecca by the Ottoman sultan Abdul Hamid II. In 1916, with the promise of British support for Arab independence, he proclaimed the Great Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire, accusing the

Committee of Union and Progress The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) ( ota, اتحاد و ترقى جمعيتی, translit=İttihad ve Terakki Cemiyeti, script=Arab), later the Union and Progress Party ( ota, اتحاد و ترقى فرقه‌سی, translit=İttihad ve Tera ...

of violating tenets of Islam and limiting the power of the sultan-caliph. Shortly after the outbreak of the revolt, Hussein declared himself "King of the Arab Countries". However, his pan-Arab aspirations were not accepted by the Allies, who recognized him only as King of the Hejaz. The Kingdom of the Hejaz was proclaimed as an independent sovereign kingdom in June 1916 during the

First World War World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...

, to be independent from the Ottoman Empire, on the basis of an alliance with the

British Empire The British Empire was composed of the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It began with the overseas possessions and trading posts e ...

to drive the

Ottoman Army The military of the Ottoman Empire ( tr, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun silahlı kuvvetleri) was the armed forces of the Ottoman Empire. Army The military of the Ottoman Empire can be divided in five main periods. The foundation era covers the ...

away from the Arabian Peninsula during the Great Arab Revolt. In the aftermath of World War I, Hussein refused to ratify the

Treaty of Versailles The Treaty of Versailles (french: Traité de Versailles; german: Versailler Vertrag, ) was the most important of the peace treaties of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June ...

, in protest at the Balfour Declaration and the establishment of British and French mandates in Syria,

Iraq Iraq,; ku, عێراق, translit=Êraq officially the Republic of Iraq, '; ku, کۆماری عێراق, translit=Komarî Êraq is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, the Persian Gulf and K ...

, and Palestine. He later refused to sign the Anglo-Hashemite Treaty and thus deprived himself of British support when his kingdom was attacked by Ibn Saud. After the Kingdom of Hejaz was invaded by the Al Saud-

Wahhabi Wahhabism ( ar, ٱلْوَهَّابِيَةُ, translit=al-Wahhābiyyah) is a Sunni Islamic revivalist and fundamentalist movement associated with the reformist doctrines of the 18th-century Arabian Islamic scholar, theologian, preacher, an ...

armies of the Ikhwan, on 23 December 1925

Ali ibn Husayn ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn ( ar, علي بن الحسين زين العابدين), also known as al-Sajjād (, ) or simply as Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn (), , was an Imam in Shiʻi Islam after his father Husayn ibn Ali, his uncle Hasan ...

surrendered to the Saudis, bringing both the Kingdom of Hejaz and the Sharifate of Mecca to an end.

List of Sharifs

Partial list of Sharif of Mecca: * Muhammad Abu'l-Ja'far al-Thalab (967–980) * Isa ibn Ja'far (976/977–994) *

Abu'l-Futuh al-Hasan ibn Ja'far Abu'l-Futuh al-Hasan ibn Ja'far ( ar, أبو الفتوح الحسن بن جعفر) was the Sharif of Mecca for the Fatimid Caliphate from 994/5 until 1010. He was also briefly proclaimed as an anti-caliph in a rebellion against the Fatimid Calipha ...

(994–1010) * Shukr al-Din (1010–1012) * Abu Tayeb Daoud bin Abdul Rahman (1012-1039) * Muhammad ibn Abdul Rahman (1039-1048) * Hamzah ibn Wahas (1058-1062) * Abu Hashim Muhammad ibn Ja'far (1063 –1094) * Qasim ibn Abi Hashim (1094 – 1123/24) * Fulaytah ibn Qasim (1123/24 – Jun/Jul 1133) *

Hashim ibn Fulaytah Hāshim ibn Fulaytah al-Ḥasanī al-‘Alawī ( ar, هاشم بن فليتة الحسني العلوي; d. 1155) was the fourth Emir of Mecca from the sharif Sharīf ( ar, شريف, 'noble', 'highborn'), also spelled shareef or sherif, femin ...

(1133–1155) *

Qasim ibn Hashim Qāsim ibn Hāshim ibn Fulaytah al-Ḥasanī al-‘Alawī ( ar, قاسم بن هاشم بن فليتة الحسني العلوي; d. 1162) was Emir of Mecca from 1155 to 1161, and briefly in 1162. He belonged to the sharifian dynasty known as the ...

(1155–1161) *

Isa ibn Fulaytah ‘Īsá ibn Fulaytah al-Ḥasanī al-‘Alawī ( ar, عيسى بن فليتة الحسني العلوي; d. ) was Emir of Mecca from 1161 to 1175. He ruled during the reigns of the Fatimid caliph al-Adid and the Ayyubid sultan Saladin. He belong ...

(1161 – Aug/Sep 1162) *

(Aug/Sep 1162) *

(Aug/Sep 1162 – c. 30 Sep 1170) *

Malik ibn Fulaytah Malik, Mallik, Melik, Malka, Malek, Maleek, Malick, Mallick, or Melekh ( phn, 𐤌𐤋𐤊; ar, ملك; he, מֶלֶךְ) is the Semitic term translating to "king", recorded in East Semitic and Arabic, and as mlk in Northwest Semitic dur ...

(? – ?) *

(c. 30 Sep 1170 – c. 5 March 1175) *

Da'ud ibn Isa Da’ūd ibn ‘Īsá ibn Fulaytah al-Ḥasanī al-‘Alawī ( ar, داود بن عيسى بن فليتة الحسني العلوي; d. July/August 1193) was Emir of Mecca at least three times between 1175 and 1192, in opposition to his brother ...

(c. 5 Mar 1175 – c. 5 Feb 1176) * Mukaththir ibn Isa (c. 5 Feb 1176 – c. 3 Jul 1176) *

(Jul 1176 – 1176/77) * Mukaththir ibn Isa (1176/77 – ?) *

(? – 1191/92) * Mukaththir ibn Isa (1191/92 – 1201) * Qatada ibn Idris al-Alawi al-Hasani (1201–1220) * Ibn Qatada al-Hashimi (1220–1241) * al-Hassan abu'l-Sa'd (1241–1254) * Muhammed Abu'l-Nubaj (1254–1301) * Rumaitha Abu'l-Rada (1301–1346) * Aljan Abu'l-Sarjah (1346–1375) * ''Gap'' * al-Hassan II (1394–1425) * Barakat I (1425–1455) * Malik al-Adil Muhammad (III) ibn Barakat (1455–1497) *

Barakat (II) ibn Muhammad Barakat ( ar, بركات , link=no) is an Arabic word meaning ''blessings''. It may refer to: Persons * Barakat (surname) * Barkatullah (disambiguation), a male given name Others * Barakat syndrome, also known as HDR syndrome * '' Barakat!'', ...

(1497–1525) * Muhammad Abu Numay (II) Nazim al-Din (1525–1583) * Al-Hasan (III) ibn Muhammad Abu Numay (1583–1601) * Idris (II) Abu 'Aun ibn Hasan (1601–1610) * Muhsin (I) ibn Hussein (1610–1628) * Ahmad ibn Abu Talib al-Hasan (1628–1629) * Masud (I) ibn Idris (1629–1630) * Abdullah (I) ibn Hasan (1630–1631) * Zeid ibn Muhsin (1631–1666) * Joint government of Saad ibn Zeid (1666–1672); Ahmad ibn Zeid (1669–1671);

Muhsin ibn Ahmad Muhsin (also spelled Mohsen, Mohsin, Mehsin, or Muhsen, ar, محسن) is a masculine Arabic language, Arabic given name. The first person known to have the name "Muhsin" was Muhsin bin Ali, the son of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Fatimah bint Muhammad ...

(1667–1668); Hamud ibn Abdullah ibn Hasan (1670) * Barakat (III) ibn Muhammad (1672–1682) *

Ibrahim ibn Muhammad Ibrāhīm ibn Muḥammad ( ar, إِبْرَاهِيم ٱبْن مُحَمَّد), was the son of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and Maria al-Qibtiyya. He died at the age of 2. Eclipse occurrence In his book " ''Al-Bidāya wa-n-Nihāya''" Ibn K ...

(1682) * Said (I) ibn Barakat (1682–1683) * Ahmad ibn Zeid (1684–1688) * Joint government of

Ahmad ibn Ghalib Ahmad ( ar, أحمد, ʾAḥmad) is an Arabic male given name common in most parts of the Muslim world. Other spellings of the name include Ahmed and Ahmet. Etymology The word derives from the root (ḥ-m-d), from the Arabic (), from the ve ...

(1688–1690) and

(1689–1690) *

Muhsin (II) ibn Hussein Muhsin (also spelled Mohsen, Mohsin, Mehsin, or Muhsen, ar, محسن) is a masculine Arabic given name. The first person known to have the name "Muhsin" was Muhsin bin Ali, the son of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Fatimah bint Muhammad. Islamic term ...

(1690–1691) * Said (II) ibn Saad (1691–1694) * Saad ibn Zeid (1693–1694) * Abdullah (II) ibn Hashim (1694) * Saad ibn Zeid (1694–1702) * Said (II) ibn Saad (1702–1704) * Abdul Muhsin ibn Ahmad (1704) *

Abdul Karim ibn Muhammad Abdul (also Romanization of Arabic, transliterated as Abdal, Abdel, Abdil, Abdol, Abdool, or Abdoul; ar, عبد ال, ) is the most frequent transliteration of the combination of the Arabic word ''Abd (Arabic), Abd'' (, meaning "Servant") and th ...

(1704–1705) * Said (II) ibn Saad (1705) *

(1705–1711) * Said (II) ibn Saad (1711–1717) * Abdullah (III) ibn Said (1717–1718) *

Ali ibn Said ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar, عَلِيّ بْن أَبِي طَالِب; 600 – 661 CE) was the last of four Rightly Guided Caliphs to rule Islam (r. 656 – 661) immediately after the death of Muhammad, and he was the first Shia Imam. ...

(1718) *

Yahya (I) ibn Barakat Yahya may refer to: * Yahya (name), a common Arabic male given name * Yahya (Zaragoza), 11th-century ruler of Zaragoza * Yahya of Antioch, Yahya of Antioch / Yahya ibn Sa'id al-Antaki / Yaḥya ibn Saʿīd al-Anṭākī, 11th century Christian Ara ...

(1718–1719) * Mubarak ibn Ahmad (1720–1722) * Barakat ibn Yahya (1722–1723) * Mubarak ibn Ahmad (1723–1724) * Abdullah (III) ibn Said (1724–1731) *

Muhammad ibn Abdullah Muhammad ( ar, مُحَمَّد; 570 – 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam. According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet divinely inspired to preach and confirm the monoth ...

(1731–1732) *

Masud ibn Said Masud (, ) is a given name and a surname, commonly found in the Middle East and Asia. It has a variety of spellings including Masoud, Massoud, Massoude, Massudeh, Masood, Masʽud, Masud, Mashud, Messaoud, Mesut, Mesud, or Mosād. People with the n ...

(1732–1733) *

(1733–1734) *

(1734–1752) * Masaad ibn Said (II) (1752–1759) * Jaafar ibn Said (1759–1760) * Masaad ibn Said (II) (1760–1770) * Ahmad ibn Said (1770) * Abdullah (IV) ibn Hussein (1770–1773) * Surur ibn Masaad (1773–1788) * Abdul Muin ibn Masaad (1788) * Ghalib ibn Masaad (1788–1803) * Yahya (II) ibn Surur (1803–1813) * Ghalib ibn Masaad (1813–1827) * Abdul Mutalib ibn Ghalib (1827) * Muhammad ibn Abdul Muin (1827–1836) * ''Position vacant due to the rise of the

Second Saudi State The Emirate of Nejd or Imamate of Nejd was the Second Saudi State, existing between 1824 and 1891 in Nejd, the regions of Riyadh and Ha'il of what is now Saudi Arabia. Saudi rule was restored to central and eastern Arabia after the Emirate of ...

'' * Muhammad ibn Abdul Muin (1840–1851) * Abdul Mutalib ibn Ghalib (1851–1856) * Muhammad ibn Abdul Muin (1856–1858) * Abdullah Kamil Pasha ibn Muhammad (1858–1877) * Hussein ibn Muhammad (1877–1880) * Abdul Mutalib ibn Ghalib (1880–1882) * Aun ar-Rafiq Pasha ibn Muhammad (1882–1905) * Ali Pasha ibn Abdullah (1905–1908) * Hussein Pasha ibn Ali (1908–1916) *

Ali Haidar Pasha ʿAlī Ḥaydar Pāshā ibn Jābir ( ota, علی حیدر پاشا بن جابر; ar, علي حيدر باشا, ''ʿAlī Ḥaydar Bāshā''; April 1866 – 12 May 1935) was an Ottoman politician who served as Emir and Grand Sharif of Mecca from ...

(1916) * Husayn ibn Ali (1916–1924) *

(1924-1925)

Notes

References

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External links

Kingdoms of the Arabs - The Hashemites
{{coord missing, Saudi Arabia History of Hejaz Ikhshidid dynasty Government of the Fatimid Caliphate Sulayhid dynasty Government of the Mamluk Sultanate States and territories disestablished in 1925 States and territories established in the 960s Vassal states of the Ottoman Empire Converts to Sunni Islam from Shia Islam