Samarangana Sutradhara

''Samarangana Sutradhara'', sometimes referred to as ''Samarāṅgaṇasūtradhāra'', is an 11th-century poetic treatise on classical Indian architecture (Vastu Shastra) written in Sanskrit language attributed to Paramara King Bhoja of Dhar. The title ''Samarāṅgaṇasūtradhāra'' is a compound word that literally means "architect of human dwellings", but can also be decomposed to an alternate meaning as "stage manager for battlefields" – possibly a play of words to recognize its royal author.

Three manuscripts of ''Samarangana Sutradhara'' were discovered in early 20th century, while others were found later. They vary somewhat and all survive in an incomplete form. The most complete version is one likely copied and recompiled in the 15th century. This manuscript has 7,430 ''shlokas'' (verses) set in 83 ''adhyayas'' (chapters). A notable aspect of each ''adhyaya'' is that it starts with a verse composed in ''anustubh'' meter (''chanda'' in Hindu texts) and ends with a verse in a longer meter, typically ''upajati'' or ''vasantatilaka''.

The ''Samarangana Sutradhara'' is among the few important texts that have survived on the theory and practice of Hindu temple architecture in north, central and western Indian subcontinent (chapters 52–67). Its chapters also include discussions on town planning, house architecture, iconography, painting (''chitra''), and sculpture arts (''shilpa''). Some chapters include Hindu legends such as of sleeping Vishnu as it explains its ideas, as well as verses on Hindu philosophies such as Samkhya and Vedanta. It includes a discussion of ''vastu mandalas'' (chapters 11–15). Others are practical manuals on architecture and construction; for example, house (chapter 37), soil preparation (chapter 8), wood and timber for carpentry (chapter 16), laying bricks (chapter 41) and others. Later chapters (70–83) are dedicated to sculpture and painting.

The ''Samarangana Sutradhara'' acknowledges and builds upon older Indian texts on temple architecture, and ''vastu'' in general, states Adam Hardy – a scholar of Hindu temple architecture and related historic texts. It provides one of the most complete list and descriptions of 64 designs of Indian temples as they existed by the 11th century. The text also influenced later Indian treatises such as the 12th-century ''Aparajitaprccha''. The text is significant in its discussion about Nagara, Dravida, Bhumija and other diversified styles of Hindu temples. It is particularly notable for the sections that match with the unfinished 11th-century temple in Bhojpur (Madhya Pradesh) and the earliest known architectural drawings of a Hindu temple engraved on the surrounding rocks.

The ''Samarangana Sutradhara'' has a chapter on the art of mechanical contrivances, the yantras (chapter 31). ''Samarangana Sutradhara'' includes chapters about the decoration of palaces, which describes the construction of mechanical contrivances (automata), including mechanical bees and birds, fountains shaped like humans and animals, and male and female dolls that refilled oil lamps, danced, played instruments, and re-enacted scenes from Hindu mythology.

It has some visionary speculative verses as well, such as envisioning machines that could fly. However, the author states that he will "not explain how to construct such machines, for the sake of secrecy".

Editions

*Sastri, T.G. (1924)
*Kumar, Pushpendra, ''Bhoja's Samarangana-Sutradhara : Vastushastra''. 2 Vols, New Bharatiya Book Corporation (2004), .

Critical studies and translations

*Chapters on residential architecture, Felix Otter (2009)
*Chapters on Indian temple architecture, Adam Hardy (2015)
*Sharma, Sudarshan Kumar, ''Samarangana Sutradhara of Bhojadeva : An Ancient Treatise on Architecture (With an introduction, Sanskrit text, verse by verse English translation'', 2 Volumes (2007),

Notes

References

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See also

*Vastu Shastra

Indian literature
Indian architectural history
Architectural treatises
Hindu texts
Hindu architecture
Indian iconography
History of Malwa
Bhoja