Sect Shinto

Sect Shinto () refers to several independent organized Shinto groups that were excluded by law in 1882 from government-run State Shinto. These independent groups may have more developed belief systems than mainstream Shrine Shinto which focuses more on rituals.

Starting in the late Edo period, Sect Shinto became established in the Meiji era, after the Meiji Restoration. One denomination (Jingu-kyo, affiliated with the Ise Jingu Shrine) left during the war, and the final group (before the war) consisted of 13 denominations, which were once also referred to as the 13 Shinto schools.

In a broad sense, it includes "Oomoto" which newly joined the "Sect Shinto Federation" after the war. (After the war, "Oomoto" newly joined the "Sect Shinto Federation," while "Tenrikyo" and " Shinto Taiseikyo" left, so that the number of denominations belonging to the "Sect Shinto Federation" is currently 12.)

In contrast, to shrine Shinto, which is an aggregation of various shrines and customary beliefs in various parts of Japan (which became united under the Ise Jingu Shrine after the Meiji period), denominational Shinto is a form of Shinto that is based on the Kokugaku and Shrine Shinto, which is a form of Shinto that seeks a fundamental and comprehensive faith (as in the late Edo period, the Kokugaku). Daikyoin (influenced by the Kokugaku and Fukkoshinto lineages of the late Edo period, which sought a fundamental and comprehensive faith), and because of its comprehensive nature, the central institution and cult, the Daikyoin later reformed into the Shinto Secretariat and later the Shinto Taikyo as the central institution and cult, and all the deities, starting with the original deity Amano-Ochinakunushi, as well as all the deities (Amatsukami and Kunitsukami). Tenrikyo is often considered a separate monotheistic religion founded by Nakayama Miki but it was categorized as Sect Shinto.

Overview

Around 1868, at the beginning of the Meiji Restoration, the religious administration of the new Meiji government issued the Shinto-Buddhist Separation Order, resulting in the Haibutsu Kishaku and the restoration of the Unity of ritual and government system in the same year. The Daikyoin was established in 1872 (Meiji 5) as a missionary organization, but was dissolved in 1875 (Meiji 8). Instead, the Shinto side established the Shinto Secretariat in the same year, to which the originally disparate folk belief religions belonged, and those denominations that met certain conditions, such as the number of followers, were officially recognized as "independent denominations". This was the beginning of the denominational Shinto.

Beginning with Kurozumikyō and in 1876 (9th year of Meiji), and in 1886, Shinto Secretariat (later renamed Shinto Taikyo), and in 1899 (32nd year of Meiji), it was reorganized into a denomination called Jingu-kyo renamed Ise Shrine Offering Association. In 1908, Tenrikyo was founded, and by the time of 1908, there were a total of 13 schools (14 schools in total if the breakaway "Jingu-kyo" is included).

In 1912, a "federation" was organized, and the thirteen-faith system was maintained until after the war, and thus came to be known as the Thirteen Schools of Shinto. In addition, there were also thirteen approved Buddhist sects at that time.

After the war, Oomoto also joined the federation, but Tenrikyo and Shinto Taiseikyo withdrew from the federation, so the federation now has 12 affiliated groups.

According to the classification of the Agency for Cultural Affairs, there are three main types of Shinto: Fukkoshinto, Mountain Worship, Misogi, Confucianism, and Pure Land Buddhism.

* The Fukkoshinto lineage includes Shinto Taikyo, , and Izumo-taishakyo, which originates from Izumo Taisha.
* The Mountain worship lineage includes Jitsugyo-kyo (from the Asama Shrine), (from the Fujiko (religion)), and Ontake-kyo (from the Mount Ontake faith).
* Misogi-kei are and .
* is represented by and .
* The purely Oyasama-oriented groups, those that rely heavily on the experiences and teachings of Oyasama, are Kurozumikyō, Tenrikyo, Konkokyo, and Oomoto.'

Tenrikyo is now classified by the Agency for Cultural Affairs as one of the various religions, not as a Shinto denomination.

Establishment of the system of denominational Shinto

The impetus for denominational Shinto was the separation of Shinto and Buddhism, which began with the 1868 (first year of Meiji) revival of the Department of Divinities and the Shinto and Buddhism Separation Order, which led to the formation of the Unity of ritual and government was formed by the state, and the concept of missionaries to propagate Shinto remained. Once the Shinto Secretariat was prepared, which brought together the traditionally existing shrines, Shinto koshas, and churches of folk beliefs, each denomination that met certain conditions became independent from it.

In 1870 (Meiji 3), an imperial edict of Proclamation of the Great Religion was issued, and in 1876 (Meiji 9), a dormitory was established in the Shinto Office to train priests. However, with the spread of the Separation of church and state and freedom of religion, the Kyodo Shoku came to an end, and with it, the idea that it was necessary to establish an institution that was a more developed version of the former Shodo Shido Practice Center grew stronger. Accordingly, the Meiji government established the Imperial Court Research Institute in Tokyo Prefecture, independent of the Shinto Secretariat, in order to organize the exploration of ideas unique to Japan. It was later succeeded by Kokugakuin University.

Formation of a united government

Around the first year of the Meiji Era (1868), several official decrees and decrees of the Grand Council of State centralized Shinto as a state religion and abolished the hereditary system of Shinto priests, thus ending the jurisdiction of the and over Shinto.In 1868, with the Meiji Restoration, the Shinto government was revived, and Shinto became the national religion. The Separation of Shinto and Buddhism, which started with the Shinto-Buddhist Hanzen Order, a Grand Council of State directive, also progressed at the same time. In 1870 (Meiji 3) Proclamation of the Great Religion, the concept of Daikyo was raised to preach Shinto Missionary. In 1872 (Meiji 5), the Evangelism Bureau was abolished.

Ministry of Education and Kyodo Shoku, Daikyoin

In March 1872 (Meiji 5), the Ministry of Church Affairs was established, and in April Kyodo Shoku positions were assigned to priests and monks. There were 14 ranks in the teaching ministry, which proclaimed the Sanjo Teachings. The Ministry of Teaching would be abolished in 1880. Initially, the priesthood was divided into two parts, east and west, on April 29, and the eastern president was Ise Jingu saishu Konoe Tadafusa , the president of the West is Izumo Taisha's Omiya Tsukasa . It showed the appearance of a power struggle. On January 30 of the following year, the two-part system was abolished and lumped together as Shinto, but later became a three-part system with Senke Sonpuku, , and Inaba Masakuni, and on that same day, when Tanaka Yoriyasu, the grand priest of Ise Jingu, was added, the four-part system was abolished, with the Kurozumi and Shinto Shusei-ha being specially established as denominational Shinto.

In May 1873 (Meiji 6), the Ministry of Education established the church intention, which is the standard for approval of the lecture company, and in August, Kurozumi, later Buddhist Kami, and Mitake. In addition to Mt. Fuji, which was later a Buddhist religion, a Buddhist lecture company was also approved.

In 1873, Daikyoin was established, first in Kojimachi Kioicho and later in Zojo, Shiba, as the head temple of a joint Shinto and Buddhist sect. The Daikyoin was placed at the initiative of the Buddhist side in order to concretize the teaching by the Ministry of Education, but it became all about Shinto. The Buddhist side of the movement broke away from the Shinshū and, On April 30, 1875 (Meiji 8), the Grand Church was dissolved by a directive of the Ministry of Education. Prior to this, the Shinto Secretariat was formed in March by a group of Shinto priests and instructors belonging to private Shinto-related organizations, as well as shrines throughout Japan, centering on Ise Jingu Shrine.
. The Shinto side sensed that there was no organization that corresponded to the various Buddhist sects, and On March 27, 1875 (Meiji 8), Grand High Priest Suechi Sanjonishi, Grand Priest-in-Charge Inaba Masakuni, Yoriyasu Tanaka, Shosai Hirayama, and Konosetsu Tsume jointly petitioned the Ministry of Education for the establishment of a Shinto office. Masakuni Inaba was the first president of the Shinto Secretariat, Yoriyasu Tanaka was the Grand Grand Shrine Chief of Ise Jingu and the first head of Jingu-Kyo. , Hirayama Shosai was the grand priest of Hikawa Shrine and the first headmaster of Shinto Taiseikyo and Ontake-Kyo. Hung Sesuen Tsume would become the second head minister of the Ontake Sect.

Shinto Secretariat

The next day, March 28, 1875 (Meiji 8), he received permission to establish the Shinto Secretariat. On April 8, he asked the Ministry of Education for permission to establish the Shinto Secretariat, and the content of the request was that the present situation was such that Shinto could not be coordinated as a Shinto religion, but that even small Shinto shrines should be coordinated around the Ise Jingu Grand Shrine for the propagation of Shinto. On April 15, the Shinto Secretariat was opened within the Tokyo Branch of the Jingu Office. Since the Shinto Secretariat was a collection of shrines and koshas from all over the country, various denominations were able to branch out and become independent from it. In 1876 (9th year of Meiji), the year after the opening of the bureau, the Shinto Kurozumiha, and Shinto Shusei-ha, which had been flourishing, became independent denominations.

Jingu Haruhai-den and the controversy over the deities of the shrine

The Shinto Secretariat had a plan to make the Jingu Haruhaiden, which succeeded the Daikyoin, the central temple and a center for missionary work. Since the Jingu Haruhaiden was to enshrine a branch spirit of Amaterasu, not only the Ministry of Education but also the Emperor visited the building and obtained permission from the to begin construction, which was funded by donations from the Imperial Household Agency and various families. The Jingu Haruhaiden was later to become the Tokyo Daijingu. The opinion of Senke Sonpuku on the deities to be worshipped in the Shinto Secretariat's temples was so controversial in 1880 that it divided into the Ise and Izumo factions. By order of the Meiji Emperor, a great conference on Shinto was held in January 1881 (Meiji 14), attended by 118 people, including all the chief priests of the government buildings and the instructors of the sixth grade and above, but the issue could not be settled and was settled in February by the imperial decision of the Meiji Emperor.

Separation of Ritual and Faith - Abolition of Kyodo Shoku positions and Promotion of Denominational Independence

In January 1882, the separation of ritual and religion was enacted by the Ministry of Home Affairs through B No. 7, which prohibited those in the priest-teacher position from performing rituals, thereby promoting the separation of those who continued to be priests performing rituals or preaching the teachings, and solidifying the formation of Sect Shinto.After this, on May 15, 1882, the six factions, including Jingu-kyo, became independent, and the Jingu Haruhayashiden, which was the source of the ritual god controversy that was transferred to Jingu-kyo's ownership, was renamed Daijingu Shrine, and Jingu Taima was distributed by Jingu-kyo. In some cases, such as Senke Zonfuku, he took the opportunity to resign from his position as priest of Izumo Taisha Shrine and handed it over to his younger brother, who became the head of the Izumo Taisha Sect.On August 11, 1884, the government issued a proclamation abolishing the Kyodo Shoku position. Separation of church and state under the intention of separation of church and state through the unity of church and state, and the clear formation of Sect Shinto.When the Kyodo Shoku position is abolished, the Office of Shinto loses its original reason for opening. In 1886, the Shinto Secretariat, which had been the official central organ of Shinto, changed its name to the Shinto Taikyo and became one of the schools of Shinto.

Separation of Church and State - Imperial Research Institutes

In December 1868 (the first year of Meiji), the Imperial Academy was established in Kyoto but was abolished the following year, and when the Ministry of Education was established, the Ministry was responsible for research.

In 1882 (Meiji 15), institutes of imperial studies were established one after another. The reason for this was the background of the keen awareness of the need for doctrinal studies in the rites and rituals controversy. The rituals of the state Shinto religion, the doctrines and teachings of the doctrinalists of the denominational Shinto religion, and the academic study of the doctrines and teachings by the national scholars, the rite and shrine controversy was divided between the doctrinalists and the national scholars, and as the doctrinalists became independent, the national scholars were stimulated and the separation of doctrine and learning progressed. On April 30, Jingu-Kyo establishes Jingu Kōgakkan in Ise. On May 30, the Department of Classics is established at the University of Tokyo.

Royal Institute

On November 4, 1881, the Imperial Court Research Institute was established, a unified Shinto missionary organization, was established to train Shinto priests for the Shinto Secretariat. It was founded in 1881, using the imperial gift as a source of funds, by purchasing a mansion in Iidacho, Kojimachi-ku (present-day Chiyoda-ku).

Immediately after the Great Council of Shinto, it was decided to establish it upon the proposal of Akiyoshi Yamada of . Prince Arisugawa Takahito was appointed as the first president, and announced his intention to pursue a unique Japanese academic discipline.設置の趣旨等を記載した書類 - 大学設置室 - 文部科学省
/ref> In the "Announcement of the Establishment of the Imperial Academy," jointly signed by Li-Kuro Kubo, Yorikuni Inoue, Nakasaburo Itsumi, and Hans Shishino, the intention of the establishment of the academy was to train personnel to maintain Kokutai. The Imperial Institute established branches in the provinces and qualified students for the priesthood.

The Ministry of Religious Affairs, Kyodo Shoku, and the Grand Council of Churches

In March 1872 (Meiji 5), the Ministry of Teaching was established, and in April, Kyodo Shoku positions were assigned to priests and monks. There were 14 ranks in the teaching ministry, and the Sanjo Doctrine was proclaimed. The teaching ministry would be abolished in 1880. The priesthood was initially divided into two divisions on April 29, with the eastern division headed by Konoe Tadafusa, priest of Ise Jingu Shrine, and the western division headed by Senke Takanofuku, the grand priest of Izumo Taisha Shrine, and since it was assumed that one's religious affiliation was free, there was a struggle for power between the Ise and Izumo factions. On January 30 of the following year, the two-part system was abolished and they were lumped together as Shinto, but later became a three-part system with Senke Sonpuku, Kuga Kentoshi, and Inaba Masakuni, and then a four-part system with the addition of Konoe Tadafusa, the grand priest of the Ise Grand Shrine, and on that same day the Kurozumi and Shinto Shusei-ha were specially established as a denominational Shinto sect, and the compartment system was abolished.

In May 1873, the Ministry of Religious Affairs issued a church ordinance, which set standards for the approval of kosha. In August, the Ministry approved the Kurozumi, the later Misogi-Kyo (Tohokami), the Mitake, and the later (Fuji Isan), as well as Buddhist kosha.

In 1873, the Daikyoin was established as a joint Shinto and Buddhist head temple for Kyodo Shoku, first in Kojimachi-Kioicho and later in Masukami in Shiba. The Daikyoin was the brainchild of the Buddhist side and was set up in order to materialize the indoctrination by the Ministry of Education, but it became all about Shinto. The Buddhist side, led by Shinshū, broke away from the religion. On April 30, 1875, the Daikyoin was dissolved by order of the Ministry of Education. Prior to this, the Shinto Secretariat was formed in March by a group of Shinto shrines, mainly at Ise Shrine, and other shrines throughout Japan, as well as Shinto priests and instructors belonging to private Shinto-related kosha. The Shinto side sensed that there was no organization that would correspond to the Buddhist sects. On March 27, 1875, the Grand High Priestess Sanjonishi Sechi, the Grand High Priestess Inaba Masakuni, Yoriyou Tanaka, Shosai Hirayama, and Kosetsu Tsume jointly petitioned the Ministry of Religious Affairs to establish a Shinto Secretariat. Masakuni Inaba was the first president of the Shinto Secretariat. Yoriyou Tanaka is the Grand Priest of Ise Shrine and the first head of the Jingu-Kyo sect, Hirayama Shosai was the Grand Priest of Hikawa Shrine and the first head of Shinto Taiseikyo and Ontakeikyo. Kousetsu Tsume would become the second head priest of Utake-Kyo.

Shinto Secretariat

The next day, March 28, 1875, he received permission to establish the Office of Shinto Affairs. On April 8, he asked the Ministry of Religious Affairs for permission to establish a Shinto Secretariat. The content of the request was that even small shrines, centering on the Imperial Shrine at Ise, should be able to cooperate with each other for the purpose of propagating Shinto. On April 15, the Shinto Secretariat was opened in the Tokyo Branch Office of the Jingu Shichosha. In 1876, the year following the opening of the office, the Kurozumi and Shusei sects of Shinto became independent sects. In 1876, the year following the opening of the office, the Kurozumi and Shusei sects of Shinto became independent sects.

Jingu Haruhai-den and the controversy over the deities of the shrine

The Shinto Secretariat has the Jingu Haruhai-den, which succeeds the Daikyoin, as the central temple. There was a plan to make it a missionary base. Since the shrine would enshrine the spirit of Amaterasu, the Emperor visited the shrine and obtained permission from the Shoin, as well as the Ministry of Education, to begin construction. Jingu Haruhayashiden is later known as Tokyo Grand Shrine. Senke Zonfuku's opinion on the deities to be dedicated to the temples of the Office of Shinto Affairs was so controversial that by 1880, it was divided into the Ise and Izumo factions. At the order of the Meiji Emperor, a Shinto Grand Council was held in January 1881. 118 people, including all the priests in the government buildings and the teaching staff of the 6th grade and above, participated in the council, but the council was unable to reach an agreement, and the matter was settled in February by an imperial decree of the Meiji Emperor.

Recognition of the independence of each denomination

Each denomination is made up of shrines and kosha that were once concentrated in the Shinto Secretariat, and then split off and became independent under certain conditions.

Classification

According to the "Yearbook of Religions" published by the Agency for Cultural Affairs, there are several types of Shinto, such as Restoration Shinto, mountain worship, and pure Shinto, which emphasizes the divine power and teachings of the Oyasama. According to Inoue's "The Formation of Sectarian Shinto", the following classification can be found.

* Inherits the traditional Shinto tradition.
*: Shinto Shusei-ha, Shinshu-kyō, Shinto Taiseikyō, and especially Shinrikyō are the main objects of consideration.
*: Based on the worship of Shinto shrines
* Jingu-kyo, based on the worship of Ise, and Izumo Taisha-kyo, based on the worship of Izumo Taisha.
* Based on Mountain worship
*: Ontake-ism, which is based on Mount Ontake. In the past, it has been known as the Shinto.
*: The Fuji faiths Jitsugyo-Kyo and , both founded by Kakugyo Hasegawa, are the parent bodies of the Fuji-kō sects. Jitsugyo-Kyo is a lineage of Fujikodo derived from Shokugyo-Shinroku of the Fuji-kō Shinroku school. Shishino Han, the head priest of the Asama shrine and treasurer of the Daikyoin, attempted to bring together the various schools with the intention of encompassing not only the Shinroku school, which entered the mountain from the Yoshida exit but also the Fuji-kō, which entered the mountain from other locations.
* Tend to be founded by Oyasama.
*: Kurozumikyo, Konkokyo, and Tenrikyo, in particular, have had religious conversion experiences. Oyasama of Misogi-kyo did not have a strong experience of conversion, but she studied hard in her practice.
* Established by the religious administration.
*: Shinto Secretariat (which later became Shinto Main Office and then Shinto Taikyo), Shinto Taiseikyo

The Thirteen Schools of Shinto

The expression "thirteen Shinto sects" became popular because for about forty years, from the approval of Tenrikyo's independence in 1908 until the repeal of the Religious Organizations Law in 1945, there were thirteen government-approved Shinto sects. Shinto Daikyo, Kurozumikyō, Shinto Shusei-ha, Izumo Taisha-kyō, , Jitsugyo-kyō, Shinto Taiseikyo, Shinshu-kyō, Motake-kyō, Shinrikyo, Misogi-kyō, Kinko-kyō, Tenrikyo.

In some cases, it is distinguished as a Shinto-based new religion. In this case, Tenrikyo and Konkokyo are omitted from the Sect of Shinto and classified as Shinto new religions. Sakamoto states that Tenrikyo and Konkokyo refuse to be classified as Sect Shinto. As of 2011, Tenrikyo is classified as a miscellaneous religion rather than a Shinto denomination in the Religion Yearbook by the Agency for Cultural Affairs. In contrast, typical Sect Shinto is Shinto Shusei-ha, Izumo Taisha-Kyo, Shinshu-Kyo, and Shinrikyo.『日本民俗大辞典〈上〉あ~そ』福田アジオ編、吉川弘文館, 1999, page 498. ISBN 978-4642013321

Federation of Sectarian Shinto Associations

In 1895, eight denominations (Izumo Taisha-kyo, Kurozumi-kyo, Ontake-kyo, Jitsugyo-kyo, Shinto Taiseikyo, Shinto Taikyo, , and Jingu-kyo (later known as the Jingu Honsai-kai Foundation)) joined to form the Shinto Doshikai, the forerunner of the Kyōdō Shinto Renmei Kai.Inori and Tsudoi: A History of the 100th Anniversary of the Formation of the Shinto Federation of Churches, 1996, pp. 10-12. In 1899 (Meiji 32), Shinto Main Office (Shinto Daikyo), Shinrikyo, and Misogi-kyo join, and the name is changed to "Shinto Konwakai"; furthermore, in 1912 (Meiji 45), Konkokyo, Shinto Shusei-ha, and Tenrikyo join, forming 13 groups, and the name is changed to "Shinto Interfaith Association". In 1934, the current name was adopted.

In 1956, Oomoto joined. Tenrikyo left the association in 1970 (Showa 45). 1976 (Showa 51), Shinto Taiseikyo resigned its membership. Also, Shinshu-kyo withdrew in 1959 and returned in 1994.

In 1995, on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of its formation, the "100th Anniversary of the Formation of the Federation of Shinto Churches" was held. In addition to Misogi-kyo, Shinto Taikyo, , Konkokyo, Kurozumi-kyo, , Ontake-kyo, Shinrikyo, Oomoto, Shinshu-kyo, Shinto Shusei-ha, Izumo Taisha-kyo, and twelve other denominations, the presidents of Tenrikyo and Shinto Taiseikyo also attended.

Number of followers

Other Shinto denominations

Tensha Tsuchimikado Shinto

In the Edo period, the Tsuchimikado family, descendants of Abe no Seimei, established the Tsuchimikado Shinto (Tensha Shinto). However, because of the inclusion of fortune-telling and magic, the Meiji government considered it pagan and issued the "Tensha Shinto Prohibition Ordinance". After the war, it was restored as a religious corporation "Tensha Tsuchimikado Shinto Main Office", but in the registration as a Religious corporation, it is neither a Sect Shinto nor a Shinto shrine, and it is classified as a "Religious corporation".

New Sect Shinto

New Sect Shinto is a Japanese Shinto grouping. It is a subset of Sect Shinto. The remainder of Sectarian Shinto is Sect Shinto. New Sect Shinto consists of numerous organizations. It is influenced by Buddhism and Confucianism. In Japanese, the New Sect Shinto is called ''shin kyoha Shinto''.

It is part of the Sect Shinto movement not centering upon 13 sects. New Shinto sects have shamanistic leadership, syncretism of religious and philosophical beliefs, closely knit social organization, and individualism. Some groups have characteristics of monotheism, in the extreme case making a compromise of Buddhism, Confucianism, and folk faiths.

Chronology (History of Independence)

* On April 15, 1875, the Office of Shinto Affairs opens.
* 1876 October 23: Special establishment of the separate schools of Kurozumiha and Shinto Shuseiha from the Shinto Secretariat.
*: The Shusei School of Shinto began with the Shusei Kosha, a group of ascetics of the Fuji and Mitake faiths who were brought together by Kunimitsu Nitta, who was a great lecturer, and who asked for independence because they were oppressed by the vulgarity of the ascetics.
* 1882 May 15: Special establishment of separate groups from the Shinto Secretariat: Jinguha, Taishahaha, , , Taiseiha, and Shinshukaiha.At this point, a clear distinction is made between state Shinto and Sect Shinto.
* September 28, 1882: Independence of the Ontake School from the Office of Shinto Affairs.
* Oct. 5, 1882: Previously independent under the name of a denomination, they became a denomination in their own right, not a branch.
* On August 11, 1884 (17th year of Meiji), the Kyodo Shoku position that had lasted for 12 years was abolished by a Grand Council of State proclamation.
* October 1884: The Shinto Secretariat establishes a form of Sect Shinto under the leadership of President Arisugawa-no-miya, with the former Yodo domain lord Inaba Masakuni as its president.
* 1886 January: The former teaching staff other than priests and Shinto priests gathered together, and the Shinto Secretariat became independent by establishing the Shinto Teaching Regulations and renaming it Shinto Main Office (later Shinto Daikyo).The official denominational name of the Shinto Main Office is Shinto, but because it is confusingly similar to the general term Shinto, it is often called the Shinto Main Office because that is where the secretariat was located.
* 1894 October: becomes independent from Utake-kyo. became independent from Shinto Main Office.
* 1899 Jingu-kyo is dissolved due to criticism of the fact that it was a single cult born from the Ise Shrine and was entrusted with the distribution of Jingu-omoto, a national project, along with the establishment of State Shinto. Until this time, Jingu-kyo was clearly one of the denominations.
* 1900: Konkokyo became independent from Shinto Main Office.
* 1908: Tenrikyo became independent from the Shinto Main Office. At this time, the number of teachers in Tenrikyo was about 21,000, so the number of teachers in the Shinto Main Office plummeted from about 3,000 to about 9,000.
* On February 25, 1912 (Meiji 45), representatives from 13 Sect Shinto, 51 Buddhist, and 7 Christian denominations gathered as the Three Churches Association at the Hua Family Hall.
*: Due to the suppression of the Meiji government, Konkokyo and Tenrikyo were reformed into Shinto-like doctrines and merged into Kyodan Shinto.

This inclusion of smaller religious organizations within a religious organization was due to the existence of the Religious Organizations Law. Under the Religious Organizations Law, the hurdles to registering as a religious organization were so high that small organizations were required to be formally affiliated with larger organizations. After the defeat of the war, the Religious Organizations Law made it easier than before to become a religious organization, which led to many smaller religious organizations leaving the country.

Shinto Order by GHQ

On December 15, 1945, the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (GHQ) issued the Shinto Directive aimed at dismantling state Shinto. In January of the following year, the Dai Nihon Shinto-kai, the Imperial Academy, and the Jingu Bonan-kai were dissolved to form the Association of Shinto Shrines, a religious corporation. In March, Jingu-Shogakukan University is abolished by the Shinto directive; in April, representatives of each denomination explain their own denomination to the GHQ Civilian Information and Education Department at Broadcasting Hall 108. In June, at a meeting at Tenrikyo's Honshiba Grand Church between the presidents of the various schools and W. K. Vance, head of the Religious Affairs Division at GHQ, the occupying forces promised not to impose any restrictions on the religious activities of the Shinto sects.

Restoration of Tenrikyo and Konkokyo's Council on Educational System

Tenrikyo established a policy of restoration immediately in 1945, and Konkokyo established the Council for the Establishment of the Faith in 1951 to eliminate Shinto colors.

The Religious Corporation Law and the New Shinto Religions

The system in which there were 13 Shinto sects and 13 Buddhist sects recognized by the government was broken up into even smaller groups as religious organizations when the Religious Corporation Law was enacted.

Later Shinto research institutions

Many of the scholars who had played a central role in Shinto research and education were expelled and replaced by folklorists such as Shinobu Orikuchi and Kunio Yanagita, as well as younger Shinto scholars who escaped expulsion. On March 20, 1946, Kokugakuin University became a corporation, and the training of priests, which had been commissioned by the Ministry of Home Affairs, was continued from April as a new commission from the Jinja Main Office. The following year, Vance and Woodard of the Religious Affairs Division of GHQ decided that there was no problem with the study of Shinto and training of priests as a private university, and in 1948, the Shinto Affairs Department was established to form a Shinto training organization.

The Shinto Scholarship Association, which had been conducting Shinto courses, was also dissolved in 1946. In July 1949, at a meeting of the Federation of Shinto Sects at the Kinko Grand Church of the Tenrikyo Tokyo Branch Office, it was decided that Shinto lectures would be held at the Shinto Training Department of Kokugakuin University on behalf of the Federation of Shinto Sects, and this continued from that year until 1966.By holding the Shinto course at Kokugakuin University, he planned to create an image of the university as a Shinto university that combines both shrines Shinto and Sect Shinto. As of 1996, Kokugakuin University is said to be the only university with a course on Sect Shinto.

See also

* Ko-Shintō
* Shinbutsu-shūgō
* Haibutsu kishaku

Annotations

Footnotes

References

Works referenced

*
* （文庫：1994年.ISBN 4886924603.）「教派神道に流れる古神道の本質」の章あり.
*
*
* 小滝透『神々の目覚め-近代日本の宗教革命』春秋社, 1997年7月.ISBN 978-4393291245.
* 田中義能『神道十三派の研究 (上・下)』 第一書房, 1987年. 昭和初期に刊行された同書の復刻版.
*
*
*
*
*
*
* {{Cite web , last=西野神社 , date=17 October 2006 , script-title=ja:西野神社 社務日誌：神社本庁以外の神社神道の包括団体 , url=https://nisinojinnjya.hatenablog.com/entry/20061018 , access-date=2019-10-08

External links

Official site of Kyōha Shintō Rengōkai
(in Japanese)

Shinto
Shinto new religious movements
Shinto in Japan