Senusret I

Senusret I (Middle Egyptian: z-n-wsrt; /suʀ nij ˈwas.ɾiʔ/) also anglicized as Sesostris I and Senwosret I, was the second pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt. He ruled from 1971 BC to 1926 BC (1920 BC to 1875 BC), and was one of the most powerful kings of the 12th dynasty. He was the son of Amenemhat I. Senusret I was known by his prenomen, Kheperkare, which means "the Ka of Re is created." He expanded the territory of Egypt, allowing him to rule over an age of prosperity.

Family

The family relations of the king are well known. Senusret I was the son of Amenemhat I. His mother was a queen with the name Neferitatjenen.

His main wife was Neferu III who was also his sister and mother of his successor Amenemhat II. Their known children are Amenemhat II and the princesses Itakayt and Sebat. The latter was most likely a daughter of Neferu III as she appears with the latter together in one inscription.

Reign

He continued his father's aggressive expansionist policies against Nubia by initiating two expeditions into this region in his 10th and 18th years and established Egypt's formal southern border near the second cataract where he placed a garrison and a victory stele. He also organized an expedition to a Western Desert oasis. He also tried to centralize the country's political structure by supporting nomarchs who were loyal to him. His pyramid was constructed at el-Lisht. Senusret I is mentioned in the ''Story of Sinuhe'' where he is reported to have rushed back to the royal palace in Memphis from a military campaign in Libya after hearing about the assassination of his father, Amenemhat I.

Accession

Coregency

In Year 21 of Amenemhat I, a coregency was established with Senusret I celebrating his Year 1 as junior coregent (Horus), while his father became senior coregent (Osiris). A double dated stele from Abydos and now in the Cairo Museum (CG 20516) is dated to the Year 30 of Amenemhat I and to the Year 10 of Senusret I.

Sole Reign

Assassination. In Year 30 of Amenemhat I and Year 10 of Senusret I of the coregency, his father Amenemhat I was assassinated. This marked the beginning of the sole reign of Senusret I. It is historically attested that a civil war broke out and that the new sovereign was forced to brutally suppress seditious forces aligned against him.

Nubian campaign. In Year 18 of Senusret I he launched a military campaign against Lower Nubia and conquered the region down to the Second Cataract. The date of the expedition is mentioned on a stela from Buhen. The military campaign is mentioned in several inscriptions of this king's reign. Several local officials were involved with the military expedition. Amenemhat, governor of the Oryx nome went there with the title ''overseer of troops''.

Famine. In Year 25, Egypt was devastated by a famine caused by a low Nile flood.

Elephantine. In Year 43, a rock inscription is dated to the king by Ameny (PD 91; title: jrj-pꜥt; ḥꜣtj-ꜥ; ḫtmw-bjtj; smr-wꜥtj; jmj-rꜣ sḫtjw jmnjj).

Expeditions

Senusret I dispatched several quarrying expeditions to the Sinai and Wadi Hammamat.

In Wadi Hammamat, a series of inscriptions are known: Hammamat 3042 (royal name), Hammamat G 61 (Year 38), Hammamat G 62, Hammamat G 63, Hammamat G 64 = M 123 (Year 16), Hammamat G 65 (royal name), Hammamat G 66 (royal name), Hammamat G 67 (Year 2), Hammamat G 75 (Year 33 of unnamed king), Hammamat G 83, Hammamat G 86, Hammamat M 87 (Year 38), Hammamat M 116, Hammamat M 117 (royal name), Hammamat M 120 (Year 16?), Hammamat M 121 (Year 16?), Hammamat M 122 (Year 16?), Hammamat M 124 (Year 16?), and Hammamat Kischel GM 175.

Building program

He built numerous shrines and temples throughout Egypt and Nubia during his long reign.

Heliopolis. He rebuilt the important temple of Re-Atum in Heliopolis which was the centre of the sun cult. He erected 2 red granite obelisks there to celebrate his Year 30 Heb Sed Jubilee. One of the obelisks still remains and is the oldest standing obelisk in Egypt. It is now in the Al-Masalla (Obelisk in Arabic) area of Al-Matariyyah district near the Ain Shams district ( Heliopolis). It is 67 feet tall and weighs 120 tons or 240,000 pounds.

Abydos. Senusret remodelled the Temple of Khenti-Amentiu Osiris at Abydos.

Karnak. A shrine (known as the White Chapel or Jubilee Chapel) with fine, high quality reliefs of Senusret I, was built at Karnak to commemorate his Year 30 jubilee. It has subsequently been successfully reconstructed from various stone blocks discovered by Henri Chevrier in 1926.

Elephantine. He did work at the Temple of Satet on Elephantine.

Building projects at other major temples include the temple of Min at Koptos, the Montu-temple at Armant and the Montu-temple at El-Tod, where a long inscription of the king is preserved.

Royal Court

Some of the key members of the court of Senusret I are known.

The Vizier

The royal court was headed by the vizier. The vizier at the beginning of his reign was Intefiqer, who is known from many inscriptions and from his tomb next to the pyramid of Amenemhat I. He seems to have held this office for a long period of time and was followed by a vizier named Senusret.

The Treasurer

Two treasurers are known from the reign of the king: Sobekhotep (year 22) and Mentuhotep. The latter had a huge tomb next to the pyramid of the king and he seems to have been the main architect of the Amun temple at Karnak.

The High Stewards

Several ''high stewards'' are attested. Hor is known from several stelae and from an inscription in the Wadi el-Hudi where he was evidently the leader of an expedition for amethyst. One of the stelae is dated to Year 9 of the king. A certain Nakhr followed in office attested around Year 12 of the king. He had a tomb at Lisht. A certain Antef, son of a woman called Zatamun is known again from several stelae, one dates to Year 24 another one to Year 25 of Senusret I. Another Antef was the son of a woman called Zatuser and was most likely also ''high steward'' in the king's reign.

The Nomarchs

A nomarch was a governor of a province into which Upper and Lower Egypt was subdivided.
* Amenemhat Oryx (UE 16)
* Djefaihapi of Asyut (UE 13; PD 777)
* Sarenput I of Elephantine (UE 01)

Succession

In Year 43 of Senusret, he appointed his son Amenemhat II as his junior coregent. Most likely in his 60s, Senusret I became the senior coregent with a more retiring administrative role. The stele of Wepwawet-aa is dated to Year 44 of Senusret I and Year 2 of Amenemhet II, thus a coregency was established in Year 43. Others suggest the two dates only refer to the period Wepwawet-aa was in office.

Death

In Year 45 of Senusret I he died and Amenemhat II became sole ruler. Senusret is thought to have died during his 46th year on the throne since the Turin Canon ascribes him a reign of 45 Years.Murnane, William J. ''Ancient Egyptian Coregencies, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization. No. 40.'' p.6. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1977.

At Lisht, Senusret I was buried in his Pyramid Complex inside the Pyramid of Senusret I.

Gallery

File:Upper part of a statue of Senusret I, from Egypt, Middle Kingdom, 12th Dynasty. C. 1950 BCE. Neues Museum, Germany.jpg, Upper part of a statue of Senusret I, from Egypt, Middle Kingdom, 12th Dynasty. C. 1950 BC. Neues Museum, Germany
Image:Heliopolis200501.JPG, Obelisk of Senusret I in Heliopolis
File:Osiride pillar of king Senusret I.jpg, Osiride statue of Senusret I
File:Egyptian - Stone Weight of Sesostris I - Walters 4131.jpg, Stone weight with Senusret I's cartouche
File:Base of a granite statue inscribed with the name of Senusret (Sesostris) I. Two feet of a female figure, at the right side of the right foot of the king. From Armant, Egypt.jpg, Base of a granite statue inscribed with the name of Senusret I. From Armant, Egypt. Petrie Museum, London
File:Sesostris I CG 411.jpg, Intact statue of Senusret I from his pyramid complex at Lisht, now in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo (CG 411)

See also

* Loyalist Teaching

References

External links

Senusret (I) Kheperkare

{{Authority control

Pharaohs of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt
20th-century BC pharaohs
Year of birth unknown
20th-century BC deaths