Sacred Name Bibles are

Bible translations The Bible has been translated into many languages from the biblical languages of Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek. all of the Bible has been translated into 724 languages, the New Testament has been translated into an additional 1,617 languages, a ...

that consistently use Hebraic forms of the God of Israel's personal name, instead of its English language translation, in both the Old and

New Testament The New Testament grc, Ἡ Καινὴ Διαθήκη, transl. ; la, Novum Testamentum. (NT) is the second division of the Christian biblical canon. It discusses the teachings and person of Jesus, as well as events in first-century Chri ...

s. Some

Bible version The Bible has been translated into many languages from the biblical languages of Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek. all of the Bible has been translated into 724 languages, the New Testament has been translated into an additional 1,617 languages, and ...

s, such as the

Jerusalem Bible ''The Jerusalem Bible'' (JB or TJB) is an English translation of the Bible published in 1966 by Darton, Longman & Todd. As a Catholic Bible, it includes 73 books: the 39 books shared with the Hebrew Bible, along with the seven deuterocanonica ...

, employ the name

Yahweh Yahweh *''Yahwe'', was the national god of ancient Israel and Judah. The origins of his worship reach at least to the early Iron Age, and likely to the Late Bronze Age if not somewhat earlier, and in the oldest biblical literature he poss ...

, a

transliteration Transliteration is a type of conversion of a text from one script to another that involves swapping letters (thus ''trans-'' + '' liter-'') in predictable ways, such as Greek → , Cyrillic → , Greek → the digraph , Armenian → or L ...

of the Hebrew

tetragrammaton The Tetragrammaton (; ), or Tetragram, is the four-letter Hebrew theonym (transliterated as YHWH), the name of God in the Hebrew Bible. The four letters, written and read from right to left (in Hebrew), are ''yodh'', '' he'', '' waw'', and ...

(YHWH), in the English text of the Old Testament, where traditional English versions have . Most Sacred Name versions use the name Yahshua, a Semitic form of the name Jesus. With the exception The Lockman Foundation, which owns the Legacy Standard Bible, none of the Sacred Name Bibles are published by mainstream publishers. Instead, most are published by the same group that produced the translation. Some are available for download on the Web. Very few of these Bibles have been noted or reviewed by scholars outside the

Sacred Name Movement The Sacred Name Movement (SNM) refers to the movement within Adventism which, prompted by Joseph Franklin Rutherford, were concerned with the Hebrew name of God, a concern that led the Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society to the adoption of the nam ...

. Some Sacred Name Bibles, such as the ''Hallelujah Scriptures'', are also considered Messianic Bibles due to their significant Hebrew style. Therefore they are commonly used by

Messianic Jews Messianic Judaism ( he, or , ) is a modernist and syncretic movement of Protestant Christianity that incorporates some elements of Judaism and other Jewish traditions into evangelicalism. It emerged in the 1960s and 1970s from the earlier ...

as well.

Historical background

YHWH occurs in the

Hebrew Bible The Hebrew Bible or Tanakh (;"Tanach"
'' Greek translation found at

Qumran Qumran ( he, קומראן; ar, خربة قمران ') is an archaeological site in the West Bank managed by Israel's Qumran National Park. It is located on a dry marl plateau about from the northwestern shore of the Dead Sea, near the Israeli ...

among the

Dead Sea Scrolls The Dead Sea Scrolls (also the Qumran Caves Scrolls) are ancient Jewish and Hebrew religious manuscripts discovered between 1946 and 1956 at the Qumran Caves in what was then Mandatory Palestine, near Ein Feshkha in the West Bank, on the ...

. It does not occur in early manuscripts of the Greek New Testament. Although the Greek forms ''Iao'' and ''Iave'' do occur in magical inscriptions in the Hellenistic Jewish texts of

Philo Philo of Alexandria (; grc, Φίλων, Phílōn; he, יְדִידְיָה, Yəḏīḏyāh (Jedediah); ), also called Philo Judaeus, was a Hellenistic Jewish philosopher who lived in Alexandria, in the Roman province of Egypt. Philo's de ...

Josephus Flavius Josephus (; grc-gre, Ἰώσηπος, ; 37 – 100) was a first-century Romano-Jewish historian and military leader, best known for '' The Jewish War'', who was born in Jerusalem—then part of Roman Judea—to a father of priestly ...

and the

use the word ''

Kyrios ''Kyrios'' or ''kurios'' ( grc, κύριος, kū́rios) is a Greek word which is usually translated as "lord" or "master". It is used in the Septuagint translation of the Hebrew scriptures about 7000 times, in particular translating the nam ...

'' ("Lord") when citing verses where YHWH occurs in the Hebrew. For centuries, Bible translators around the world did not transliterate or copy the

in their translations. For example, English Bible translators (Christian and Jewish) used to represent it. Modern authorities on Bible translation have called for translating it with a vernacular word or phrase that would be locally meaningful.Ernst R. Wendland. 1992. yhwh- The Case For Chauta 'Great- odof-the-Bow'. ''The Bible Translator''. 43.4: 430–438. The

Catholic Church The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...

has called for maintaining in the liturgy the tradition of using "the Lord" to represent the tetragrammaton, but does not forbid its use outside the liturgy, as is shown by the existence of Catholic Bibles such as the ''

'' (1966) and the '' New Jerusalem Bible'' (1985), where it appears as "Yahweh", and place names that incorporate the tetragrammaton are not affected. A few Bible translators, with varying theological motivations, have taken a different approach to translating the tetragrammaton. In the 1800s–1900s at least three English translations contained a variation of YHWH. Two of these translations comprised only a portion of the New Testament. They did not restore YHWH throughout the body of the New Testament. In the twentieth century, Rotherham's ''

Emphasized Bible Joseph Bryant Rotherham's Emphasized Bible (abbreviated EBR to avoid confusion with the REB) is a translation of the Bible which uses various methods, such as "emphatic idiom" and special diacritical marks, to bring out nuances of the underlyi ...

'' was the first to employ full transliteration of the tetragrammaton where it appears in the Bible (i.e., in the Old Testament).

Angelo Traina Angelo Benedetto Traina (January 22, 1889 - November 4, 1971) was a biblical scholar, best known for his emphasis on what he called restoring "Semitic proper names to their Aramaic and Hebrew forms". Life Traina was born in Sicily into a Catho ...

's translation, ''The New Testament of our Messiah and Saviour Yahshua'' in 1950 also used it throughout to translate Κύριος, and ''The Holy Name Bible containing the Holy Name Version of the Old and New Testaments'' in 1963 was the first to systematically use a Hebrew form for sacred names throughout the Old and New Testament, becoming the first complete Sacred Name Bible.

Aramaic primacy

Some translators of Sacred Name Bibles hold to the view that the

, or significant portions of it, were originally written in a Semitic language,

Hebrew Hebrew (; ; ) is a Northwest Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family. Historically, it is one of the spoken languages of the Israelites and their longest-surviving descendants, the Jews and Samaritans. It was largely preserved ...

Aramaic The Aramaic languages, short Aramaic ( syc, ܐܪܡܝܐ, Arāmāyā; oar, 𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤉𐤀; arc, 𐡀𐡓𐡌𐡉𐡀; tmr, אֲרָמִית), are a language family containing many varieties (languages and dialects) that originated in ...

, from which the Greek text is a translation. This view is colloquially known as "Aramaic primacy", and is also taken by some academics, such as Matthew Black. Therefore, translators of Sacred Name Bibles consider it appropriate to use Semitic names in their translations of the New Testament, which they regard as intended for use by all people, not just Jews. Although no early manuscripts of the New Testament contain these names, some

rabbinical translations of Matthew The rabbinical translations of Matthew are rabbinical versions of the Gospel of Matthew that are written in Hebrew; Shem Tob's Hebrew Gospel of Matthew, the Du Tillet Matthew, and the Münster Matthew, and which were used in polemical debate with ...

did use the tetragrammaton in part of the Hebrew New Testament. Sidney Jellicoe in ''The Septuagint and Modern Study'' (Oxford, 1968) states that the name YHWH appeared in Greek Old Testament texts written for Jews by Jews, often in the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet to indicate that it was not to be pronounced, or in Aramaic, or using the four Greek letters ''PIPI'' ( Π Ι Π Ι) that physically imitate the appearance of Hebrew יהוה, ''YHWH''), and that ''Kyrios'' was a Christian introduction. Bible scholars and translators such as

Eusebius Eusebius of Caesarea (; grc-gre, Εὐσέβιος ; 260/265 – 30 May 339), also known as Eusebius Pamphilus (from the grc-gre, Εὐσέβιος τοῦ Παμφίλου), was a Greek historian of Christianity, exegete, and Chris ...

and

Jerome Jerome (; la, Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus; grc-gre, Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος; – 30 September 420), also known as Jerome of Stridon, was a Christian priest, confessor, theologian, and historian; he is co ...

(translator of the ''Latin Vulgate'') consulted the Hexapla, but did not attempt to preserve sacred names in Semitic forms.

Justin Martyr Justin Martyr ( el, Ἰουστῖνος ὁ μάρτυς, Ioustinos ho martys; c. AD 100 – c. AD 165), also known as Justin the Philosopher, was an early Christian apologist and philosopher. Most of his works are lost, but two apologies and ...

(second century) argued that YHWH is not a personal name, writing of the "namelessness of God".

George Lamsa George M. Lamsa ( syr, ܓܝܘܪܓܝܣ ܠܡܣܐ) (August 5, 1892 – September 22, 1975) was an Assyrian author. He was born in Mar Bishu in what is now the extreme east of Turkey. A native Aramaic speaker, he translated the Aramaic Peshitta Old ...

, the translator of The Holy Bible from Ancient Eastern Manuscripts: Containing the Old and New Testaments (1957), believed the New Testament was originally written in a Semitic language, not clearly differentiating between

Syriac Syriac may refer to: *Syriac language, an ancient dialect of Middle Aramaic *Sureth, one of the modern dialects of Syriac spoken in the Nineveh Plains region * Syriac alphabet ** Syriac (Unicode block) ** Syriac Supplement * Neo-Aramaic languages a ...

and Aramaic. However, despite his adherence to a Semitic original of the New Testament, Lamsa translated using the English word "Lord" instead of a Hebraic form of the divine name.

Accuracy or popularity

Sacred Name Bibles are not used frequently within Christianity, or Judaism. Only a few translations replace ''Jesus'' with Semitic forms such as ''Yeshua'' or ''Yahshua''. Most English Bible translations translate the tetragrammaton with '' '' where it occurs in the Old Testament rather than use a

into English. This pattern is followed in languages around the world, as translators have translated sacred names without preserving the Hebraic forms, often preferring local names for the creator or highest deity, conceptualizing accuracy as semantic rather than phonetic. The limited number and popularity of Sacred Name Bible translations suggests that phonetic accuracy is not considered to be of major importance by Bible translators or the public. The translator

Joseph Bryant Rotherham Joseph Bryant Rotherham (1828–1910) was a British biblical scholar and minister of the Churches of Christ. He was a prolific writer whose best-known work was the Emphasized Bible, a new translation that used "emphatic inversion" and a set of di ...

lamented not making his work into a Sacred Name Bible by using the more accurate name Yahweh in his translation (pp. 20 – 26), though he also said, "I trust that in a popular version like the present my choice will be understood even by those who may be slow to pardon it." (p. xxi).

Transliterated Sacred Name Bibles

These Bibles systematically transliterate the tetragrammaton (usually as ''Yahweh'') in both the Old and New Testaments, as well as a Semitic form of the name of Jesus such as Yahshua or

Yeshua Yeshua or Y'shua (; with vowel pointing he, יֵשׁוּעַ, Yēšūaʿ, labels=no) was a common alternative form of the name Yehoshua ( he, יְהוֹשֻׁעַ, Yəhōšūaʿ, Joshua, labels=no) in later books of the Hebrew Bible and among Jew ...

. They consider the names of both God the Father, and God the Son, to be sacred. * The New Testament of our Messiah and Saviour Yahshua (1950) * Holy Name Bible (1963) * Restoration of Original Sacred Name Bible (1970) * The

Sacred Scriptures Bethel Edition The Sacred Scriptures Bethel Edition (SSBE) is a Sacred Name Bible which uses the names Yahweh and Yahshua in both the Old and New Testaments (''Chamberlin'' p. 51-3). It was produced by Jacob O. Meyer, based on the American Standard Ver ...

(1981) * The Book of Yahweh: The Holy Scriptures (1987) * Sacred Scriptures, Family of Yah Edition (2000) * The Holy Bible – Urim-Thummim Version (2001) * The Word of Yahweh (2003) * Mickelson Clarified Translation (2008, 2013, 2015, 2019) * Hebraic Roots Bible (2009, 2012) * The Restoration Study Bible (2011) * Names of God Bible (2011, 2014) * The Interpreted New Testament (2020) *The Original Bible for Modern Readers (2017)

Tetragrammaton Sacred Name Bibles

These Sacred Name Bibles use the tetragrammaton without vowels. They follow this practice in both the Old and New Testaments (though some translations are not complete). * The Scriptures (ISR) Version (1993, 1998, 2009) * Hebraic-Roots Version (2001, 2004) * Restoration Scriptures: True Name Edition (2004) * Zikarown Say'fer Memorial Scroll (2004) * Sacred Name King James Bible (2005) * The Seventh Millennium Version (2007) * The Aramaic English New Testament (2008) * HalleluYah Scriptures (2009, 2015) * Abrahamic Faith Nazarene Hebraic Study Scriptures (2010) * The Restored Name King James Version (2012?) * Shem Qadosh Version (2014) * His Name Tanakh (In Progress) * Neno La Yahweh Swahili version (2014) * NJV Bible - New Jerusalem Version (2019)

Limited Sacred Name Bibles

Some translations use a form of " Jehovah" or "Yahweh" only sporadically: Ferrar Fenton Bible-- mixed sacred names

* ''The Complete Bible: An American Translation'' by

John Merlin Powis Smith John Merlin Powis Smith (28 December 1866 – November 1932) was an English-born, American orientalist and biblical scholar. Smith was born in London, son of William Martin and Anne Powis Smith. He was orphaned at age five and thereafter raised ...

(1939), e.g. Exodus 3:15, 6:3, 17:15 *

Holman Christian Standard Bible The Holman Christian Standard Bible (HCSB) is a modern English Bible translation from Holman Bible Publishers. The New Testament was published in 1999, followed by the full Bible in March 2004. Beginnings The roots of the HCSB can be traced ...

(2004, 2010), the tetragrammaton is transliterated "Yahweh" in 495 places in its 2010 revision 54 times in the 2009 edition In Psalm 29:1, 2 Chron. 30:8, Isaiah 24:5, and Jeremiah 26:9 it translates the tetragrammaton once as "Yahweh" and once as . In 2 Chronicles 14:11, it translates the tetragrammaton three times as and once as "Yahweh". In Job 1:21, it translates the tetragrammaton twice as and one as "Yahweh". In Psalm 135, it translates the tetragrammaton 14 times as Yahweh and twice as . * The

Emphatic Diaglott The ''Emphatic Diaglott'' is a diaglot, or two-language polyglot translation, of the New Testament by Benjamin Wilson, first published in 1864. It is an interlinear translation with the original Greek text and a word-for-word English translatio ...

(1864), a translation of the New Testament by Benjamin Wilson, the name Jehovah appears eighteen times. *

King James Version The King James Version (KJV), also the King James Bible (KJB) and the Authorized Version, is an Bible translations into English, English translation of the Christian Bible for the Church of England, which was commissioned in 1604 and publis ...

(1611), renders Jehovah in Exodus 6:3, Psalm 83:18, Isaiah 12:2, Isaiah 26:4, and three times in compound place names at Genesis 22:14, Exodus 17:15 and Judges 6:24. *

Webster's Bible Translation Noah Webster's 1833 limited revision of the King James Version, (more commonly called Webster Bible) focused mainly on replacing archaic words and making simple grammatical changes. For example: "why" instead of "wherefore", "its" instead of "h ...

(1833), by

Noah Webster Noah ''Nukh''; am, ኖህ, ''Noḥ''; ar, نُوح '; grc, Νῶε ''Nôe'' () is the tenth and last of the pre-Flood patriarchs in the traditions of Abrahamic religions. His story appears in the Hebrew Bible ( Book of Genesis, chapters 5� ...

, a revision of the King James Bible, contains the form Jehovah in all cases where it appears in the original King James Version, as well as another seven times in Isaiah 51:21, Jeremiah 16:21; 23:6; 32:18; 33:16, Amos 5:8, and Micah 4:13. * The

English Revised Version The Revised Version (RV) or English Revised Version (ERV) of the Bible is a late 19th-century British revision of the King James Version. It was the first and remains the only officially authorised and recognised revision of the King James Versio ...

(1885), renders the tetragrammaton as Jehovah where it appears in the King James Version, and another eight times in Exodus 6:2,6–8, Psalm 68:20, Isaiah 49:14, Jeremiah 16:21, and Habakkuk 3:19. * The Ferrar Fenton Bible innovatively uses the phrase for the tetragrammaton, as well as , even in the same paragraph, such as in Numbers 14:41-43. *

Amplified Bible ''The Amplified Bible'' (AMP) is an English language translation of the Bible produced jointly by Zondervan and The Lockman Foundation. The first edition as a complete volume was published in 1965. “Amplifications” are words or phrases int ...

(1954, 1987), generally uses , but translates Exodus 6:3 as: "I appeared to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob as God Almighty l- Shaddai but by My name the ahweh—the redemptive name of GodI did not make Myself known to them n acts and great miracles" *

New English Bible The New English Bible (NEB) is an English translation of the Bible. The New Testament was published in 1961 and the Old Testament (with the Apocrypha) was published on 16 March 1970. In 1989, it was significantly revised and republished as the R ...

(NT 1961, OT 1970), published by Oxford University Press uses Jehovah in Exodus 3:15 and 6:3, and in four place names at Genesis 22:14, Exodus 17:15, Judges 6:24 and Ezekiel 48:35. *

New Living Translation The New Living Translation (NLT) is an English translation of the Bible. The origin of the NLT came from a project aiming to revise '' The Living Bible'' (TLB). This effort eventually led to the creation of the NLT—a new translation separat ...

(1996, 2004), produced by Tyndale House Publishers as a successor to the Living Bible, generally uses , but uses literal names whenever the text compares it to another divine name, such as its use of Yahweh in Exodus 3:15 and 6:3. * Bible in Basic English (1949, 1964), uses "Yahweh" eight times, including Exodus 6:2–3. * The American King James Version (1999) by Michael Engelbrite renders Jehovah in all the places where it appears in the original King James Version. * New World Translation (1961, 1984, 2013), uses "Jehovah" or variations thereof 7216 times. * ''The Original Aramaic New Testament in Plain English with Psalms & Proverbs'' (2010) by David Bauscher, a self-published English translation of the New Testament, from the Aramaic of the Peshitta New Testament with a translation of the ancient Aramaic Peshitta version of Psalms & Proverbs, contains the word "JEHOVAH" over 200 times in the New Testament, where the Peshitta itself does not.
Divine Name King James Bible
(2011) - Uses JEHOVAH 6,973 times throughout the OT, and LORD with Jehovah in parentheses 128 times in the NT. These versions use either "Yahweh" or "Jehovah" only in the Old Testament: *

Young's Literal Translation Young's Literal Translation (YLT) is a translation of the Bible into English, published in 1862. The translation was made by Robert Young, compiler of '' Young's Analytical Concordance to the Bible'' and ''Concise Critical Comments on the New Te ...

(1862) - Uses Jehovah. * The

Darby Bible The Darby Bible (DBY, formal title ''The Holy Scriptures: A New Translation from the Original Languages by J. N. Darby'') refers to the Bible as translated from Hebrew and Greek by John Nelson Darby. History and principles Darby published a ...

(1890) - Uses Jehovah. Plus Jehovah appears in many NT footnotes. *

American Standard Version The American Standard Version (ASV), officially Revised Version, Standard American Edition, is a Bible translation into English that was completed in 1901 with the publication of the revision of the Old Testament. The revised New Testament had ...

(1901) - Uses Jehovah. * Rotherham's Emphasized Bible (1902) - Uses Yahweh. *

(1966) - Uses Yahweh. * Living Bible (1971) - Uses Jehovah 500 times. *

The Bible in Living English The Bible in Living English is a translation of the Bible by Steven T. Byington. History Byington translated the Bible on his own for 45 years from 1898 to 1943, but was unable to have it published during his lifetime. After he died in 1957, t ...

(1972) - Uses Jehovah. *

Green's Literal Translation Green's Literal Translation or the Literal Translation of the Holy Bible (LITV) is a translation of the Bible by Jay P. Green, Sr., first published in 1985. The LITV takes a literal, formal equivalence approach to translation. The Masoretic Text ...

(1985) - Uses Jehovah. * New Jerusalem Bible (1985) - Uses Yahweh. * The

Recovery Version The Recovery Version is a modern English translation of the Bible from the original languages, published by Living Stream Ministry. It is the commonly used translation of the local churches. The New Testament was published in 1985 with stu ...

(1999) - Uses Jehovah. - Plus Jehovah appears in many NT footnotes. *

World English Bible The World English Bible (WEB) is an English translation of the Bible freely shared online. The translation work began in 1994 and was deemed complete in 2020. Created by volunteers with oversight by Michael Paul Johnson, the WEB is an updated ...

(2000) - Uses Yahweh.
A Voice in the Wilderness (VW Edition)
(2003, 2006, 2008) - Uses Jehovah. *

Lexham English Bible The Lexham English Bible (LEB) is an online Bible released by Logos Bible Software. The New Testament was published in October 2010 and has an audio narration spoken by Marv Allen. It lists as General Editor W. Hall Harris, III. The Old Testamen ...

(2011) - Uses Yahweh. * Julia E. Smith Bible (1876) Uses Jehovah
New Heart English Bible, Jehovah Edition
(2011) - uses Jehovah. * Legacy Standard Bible (2021) - Uses Yahweh. The

Literal Standard Version The Literal Standard Version (LSV) is a Modern English translation of the protocanonical books of the Bible with a number of distinctive features. It describes itself as the most literal translation of the Bible into the modern English language. ...

uses the unpointed tetragrammaton "YHWH" only where it occurs in the Hebrew text.

Non-English

*An Indonesian translation produced by the Sacred Name Movement, ''Kitab Suci'', uses Hebraic forms of sacred names in the Old and New Testaments (Soesilo 2001:416), based on Shellabear's translation. *A French translation, by

André Chouraqui Nathan André Chouraqui (; 11 August 1917 – 9 July 2007) was a French- Algerian-Israeli lawyer, writer, scholar and politician. Early life Chouraqui was born in Aïn Témouchent, Algeria. His parents, Isaac Chouraqui and Meleha Meyer, both de ...

, uses Hebraic forms in the Old and New Testaments. *The Spanish language

Reina-Valera The Reina–Valera is a Spanish translation of the Bible originally published in 1602 untilAnon. ''¡Refrescante y más brillante que nunca!'' Sociedades Bíblicas Unidas (1995) p.9 United Bible Societies in 1909 revised the earlier translation pr ...

Bible and most of its subsequent revisions uses the Sacred Name in the Old Testament as "Jehová" starting in Genesis 2:4, with the notable exception of the Reina Valera Contemporánea, a 2011 revision which replaces "Jehová" (Spanish for Jehovah) with "El Señor" (Spanish for The Lord). *In the Philippines, the Magandang Balita Biblia–Tagalog Popular Version uses Yahweh.Magandang Balita Biblia, copyright Philippine Bible Society 1980.

References

Bibliography

*Bainbridge, John T. Translating Κύριος after 600 Years of “the Lord’s” Faithful Service. ''The Bible Translator'' 71, no. 3 (2020): 331-356. *Bivin, David. 1991a. "Jehovah"—A Christian Misunderstanding. ''Jerusalem Perspective'' Vol. 4.6: 5,6. *Bivin, David. 1991b. The Fallacy of Sacred Name Bibles. ''Jerusalem Perspective'' Vol. 4.6: 7,12. *Case, Andrew. 2020. ''Pronouncing & Translating the Divine Name: History & Practice.'
Open Access
*Daams, Nico. 2011. Translating ''YHWH'' 'Elohim. ''The Bible Translator'' 62.4: 226–235. *King, Phil. 2014. Perspectives on translating YHWH in Papua New Guinea. ''The Bible Translator'' 65.2:185–204. *Neufeld, Don. 1962. An examination of the claims of the Sacred Name Movement (concluded). ''The Ministry'' 35.11: 13–16, 36. *Moomo, David. 2005. Translating יהוה (YHWH) into African languages. ''Scriptura'' 88 pp. 151–160. *Pritz, Ray. 1991. The Divine Name in the Hebrew New Testament. ''Jerusalem Perspective'', Vol. 4:2 10–12. * *Smith, Mark S. 2010. ''God in Translation: Deities in Cross-Cultural Discourse in the Biblical World''. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans Publishing. *Soesilo, Daud. 2001. Translating the Names of God: recent experience from Indonesia and Malaysia. ''The Bible Translator'' 52.4:414–423. *''The Sacred Name YHWH: A Scriptural Study'', (3rd ed). 2002. Garden Grove, CA: Qadesh La Yahweh Press
Open Access
* ''The Scriptures'' 1993, 1998, 2009. Northriding, South Africa: Institute for Scripture Research. *Trimm, James (translator) 2005. ''The Hebraic-Roots Version Scriptures.'' Institute for Scripture Research (publisher). * Unseth, Peter. 2011. Sacred Name Bible translations in English: a fast-growing phenomenon. ''The Bible Translator'' 62.3: 185–194. {{English Bible translation navbox Bible versions and translations Bible translations into English Tetragrammaton Sacred Name Movement