Same-sex marriage in Hawaii has been legal since December 2, 2013. The Hawaii State Legislature held a special session beginning on October 28, 2013, and passed the '' Hawaii Marriage Equality Act'' legalizing

same-sex marriage Same-sex marriage, also known as gay marriage, is the marriage of two people of the same sex or gender. marriage between same-sex couples is legally performed and recognized in 33 countries, with the most recent being Mexico, constituting ...

Governor A governor is an administrative leader and head of a polity or political region, ranking under the head of state and in some cases, such as governors-general, as the head of state's official representative. Depending on the type of political ...

Neil Abercrombie Neil Abercrombie (born June 26, 1938) is an American politician who served as the seventh governor of Hawaii from 2010 to 2014. He is a member of the Democratic Party. Born in Buffalo, New York, Abercrombie is a graduate of Union College and th ...

signed the legislation on November 13, and same-sex couples began marrying on December 2.

Hawaii Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii or ) is a state in the Western United States, located in the Pacific Ocean about from the U.S. mainland. It is the only U.S. state outside North America, the only state that is an archipelago, and the only state ...

also allows both same-sex and opposite-sex couples to formalize their relationships legally in the form of

civil union A civil union (also known as a civil partnership) is a legally recognized arrangement similar to marriage, created primarily as a means to provide recognition in law for same-sex couples. Civil unions grant some or all of the rights of marriage ...

s and reciprocal beneficiary relationships. Civil unions provide the same rights, benefits, and obligations of

marriage Marriage, also called matrimony or wedlock, is a culturally and often legally recognized union between people called spouses. It establishes rights and obligations between them, as well as between them and their children, and between ...

at the state level, while reciprocal beneficiary relationships provide a more limited set of rights. Hawaii's denial of marriage licenses to same-sex couples was first challenged in state court in 1991, and the plaintiffs initially met with some success. In 1993, a ruling by the Hawaiian Supreme Court made Hawaii the first

state State may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Literature * ''State Magazine'', a monthly magazine published by the U.S. Department of State * ''The State'' (newspaper), a daily newspaper in Columbia, South Carolina, United States * ''Our S ...

in the

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...

to consider legal challenges to bans on same-sex marriage. However, Hawaii voters later modified the State Constitution in 1998 to allow the State Legislature to restrict marriage to opposite-sex couples. By the time the Supreme Court of Hawaii considered the final appeal in the case in 1999, it upheld the state's ban on same-sex marriage. When Hawaii's civil union law took effect at the start of 2012, same-sex marriages established in other jurisdictions were considered civil unions in Hawaii.

Legal history

''Baehr'' case (1991–1999)

Baehr v. Miike ''Baehr v. Miike'' (originally ''Baehr v. Lewin'') was a lawsuit in which three same-sex couples argued that Hawaii's prohibition of same-sex marriage violated the state constitution. Initiated in 1990, as the case moved through the state courts ...

'' (originally ''Baehr v. Lewin'') was a case decided by the

Supreme Court of Hawaii The Supreme Court of Hawaii is the highest court of the State of Hawaii in the United States. Its decisions are binding on all other courts of the Hawaii State Judiciary. The principal purpose of the Supreme Court is to review the decisions of ...

, which initially found that the state's refusal to grant same-sex couples marriage licenses was discriminatory. In 1991, three same-sex couples sued Hawaii Director of Health John C. Lewin in his official capacity, seeking to force the state to issue them marriage licenses. The couples were Genora Dancel and Ninia Baehr, Joseph Melillo and Pat Lagon, and Tammy Rodrigues and Antoinette Pregil. After the case was dismissed by the trial court, the couples appealed to the state Supreme Court. In the plurality opinion delivered by Chief Justice Ronald Moon in 1993, the court ruled that while the right to privacy in the

Hawaii Constitution The Constitution of the State of Hawaii ( haw, Kumukānāwai o Hawaiʻi) refers to various legal documents throughout the history of the Hawaiian Islands that defined the fundamental principles of authority and governance within its sphere of juri ...

does not include a fundamental right to same-sex marriage, denying

to same-sex couples constituted discrimination based on sex in violation of the right to equal protection guaranteed by the State Constitution. The court remanded the case to the trial court, instructing that "in accordance with the ' strict scrutiny' standard, the burden will rest on Lewin to overcome the presumption that HRS § 572-1 he state's marriage statuteis unconstitutional by demonstrating that it furthers compelling state interests and is narrowly drawn to avoid unnecessary abridgments of constitutional rights."''Baehr v. Lewin'', 74 Haw. 530, 852 P.2d 44 (1993), ''reconsideration and clarification granted in part'', 74 Haw. 645, 852 P.2d 74 (1993). In 1996, Judge Kevin S.C. Chang ruled that the state did not meet its evidentiary burden. It did not prove that the state had a compelling interest in denying marriage licenses to same-sex couples and even assuming that it had it had not proven that HRS § 572-1 was narrowly tailored to avoid unnecessary abridgement of constitutional rights. He enjoined the state from refusing to issue marriage licenses to otherwise-qualified same-sex couples. The following day, Chang stayed his ruling, acknowledging the "legally untenable" position couples would be in should the Hawaii Supreme Court reverse him on appeal. On December 9, 1999, the Hawaii Supreme Court, following the passage of a constitutional amendment empowering the Hawaii State Legislature to limit marriage to opposite-sex couples, ruled that "The passage of the marriage amendment placed HRS § 572-1 on new footing. The marriage amendment validated HRS § 572-1 by taking the statute out of the ambit of the equal protection clause of the Hawaii Constitution, at least insofar as the statute, both on its face and as applied, purported to limit access to the marital status to opposite-sex couples. Accordingly, whether or not in the past it was violative of the equal protection clause in the foregoing respect, HRS § 572-1 no longer is. In light of the marriage amendment, HRS § 572-1 must be given full force and effect." Because the remedy sought by the plaintiffs – access to marriage licenses – was no longer available, this reversed Chang's ruling and remanded the case for entry of judgment in favor of the defendant. As no federal constitutional issues were raised, the case could not be brought to the U.S. Supreme Court.

Constitutional Amendment 2 (1998)

Following a 1993 decision by the Hawaii Supreme Court that found the state's refusal to grant same-sex couples marriage licenses discriminatory, voters in 1998 approved a constitutional amendment granting the Hawaii State Legislature the power to reserve marriage to opposite-sex couples, which made it impossible to challenge the state's ban on same-sex marriage. The state had enacted a statute defining marriage as an institution for "one man and one woman" in 1994, following the first state court decision that questioned the state's denial of marriage licenses to same-sex couples. Both the statute and the constitutional amendment were passed around the same time as the federal ''

Defense of Marriage Act The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) was a United States federal law passed by the 104th United States Congress and signed into law by President Bill Clinton. It banned federal recognition of same-sex marriage by limiting the definition of marr ...

'' (DOMA; haw, Kānāwai Kūpale Male o ka makahiki 1996) was enacted into law by the

United States Congress The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate. It meets in the U.S. Capitol in Washing ...

Civil unions (2009–2011)

Civil union A civil union (also known as a civil partnership) is a legally recognized arrangement similar to marriage, created primarily as a means to provide recognition in law for same-sex couples. Civil unions grant some or all of the rights of marriage ...

s ( haw, uniona kīwila, ) were introduced in Hawaii on January 1, 2012, following the passage of legislation in early 2011. These unions provide all of the rights, benefits and responsibilities of marriage at the state level. In 1997, the state established reciprocal beneficiary relationships, open to all couples as well as blood relatives, offering numerous spousal rights including the ability to sue for wrongful death, decisions about health care, proptery rights and co-tenancy,

inheritance Inheritance is the practice of receiving private property, titles, debts, entitlements, privileges, rights, and obligations upon the death of an individual. The rules of inheritance differ among societies and have changed over time. Officia ...

without a will, and insurance and state pensions. Bills creating civil unions were considered several times, but failed to receive approval in legislative committees before 2009. In 2010, '' Hawaii House Bill 444 (HB 444)'', which would have created civil unions for same-sex and opposite-sex couples, passed the

Hawaii House of Representatives The Hawaii House of Representatives is the lower house of the Hawaii State Legislature. Pursuant to Article III, Section 3 of the Constitution of Hawaii, amended during the 1978 constitutional convention, the House of Representatives consists ...

and the

Hawaii Senate The Hawaii Senate is the upper house of the Hawaii State Legislature. It consists of twenty-five members elected from an equal number of constituent districts across the islands and is led by the President of the Senate, elected from the membe ...

. Governor

Linda Lingle Linda Lingle (''née'' Cutter; June 4, 1953) is an American politician, who was the sixth governor of Hawaii from 2002 until 2010. She was the first Republican governor of Hawaii since 1962. Lingle was also the state's first female and first J ...

vetoed it in July 2010. Following Lingle's veto, the

American Civil Liberties Union The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) is a nonprofit organization founded in 1920 "to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed to every person in this country by the Constitution and laws of the United States". T ...

and

Lambda Legal Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund, better known as Lambda Legal, is an American civil rights organization that focuses on lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) communities as well as people living with HIV/AIDS ( PWAs) through imp ...

filed ''Young v. Lingle'' on behalf of six same-sex couples. The suit, while acknowledging that the state has the constitutional authority to limit marriage to opposite-sex couples, asserted that the State Constitution still mandates that same-sex couples be accorded equal treatment. The suit was withdrawn on March 31, 2011. A bill substantively similar to ''HB 444'', ''Senate Bill 232'', was passed on January 26, 2011 by the Senate Judiciary and Labor Committee in a 3–2 vote, and was passed by the Senate 19–6 on January 28; a modification to the bill was then made in the House of Representatives before passage on February 11 by a vote of 31–19. The Senate passed the revised bill on February 16, and Governor

signed it into law on February 23. Civil unions began on January 1, 2012. 417 couples obtained a civil union in the first six months after the law went into effect. Low participation may have been the result of technical issues that surrounded the conversion of a reciprocal beneficiary relationship to a civil union. A bill correcting the transitional issues was signed into law on July 6, 2012. At the end of 2012, over 700 couples had established civil unions. Since Hawaii enacted same-sex marriage in November 2013, civil unions remain an option for both opposite-sex and same-sex couples to access, making Hawaii one of only four states (

Colorado Colorado (, other variants) is a state in the Mountain states, Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. It encompasses most of the Southern Rocky Mountains, as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the wes ...

Illinois Illinois ( ) is a state in the Midwestern United States. Its largest metropolitan areas include the Chicago metropolitan area, and the Metro East section, of Greater St. Louis. Other smaller metropolitan areas include, Peoria and Rockf ...

and

New Jersey New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York; on the east, southeast, and south by the Atlantic Ocean; on the west by the Delaware ...

being the other three; several other states also recognize domestic partnerships providing many of the benefits of marriage) to allow for this practice.

''Jackson'' case (2012–2014)

On December 7, 2011, a same-sex couple filed suit in U.S. district court to obtain marriage licenses in Hawaii, which at that time denied licenses to such couples. The state's denial was based on its marriage laws: Article 1 § 23 of the Hawaii Constitution, which leaves any decision on same-sex marriage to the Hawaii State Legislature, along with (since repealed) HRS § 572-1, which defined marriage only "between a man and a woman." The initial suit was styled ''Jackson v. Abercrombie'', after first-named plaintiff Natasha Jackson and first-named defendant Governor Neil Abercrombie. On January 27, 2012, an amended complaint added plaintiff Gary Bradley, a partner in a same-sex civil union, who wanted to marry but thought it futile to apply. The plaintiffs argued that the marriage laws violated the Due Process Clause and Equal Protection Clause of the U.S. Constitution. Governor Abercrombie agreed with the plaintiffs that the ban violated both clauses of the

U.S. Constitution The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States of America. It superseded the Articles of Confederation, the nation's first constitution, in 1789. Originally comprising seven articles, it delineates the nation ...

, but the state's Director of Health,

Loretta Fuddy Loretta Jean Fuddy (April 12, 1948 – December 11, 2013) was an American health official and social worker from the U.S. state of Hawaii. Fuddy served simultaneously as the Director of the Hawaii Department of Health and the Mayor of Kalawao Co ...

, was allowed to defend the ban. In an order issued on August 8, 2012, U.S. District Court Judge

Alan Kay Alan Curtis Kay (born May 17, 1940) published by the Association for Computing Machinery 2012 is an American computer scientist best known for his pioneering work on object-oriented programming and windowing graphical user interface (GUI) d ...

rejected the plaintiffs' claims and granted defendants' motion for

summary judgment In law, a summary judgment (also judgment as a matter of law or summary disposition) is a judgment entered by a court for one party and against another party summarily, i.e., without a full trial. Summary judgments may be issued on the merits of ...

, upholding Hawaii's ban on same-sex marriage. Judge Kay's ruling became the first court decision to cite the "New Family Structure" research of

Mark Regnerus Mark Daniel Regnerus (born December 31, 1970) is a sociologist and professor at the University of Texas at Austin. His main fields of interest are sexual behavior, relationship dynamics, and religion. Education Regnerus graduated from McBain Rura ...

, research discredited by the American Sociological Association as well as thoroughly rejected by the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California during the '' Hollingsworth v. Perry'' trial. The plaintiffs in ''Jackson'' appealed Judge Kay's ruling to the

Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (in case citations, 9th Cir.) is the U.S. federal court of appeals that has appellate jurisdiction over the U.S. district courts in the following federal judicial districts: * District ...

, now restyled as ''Jackson v. Fuddy''. The appeal was initially scheduled to be heard on a parallel track with a similar

Nevada Nevada ( ; ) is a state in the Western region of the United States. It is bordered by Oregon to the northwest, Idaho to the northeast, California to the west, Arizona to the southeast, and Utah to the east. Nevada is the 7th-most extensive, ...

case before the same court, ''

Sevcik v. Sandoval ''Sevcik v. Sandoval'' is the lead case that successfully challenged Nevada's Recognition of same-sex unions in Nevada, denial of same-sex marriage as mandated by that state's constitution and statutory law. The plaintiffs' complaint was initiall ...

'', until both cases were placed on hold, pending Supreme Court decisions in two other same-sex marriage cases, ''Hollingsworth v. Perry'' and ''

United States v. Windsor ''United States v. Windsor'', 570 U.S. 744 (2013), is a landmark United States Supreme Court civil rights case concerning same-sex marriage. The Court held that Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), which denied federal recognition o ...

''. Those cases were resolved on June 26, 2013, and on November 13, Hawaii enacted the ''Hawaii Marriage Equality Act'', ending its ban on same-sex marriage. Despite that legislation, the plaintiffs did not withdraw their suit as moot, but pressed their appeal seeking to have the lower court's order overturned. The Ninth Circuit heard

oral argument Oral arguments are spoken presentations to a judge or appellate court by a lawyer (or parties when representing themselves) of the legal reasons why they should prevail. Oral argument at the appellate level accompanies written briefs, which also a ...

s on September 8, 2014, along with ''Sevcik'' and another related case, ''

Latta v. Otter ''Latta v. Otter'' is a case initiated in 2013 in U.S. federal court by plaintiffs seeking to prevent the state of Idaho from enforcing its ban on same-sex marriage. The plaintiffs won in U.S. District Court. The case was appealed to the Ninth Cir ...

'', before Judges

Stephen Reinhardt Stephen Roy Reinhardt (born Stephen Roy Shapiro; March 27, 1931 – March 29, 2018) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, with chambers in Los Angeles, California. He was the last federal ...

Ronald M. Gould Ronald Murray Gould (born October 17, 1946) is an American lawyer and jurist serving as a U.S. circuit judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit since 1999. Education Gould was born in 1946 in St. Louis, Missouri. He graduate ...

, and Marsha Berzon. The Ninth Circuit announced on October 10, 2014 that it had dismissed the case as moot because of Hawaii's legalization of same-sex marriage and voided the district court's decision.

Same-sex marriage legislation (2013)

In January 2013, a bill to legalize same-sex marriage in Hawaii was brought before the State Legislature, but the bill died without legislative action. By September, after both the U.S. Supreme Court decisions in ''United States v. Windsor'' and ''Hollingsworth v. Perry'', as well as months of negotiations within the Senate and House Democratic caucuses and with leaders of both chambers of the Legislature, Governor

called forth a special session for October 28, with the promise of signing the bill, and the chamber leaderships were confident in having the necessary majority for passage. The state Senate passed the marriage bill on October 30 by a vote of 20–4, and the House followed by a 30–19 vote on November 8, though not before an extensive 'citizens filibuster' attempt to block the bill's progress. The bill returned to the Senate for approval of House amendments which expanded religious exemptions and the Senate provided final legislative approval on November 12, voting 19–4 for passage. Governor Abercrombie signed the bill on November 13, and same-sex couples began marrying on December 2, 2013. The first same-sex couple to marry in Hawaii was Jonipher Kwong and Chris Nelson seconds after midnight on December 2 at the First Unitarian Church in

Honolulu Honolulu (; ) is the capital and largest city of the U.S. state of Hawaii, which is in the Pacific Ocean. It is an unincorporated county seat of the consolidated City and County of Honolulu, situated along the southeast coast of the island ...

. In the first two weeks after the law went into effect, 526 same-sex couples had applied for marriage licenses. The law makes provisions to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other states and countries:

Legal challenges

Hawaii Circuit Court Judge Karl Sakamoto heard a legal challenge to the marriage bill filed by Representative

Bob McDermott Robert Charles McDermott (born August 5, 1963) is an American politician and a Republican member of the Hawaii House of Representatives since November 6, 2012, representing District 40 (ʻEwa, ʻEwa Beach, ʻEwa Gentry, Iroquois Point). McDerm ...

, who contended that the 1998 constitutional amendment prohibited the State Legislature from allowing same-sex marriage. The lawsuit sought to prevent any government official from issuing a marriage license until the question of constitutionality was decided. On November 14, Judge Sakamoto ruled that the constitutional amendment in question did not force the State Legislature to define marriage as between one man and one woman, and that it only gave the Legislature the power to reserve marriage for opposite-sex couples if it chose to do so, and that "after all the legal complexity of the court's analysis, the court will conclude that same-sex marriage in Hawaii is legal." The court granted the state's motion to dismiss the lawsuit, ''McDermott v. Abercrombie'', on January 29, 2014. An appeal of the dismissal of the ''McDermott'' case was heard in the Hawaii Supreme Court, with oral arguments occurring on December 18, 2014. On May 27, 2015, following the retitling of the case to ''McDermott v. Ige'', with the election of

David Ige David Yutaka Ige (; born January 15, 1957) is an American politician and engineer who served as the eighth governor of Hawaii from 2014 to 2022. A Democrat, he served in the Hawaii State Senate from 1995 to 2014 and the Hawaii House of Repres ...

as governor, the court ruled that the appellants did not have

standing Standing, also referred to as orthostasis, is a position in which the body is held in an ''erect'' ("orthostatic") position and supported only by the feet. Although seemingly static, the body rocks slightly back and forth from the ankle in the s ...

to challenge the constitutionality of the ''Hawaii Marriage Equality Act''. Another challenge, ''Amsterdam v. Abercrombie'', was filed by a Hawaii resident on November 25, 2013. On February 19, 2014, Hawaii District Court Judge

Susan Oki Mollway Susan Oki Mollway (born November 6, 1950) is a Senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Hawaii and the first East Asian woman ever appointed to a life-time position on the federal bench. Early l ...

found that the plaintiff lacked standing and dismissed the challenge. In August 2016, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the case's dismissal.

Economic impact of same-sex marriage

A June 2010 study conducted by the

University of California, Los Angeles The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) is a public land-grant research university in Los Angeles, California. UCLA's academic roots were established in 1881 as a teachers college then known as the southern branch of the California S ...

indicated that same-sex couples would spend between $4.2 and $9.5 million on their wedding celebrations, if allowed to marry in Hawaii. Out-of-state guests would spend an additional $17.8 to $40.3 million, which would in turn create 193 to 333 new jobs in Hawaii primarily in the events and travel industries. The figures in the study were estimated based on a four-year period. A July 2013 study conducted by the

University of Hawaii A university () is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. Universities typically offer both undergraduate and postgraduate programs. In the United States, th ...

estimated an additional $217 million in visitor spending over the following three years if Hawaii legalized same-sex marriage. Analysis published in 2015 by

NerdWallet NerdWallet is an American personal finance company, founded in 2009 by Tim Chen and Jacob Gibson. It has a website and app that earns money by promoting financial products to its users. History NerdWallet was founded in August 2009 by Tim Chen ...

estimated the annual economic impact of same-sex marriage in Hawaii at approximately $26.6 million.

Marriage statistics and notable weddings

By June 30, 2015, 4,028 same-sex couples had married in the state of Hawaii since legalization on December 2, 2013, making up 10.5% of the state's 38,254 marriages contracted in that time. According to the

Hawaii Department of Health The Hawaii State Department of Health (DOH) is a state agency of Hawaiʻi, with its headquarters in Honolulu CDP, Honolulu County on the island of Oʻahu. The Hawai'i Department of Health is organized into three administrations: Health Resources, ...

, the number of same-sex marriages performed in the state is as follows: Note: * Includes Kalawao County In October 2017, Abigail Kinoiki Kekaulike Kawānanakoa, granddaughter of David Kawānanakoa, the founder of the House of Kawānanakoa and through his mother, Victoria Kinoiki Kekaulike, the nephew of Queen

Kapiʻolani Kapiʻolani (December 31, 1834 – June 24, 1899) was the queen of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi as the consort of Mōʻī (king) Kalākaua, who reigned from 1874 to 1891 until Mōʻī's death when she became known as the Dowager Queen Kapiʻolani ...

, married her partner Veronica Gail Worth in Honolulu. The couple were married in a ceremony performed at the home of Justice Steven Levinson. This was the first same-sex marriage for a member of the Hawaiian royal family.

Public opinion

{, class="wikitable" , +style="font-size:100%" , Public opinion for same-sex marriage in Hawaii , -style="text-align:right;" ! style="width:190px;", Poll source ! style="width:200px;", Date(s)
administered ! class=small , Sample
size ! Margin of
error ! style="width:100px;", % support ! style="width:100px;", % opposition ! style="width:40px;", % no opinion ! style="width:40px;", % does not matter , -
Public Religion Research Institute
, align=center
March 8–November 9, 2021
, align=center, ? , align=center, ? , align=center, 69% , align=center, 29% , align=center, 2% , align=center, - , -
Public Religion Research Institute
, align=center
January 7–December 20, 2020
, align=center, 176 random telephone
interviewees , align=center, ? , align=center, 66% , align=center, 26% , align=center, 8% , align=center, - , -
Public Religion Research Institute
, align=center
April 5–December 23, 2017
, align=center, 298 random telephone
interviewees , align=center, ? , align=center, 68% , align=center, 20% , align=center, 12% , align=center, - , -
Public Religion Research Institute
, align=center
May 18, 2016–January 10, 2017
, align=center, 438 random telephone
interviewees , align=center, ? , align=center, 68% , align=center, 25% , align=center, 7% , align=center, - , -
Public Religion Research Institute
, align=center
April 29, 2015-January 7, 2016
, align=center, 239 random telephone
interviewees , align=center, ? , align=center, 61% , align=center, 29% , align=center, 10% , align=center, - , -
New York Times/CBS News/YouGov
, align=center, September 20–October 1, 2014 , align=center, 1,319 likely voters , align=center, ± 3.6% , align=center, 59% , align=center, 26% , align=center, 15% , align=center, - , -
Public Religion Research Institute
, align=center
April 2, 2014–January 4, 2015
, align=center, 195 random telephone
interviewees , align=center, ? , align=center, 64% , align=center, 31% , align=center, 3% , align=center, - , -
Civil Beat
, align=center, October 9–10, 2013 , align=center, 819 registered voters , align=center, ± 3.4% , align=center, ''44%'' , align=center, ''44%'' , align=center, 4% , align=center, 7% , -
QMark Research
, align=center, July 26–30, 2013 , align=center, 442 random telephone
interviewees , align=center, ? , align=center, 54% , align=center, 31% , align=center, - , align=center, - , -
Anzalone Liszt Grove Research
, align=center, January 14–18, 2013 , align=center, 500 residents , align=center, ? , align=center, 55% , align=center, 37% , align=center, - , align=center, - , - , rowspan=3 colspan=1
Civil Beat
, rowspan=3 colspan=1 align=center , 2012 , align=center, ? registered voters , rowspan=3 colspan=1 align=center , ± 2.9% , align=center, 37% , align=center, 51% , align=center, 12% , align=center, - , - , align=center, ? likely voters , align=center, 40% , align=center, ''49%'' , align=center, 11% , align=center, - , - , align=center, ? non-voters , align=center, 27% , align=center, 57% , align=center, 16% , align=center, - , -
Public Policy Polling
, align=center, October 13–16, 2011 , align=center, 568 voters , align=center, ± 4.1% , align=center, ''49%'' , align=center, 40% , align=center, 11% , align=center, - , -
Civil Beat
, align=center, 2008 , align=center, ? voters , align=center, ± 2.9% , align=center, 43% , align=center, ''44%'' , align=center, 13% , align=center, - , -

References

External links

About Reciprocal Beneficiary Relationships
Hawaii State Department of Health
About Civil Unions
Hawaii State Department of Health {{Oceania in topic, Same-sex marriage in

LGBT rights in Hawaii 2013 in LGBT history 2013 in Hawaii