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''Sarcochilus'', commonly known as butterfly orchids or fairy bells is a
''Sarcochilus'', commonly known as butterfly orchids or fairy bells is a genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...
of about twenty species of flowering plant
Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants t ...
s in the orchid family
Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...
, Orchidaceae
Orchids are plants that belong to the family Orchidaceae (), a diverse and widespread group of flowering plants with blooms that are often colourful and fragrant.
Along with the Asteraceae, they are one of the two largest families of flowerin ...
. Most species are epiphyte
An epiphyte is an organism that grows on the surface of a plant and derives its moisture and nutrients from the air, rain, water (in marine environments) or from debris accumulating around it. The plants on which epiphytes grow are called phoroph ...
s but a few species only grow on rocks or in leaf litter. Orchids in this genus usually have short stems, leaves arranged in two rows and flowers arranged along unbranched flowering stems. Most species are endemic
Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found else ...
to Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. With an area of , Australia is the largest country by ...
but some are found in New Guinea
New Guinea (; Hiri Motu: ''Niu Gini''; id, Papua, or , historically ) is the world's second-largest island with an area of . Located in Oceania in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, the island is separated from Australia by the wide Torres ...
and New Caledonia
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, map_alt = Location of New Caledonia
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.
Description
Orchids in the genus ''Sarcochilus'' are epiphytic or lithophyticmonopodial
Vascular plants with monopodial growth habits grow upward from a single point. They add leaves to the apex each year and the stem grows longer accordingly. The word ''Monopodial'' is derived from Greek "mono-", ''one'' and "podial", "foot", in ref ...
herbs
In general use, herbs are a widely distributed and widespread group of plants, excluding vegetables and other plants consumed for macronutrients, with savory or aromatic properties that are used for flavoring and garnishing food, for medicina ...
with fibrous stems and long, relatively broad leaves folded lengthwise and arranged in two ranks. The flowers are scented, resupinate
Resupination is derived from the Latin word ''resupinus'', meaning "bent back
with the face upward" or "on the back". " Resupination" is the noun form of the adjective "resupine" which means "being upside-down, supine or facing upward".
The wor ...
and arranged on an unbranched flowering stem, each flower on a short thin stalk. The sepal
A sepal () is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom., p. 106 The term ''sepalum'' was coine ...
s and petal
Petals are modified leaves that surround the reproductive parts of flowers. They are often brightly colored or unusually shaped to attract pollinators. All of the petals of a flower are collectively known as the ''corolla''. Petals are usuall ...
s are free from and similar to each other except that the petals are usually smaller than the sepals. The labellum is hinged to the column
A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural element that transmits, through compression (physical), compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below. In other words, a column i ...
and has three lobes. The sides lobes are relatively large and upright, sometimes curving inwards. The structure of the middle lobe varies between species.
Taxonomy and naming
The genus ''Sarcochilus'' was first formally described in 1810 by Robert Brown and the description was published in ''Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen
''Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen'' (Prodromus of the Flora of New Holland and Van Diemen's Land) is a flora of Australia written by botanist Robert Brown and published in 1810. Often referred to as ''Prodromus Flora Novae ...
''. The name ''Sarcochilus'' is derived from the Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Dark Ages (), the Archaic pe ...
words ''sarx'' meaning "flesh" and ''cheilos'' meaning "lip", referring to the fleshy labellum of these orchids.
The genus ''Sarcochilus'' has been shown to be non-monophyletic.
Species
The following is a list of ''Sarcochilus'' species recognised by theWorld Checklist of Selected Plant Families
The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (usually abbreviated to WCSP) is an "international collaborative programme that provides the latest peer reviewed and published opinions on the accepted scientific names and synonyms of selected pla ...
as at December 2018. The common names in the list below are those used by David Jones.
*'' Sarcochilus argochilus'' D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem., 2006 northern lawyer orchid
*'' Sarcochilus australis'' (Lindl.
John Lindley FRS (5 February 1799 – 1 November 1865) was an English botanist, gardener and orchidologist.
Early years
Born in Catton, near Norwich, England, John Lindley was one of four children of George and Mary Lindley. George Lindley ...
) Rchb.f. in Walp., 1863 butterfly orchid, Gunn's tree orchid
*'' Sarcochilus borealis'' ( Nicholls) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem., 1989 small lawyer orchid
*'' Sarcochilus ceciliae'' F.Muell.
Baron Sir Ferdinand Jacob Heinrich von Mueller, (german: Müller; 30 June 1825 – 10 October 1896) was a German-Australian physician, geographer, and most notably, a botanist. He was appointed government botanist for the then colony of Victo ...
, 1865 fairy bells
*'' Sarcochilus chrysanthus'' Schltr.
Friedrich Richard Rudolf Schlechter (16 October 1872 – 16 November 1925) was a German taxonomist, botanist, and author of several works on orchids.
He went on botanical expeditions in Africa, Indonesia, New Guinea, South and Central America ...
, 1913 (New Guinea)
*'' Sarcochilus dilatatus'' F.Muell., 1859 brown butterfly orchid
*'' Sarcochilus falcatus'' R.Br., 1810 orange blossom orchid
*'' Sarcochilus fitzgeraldii'' F.Muell., 1870 ravine orchid
*'' Sarcochilus gildasii'' N.Hallé, 1986 (New Caledonia)
*'' Sarcochilus hartmannii'' F.Muell., 1874 large boulder orchid
*'' Sarcochilus hillii'' (F.Muell.) F.Muell, 1860 myrtle bells
**''Sarcochilus hillii'' var. ''hillii''.
**''Sarcochilus hillii'' var. ''thycola'' N.Hallé, 1986
*'' Sarcochilus hirticalcar'' ( Dockrill) M.A.Clem. & B.J.Wallace, 1998 harlequin orchid
*'' Sarcochilus iboensis'' Schltr., 1913 (New Guinea)
*'' Sarcochilus koghiensis'' Schltr., 1911 (New Caledonia)
*'' Sarcochilus odoratus'' Schltr., 1913 (New Guinea)
*'' Sarcochilus parviflorus'' Lindl., 1838 southern lawyer orchid, green tree orchid
*'' Sarcochilus rarus'' Schltr., 1906 (New Caledonia)
*'' Sarcochilus serrulatus'' D.L.Jones, 1972 banded butterfly orchid
*'' Sarcochilus spathulatus'' R.S.Rogers, 1927 small butterfly orchid
*'' Sarcochilus tricalliatus'' ( Rupp) Rupp, 1951
*'' Sarcochilus uniflorus'' Schltr., 1913 (New Guinea)
*'' Sarcochilus weinthalii'' F.M.Bailey
Frederick Manson Bailey (8 March 1827 – 25 June 1915) was a botanist active in Australia, who made valuable contributions to the characterisation of the flora of Queensland. He was known by his middle name, Manson.
Early life
Bailey was b ...
, 1903 blotched butterfly orchid
Hybrids
The species ''S. falcatus'', ''S. fitzgeraldii'' and ''S. hartmannii'' have been hybridized, often with ''S. australis'', producing rounder, cherry-red flowers. A few examples are : S. Fitzhart (hartmannii × fitzgeraldii), S. Heidi (Fitzhart × hartmannii), S. Arcadia (Lois × Fitzhart) and S. George Colthup (Melba × hartmannii).Intrageneric hybrids include
*× ''Aeridochilus'' (''Aerides'' × ''Sarcochilus'') *× ''Gastrosarcochilus '' (''Gastrochilus'' × ''Sarcochilus'') *× ''Luichilus'' (''Luisia'' × ''Sarcochilus'') *× ''Malcolmcampbellara'' (''Drymoanthus'' × ''Plectorrhiza'' × ''Sarcochilus'') *× ''Parachilus '' (''Parasarcochilus'' × ''Sarcochilus'') *× ''Plectochilus'' (''Plectorrhiza'' × ''Sarcochilus'') *× ''Pomatochilus'' (''Pomatocalpa'' × ''Sarcochilus'') *× ''Porterara '' (''Rhynchostylis'' × ''Sarcochilus'' × ''Vanda'') *× ''Rhinochilus'' (''Rhinerrhiza'' × ''Sarcochilus'') *× ''Sarcocentrum '' (''Ascocentrum '' × ''Sarcochilus'') *× ''Sarcomoanthus'' (''Sarcochilus'' × ''Drymoanthus'') *× ''Sarconopsis'' (''Phalaenopsis'' × ''Sarcochilus'') *× ''Sarcorhiza '' (''Rhinerrhiza '' × ''Sarcochilus'') *× ''Sarcothera'' (''Renanthera'' × ''Sarcochilus'') *× ''Sarcovanda'' (''Sarchilus'' × ''Vanda'') *× ''Sartylis'' (''Rhynchostylis'' × ''Sarcochilus'') *× ''Sladeara'' (''Doritis'' × ''Phalaenopsis'' × ''Sarcochilus'') *× ''Uptonara'' (''Phalaenopsis'' × ''Rhynchostylis'' × ''Sarcochilus'')Use in horticulture
The term "sarco" is often used to refer to a number of orchid genera, including ''Sarcochilus''. Most species of ''Sarcochilus'' are easily grown but some are very difficult. They need bright light, high humidity and free air movement.References
*External links
* * {{Taxonbar, from=Q2719962 Vandeae genera Epiphytic orchids