Seyum Mangasha

Seyoum Mengesha KBE (Amharic: ሥዩም መንገሻ; 21 June 1887 – 15 December 1960) was an army commander and a member of the royal family of the Ethiopian Empire.

Early life

''Le'ul'' ''Ras'' Seyoum Mengesha was born on 24 June 1886 in the town of Agawmedir (Zimbriee), in the province of Gojjam to his mother ''Woizero'' Kafay, daughter of ''Ras'' Wale Betul Abba Tattan, Viceroy of Tigray. His father was ''Ras'' Mangasha Yohannes, the son of Emperor Yohannes IV of Ethiopia, from the royal house of Tigray. It is known that in his teenage years (1902-1910), ''Le'ul Ras'' Seyoum moved with his family from Gojjam to Tigray. His father, Ras Mangasha Yohannes was the "natural" son and heir of Emperor Yohannes IV. Because of his descent, ''Le'ul Ras'' Seyoum Mangasha was a rival to Emperor Menelik II, who had risen from ruling Shewa Province to become the Emperor upon Yohannes' death.

''Le'ul Ras'' Seyoum wed ''Woizero'' Tewabech. Tewabech was the daughter of ''Negus'' Mikael of Wollo and the sister of ''Lij'' Iyasu. Mikael was later honoured with the title of ''Negus'' and Iyasu was the uncrowned Emperor of Ethiopia.

''Ras'' Seyoum fathered several children from various wives. With his first wife, ''Woizero'' Tewabech he had ''Leult'' Wolete Israel Seyum who herself married the Crown Prince, Asfaw Wossen. By a previous marriage he had ''Woizero-Hoy'' Kebbedech Seyum. By a subsequent marriage he had ''Leul'' Mangasha Seyum. In the period 1928-1929 following a long and romantic courtship with Princess Atsede Asfaw Darge from the royal house of Shoa, the couple married and remained devoted until ''Le'ul Ras'' Seyoum's death during the coup of 1960.

From 1910 to 1935, ''Le'ul Ras'' Seyoum Mengesha was the ''Shum'' of western Tigray Province. Traditionally the governors of the provinces commanded the provincial ''Sefari'' in battle.

In the spring of 1924, Leul''Ras'' Seyoum Mengesha, ''Ras'' Hailu Tekle Haymanot of Gojjam Province, ''Ras'' Mulugeta Yeggazu of Illubabor Province, ''Ras'' Makonnen Endelkachew, and '' Blattengeta'' Heruy Welde Sellase accompanied ''Ras'' Tafari Makonnen of Shewa Province on his European tour. Tafari Makonnen was the Crown Prince and ''Enderase'' of Ethiopia and was not yet crowned as Emperor Haile Selassie I. The group of Ethiopian royalty visited Jerusalem, Cairo, Alexandria, Brussels, Amsterdam, Stockholm, London, Geneva, and Athens. With them they took six lions which were presented to various zoos and dignitaries. In the same year, Seyum Mangasha was awarded the Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE).

Commander of the Army of Tigray

From October 1935 to February 1936, as ''Ras'' during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, ''Le'ul Ras'' Seyoum Mengesha commanded the Army of Tigray. When General Emilio De Bono initially invaded Ethiopia, he was ordered to stay a day's march away from the advancing Italians. ''Le'ul Ras'' Seyoum and forces under his command played significant roles in the Ethiopian Christmas Offensive, the First Battle of Tembien, and the Second Battle of Tembien. For seven long months, ''Le'ul Ras'' Seyoum and his army from Tigray were the only force preventing the Italians from invading Ethiopia from Eritrea, and it was not until 1936 when the fighting moved to Maitcho that the emperor sent reinforcements to assist ''Le'ul Ras'' Seyoum and his men. The subsequent failure of Ethiopian forces to prevent the Italians from invading resulted in the Italian occupation of Ethiopia; ''Le'ul Ras'' Seyoum and a small contingent of Ethiopian nobility were taken to Italy as prisoners of war.

''Le'ul Ras'' Seyoum, his wife Princess Atsede Asfaw and youngest child, son Dejasmatch Mengesha Seyoum were accompanied by close family members during their two-year captivity as Prisoners of War. Their Italian captors accorded the family decent treatment and it was during this time that ''Le'ul Ras'' Seyoum and the Duke of Aosta developed a friendship that would later aid the return of ''Le'ul Ras'' Seyoum and his family to Ethiopia upon the appointment of the Duke as Viceroy to Ethiopia. Furthermore, his friendship with the Viceroy enabled ''Le'ul Ras'' Seyoum to play an influential role in securing the release of 3,000 Ethiopian POWs being held in Italian Somaliland.

In the period leading to the Italian withdrawal from Ethiopia, when Britain had committed forces to assist Ethiopia to liberate herself from Italian occupation, ''Le'ul Ras'' Seyoum led an army of 70,000 from Tigray in the fight to free the northern provinces from Italian forces. In 1941, following the complete liberation of Ethiopia from Italian occupation, he returned to the Capital Addis Abeba where he was formally re-appointed 'Teklay Gejee of Tigray' (Governor of Tigray Province), and remained in Addis Abeba until 1941 when he was given leave to return to Tigray until the 'Woyane Rebellion', which resulted in his return to the capital, Addis Abeba, where he resided under a form of 'house arrest'.

Italian occupation of Ethiopia. He spent much of his time under "house arrest" in Addis Ababa. Tigray Province. Emperor Haile Selassie held ''Ras'' Seyum in very deep regard, and depended on him as a senior advisor. He was a member of the Crown Council from 1945 until his death.

Woyane Rebellion

In 1943, the " Woyane Rebellion" broke out in southern and eastern Tigray Province and ''Ras'' Seyoum was suspected of supporting the rebels. As a consequence, he was recalled to Addis Ababa and replaced by ''Fitawrari'' Kifle Dadi and ''Dejazmach'' Fikre Selassie Ketema as well as General Tedla Mekeonen and General Isayas Gebre Selassie as the Commander of the Army in Tigray.

In 1947, ''Le'ul Ras'' Seoyum Mengesha was made ''Shum'' of eastern Tigray as well as western Tigray. This was because of the treason of the son of the late ''Ras'' Gugsa Araya Selassie, ''Dejazmach'' Haile Selassie Gugsa. In 1935, Haile Selassie Gugsa had defected to the Italians during the early days of the war. The Italians had made much propaganda use out of the fact that Haile Selassie Gugsa was the husband of ''Leult'' Zenebework Haile Selassie and therefore Haile Selassie's son-in-law. As a result, ''Ras'' Seyoum Mangasha was ''Shum'' of all Tigray Province, which he held until 1960.Mockler, ''Haile Sellassie's War'', p. 396

Death

In December 1960, the Imperial Guard (''Kebur Zabangna'') launched a ''coup d'état'' and seized power in Ethiopia while the Emperor was on a visit to Brazil. The ''coup'' leaders compelled the Crown Prince to read a prepared radio statement. In the statement, he accepted the crown in his father's place and announced a government of reform. However, the regular Army and the Ethiopian Orthodox Church both refused to accept the new government. The leader of the church, Patriarch Abuna Basilios, issued an anathema against all those who cooperated with the ''coup'' leaders. The Emperor returned to Ethiopia and the Army stormed the palace where members of the government were being held prisoner by the Imperial Guards. The Guards fled, but not before killing many members of the government and the nobility that had been held prisoner in the Green Salon of the palace. Leul ''Ras'' Seyoum was among those who were machine gunned to death, he was 74 years old and was buried in Axum.

Aftermath

''Le'ul Ras'' Mengesha Seyoum, as son and heir of the late ''Le'ul Ras'' Seyoum Mengesha, inherited his father's legacy in representing the Tigrean Royal House of Yohannes IV.

Honours

National honours

* Grand Collar and Chain of the Order of Solomon.
* Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Seal of Solomon.
* Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Ethiopia.
* Grand Officer of the Order of Menelik II.
* Grand Officer of the Order of the Holy Trinity.

Foreign honours

* : Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (8 July 1924).
* : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Black Star (16 May 1924).
* : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Gregory the Great (19 May 1924).
* : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Adolphe of Nassau (24 May 1924).
* : Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Polar Star (10 June 1924).
* : Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold (1924).
* : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer.
* : Grand Officer of the Order of the Legion of Honour.

See also

* Monarchies of Ethiopia
* Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles
* List of field marshals
* List of honorary British Knights
* Crown Prince Asfaw Wossen - Son-in-law
* Aberra Kassa - Son-in-law
* Aida Desta - Daughter-in-law
* Stefanos Mangasha Seyum - Grandson of Seyum Mangasha and son of Mangasha Seyum

Notes

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;Citations

References

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Seyum Mangasha
1887 births
1960 deaths
Ethiopian nobility
Ethiopian Royal Family
Ethiopian princes
Ethiopian military personnel
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Grand Officiers of the Légion d'honneur
Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Polar Star