SMS Pillau
   HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

SMS ''Pillau'' was a light cruiser of the Imperial German Navy. The ship, originally ordered in 1913 by the Russian navy under the name ''Maraviev Amurskyy'', was launched in April 1914 at the Schichau-Werke shipyard in Danzig (now
Gdańsk Gdańsk ( , also ; ; csb, Gduńsk;Stefan Ramułt, ''Słownik języka pomorskiego, czyli kaszubskiego'', Kraków 1893, Gdańsk 2003, ISBN 83-87408-64-6. , Johann Georg Theodor Grässe, ''Orbis latinus oder Verzeichniss der lateinischen Benen ...
, Poland). However, due to the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, the incomplete ship was confiscated by Germany and renamed SMS ''Pillau'' for the
East Prussian East Prussia ; german: Ostpreißen, label=Low Prussian; pl, Prusy Wschodnie; lt, Rytų Prūsija was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1773 to 1829 and again from 1878 (with the Kingdom itself being part of the German Empire from 1871 ...
port of Pillau (now Baltiysk, Russia). The ''Pillau'' was commissioned into the German Navy in December 1914. She was armed with a main battery of eight
15 cm SK L/45 The 15 cm SK L/45SK - ''Schnelladekanone'' (quick loading cannon); ''L - Länge in Kaliber'' ( length in caliber) was a German naval gun used in World War I and World War II. Naval service The 15 cm SK L/45 was a widely used naval gun o ...
(5.9-inch) guns and had a top speed of . One sister ship was built, . ''Pillau'' spent the majority of her career in II Scouting Group, and saw service in both the
Baltic Baltic may refer to: Peoples and languages * Baltic languages, a subfamily of Indo-European languages, including Lithuanian, Latvian and extinct Old Prussian *Balts (or Baltic peoples), ethnic groups speaking the Baltic languages and/or originati ...
and North Seas. In August 1915, she participated in the Battle of the Gulf of Riga against the Russian Navy, and on 31 May – 1 June 1916, she saw significant action at the
Battle of Jutland The Battle of Jutland (german: Skagerrakschlacht, the Battle of the Skagerrak) was a naval battle fought between Britain's Royal Navy Grand Fleet, under Admiral John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe, Sir John Jellicoe, and the Imperial German Navy ...
. She was hit by a large-caliber shell once in the engagement, but suffered only moderate damage. She assisted the badly damaged
battlecruiser The battlecruiser (also written as battle cruiser or battle-cruiser) was a type of capital ship of the first half of the 20th century. These were similar in displacement, armament and cost to battleships, but differed in form and balance of attr ...
reach port on 2 June after the conclusion of the battle. She also took part in the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight, though was not damaged in the engagement. ''Pillau'' was assigned to the planned, final operation of the High Seas Fleet in the closing weeks of the war, but a large scale mutiny forced it to be canceled. After the end of the war, ''Pillau'' was ceded to Italy as a war prize in 1920. Renamed ''Bari'', she was commissioned in the '' Regia Marina'' (Royal Navy) in January 1924. She was modified and rebuilt several times over the next two decades. In the early years of World War II, she provided gunfire support to Italian troops in several engagements in the Mediterranean. In 1943, she was slated to become an anti-aircraft defense ship, but while awaiting conversion, she was sunk by USAAF bombers in
Livorno Livorno () is a port city on the Ligurian Sea on the western coast of Tuscany, Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Livorno, having a population of 158,493 residents in December 2017. It is traditionally known in English as Leghorn (pronou ...
in June 1943. The wreck was partially scrapped by the Germans in 1944, and ultimately raised for scrapping in January 1948.


Design

''Pillau'' was
long overall __NOTOC__ Length overall (LOA, o/a, o.a. or oa) is the maximum length of a vessel's hull measured parallel to the waterline. This length is important while docking the ship. It is the most commonly used way of expressing the size of a ship, and ...
and had a
beam Beam may refer to: Streams of particles or energy *Light beam, or beam of light, a directional projection of light energy **Laser beam *Particle beam, a stream of charged or neutral particles **Charged particle beam, a spatially localized grou ...
of and a draft of forward. She displaced at full load. Her propulsion system consisted of two sets of Marine
steam turbine A steam turbine is a machine that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and uses it to do mechanical work on a rotating output shaft. Its modern manifestation was invented by Charles Parsons in 1884. Fabrication of a modern steam turbin ...
s driving two propellers. They were designed to give . These were powered by six coal-fired Yarrow water-tube boilers, and four oil-fired Yarrow boilers. These gave the ship a top speed of . ''Pillau'' carried of coal, and an additional of oil that gave her a range of approximately at . ''Pillau'' had a crew of twenty-one officers and 421 enlisted men. The ship was armed with eight SK L/45 guns in single pedestal mounts. Two were placed side by side forward on the forecastle, four were located amidships, two on either side, and two were side by side aft. She also carried four SK L/55 anti-aircraft guns, though these were replaced with a pair of two SK L/45 anti-aircraft guns. She was also equipped with a pair of torpedo tubes mounted on the deck. She could also carry 120 mines. The
conning tower A conning tower is a raised platform on a ship or submarine, often armored, from which an officer in charge can conn the vessel, controlling movements of the ship by giving orders to those responsible for the ship's engine, rudder, lines, and gro ...
had thick sides, and the deck was covered with up to thick armor plate.


Service history


German service

''Pillau'' was ordered by the Imperial Russian Navy as ''Maraviev Amurskyy'' from the Schichau-Werke shipyard in Danzig. She was laid down in 1913, and was launched on 11 April 1914, after which fitting-out work commenced. She was requisitioned by the German Navy on 5 August 1914, and renamed ''Pillau''. She was commissioned into the High Seas Fleet on 14 December 1914. Following her commissioning, ''Pillau'' was assigned to II Scouting Group. Her first major operation was the Battle of the Gulf of Riga in August 1915. A significant detachment from the High Seas Fleet, including eight dreadnoughts and three battlecruisers, went into the Baltic to clear the Gulf of Riga of Russian naval forces. On 13 August, Russian submarines fired three torpedoes at the ship, all of which missed. ''Pillau'' participated in the second attack on 16 August, led by the dreadnoughts and . The minesweepers cleared the Russian minefields by the 20th, allowing the German squadron to enter the Gulf. The Russians had by this time withdrawn to
Moon Sound The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite. It is the fifth largest satellite in the Solar System and the largest and most massive relative to its parent planet, with a diameter about one-quarter that of Earth (comparable to the width of ...
, and the threat of Russian
submarine A submarine (or sub) is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. It differs from a submersible, which has more limited underwater capability. The term is also sometimes used historically or colloquially to refer to remotely op ...
s and mines in the Gulf prompted the Germans to retreat. The major units of the High Seas Fleet were back in the North Sea before the end of August.


Battle of Jutland

In May 1916, Admiral Reinhard Scheer, the fleet commander, planned to lure a portion of the British fleet away from its bases and destroy it with the entire High Seas Fleet. ''Pillau'' remained in II Scouting Group, attached to I Scouting Group, for the operation. The squadron left the
Jade Jade is a mineral used as jewellery or for ornaments. It is typically green, although may be yellow or white. Jade can refer to either of two different silicate minerals: nephrite (a silicate of calcium and magnesium in the amphibole group of ...
roadstead A roadstead (or ''roads'' – the earlier form) is a body of water sheltered from rip currents, spring tides, or ocean swell where ships can lie reasonably safely at anchor without dragging or snatching.United States Army technical manual, TM 5- ...
at 02:00 on 31 May, bound for the waters of the Skagerrak. The main body of the fleet followed an hour and a half later. Shortly before 15:30, the opposing cruiser screens engaged; was the first German cruiser to encounter the British. ''Pillau'' and steamed to assist, and at 16:12 they began firing on and at a range of . As the British ships turned away, the German shells fell short, and at 16:17, ''Pillau'' and ''Frankfurt'' checked their fire. About fifteen minutes later, the three cruisers engaged a seaplane launched by the
seaplane tender A seaplane tender is a boat or ship that supports the operation of seaplanes. Some of these vessels, known as seaplane carriers, could not only carry seaplanes but also provided all the facilities needed for their operation; these ships are rega ...
. They failed to score any hits, but the aircraft was forced off after which its engine broke down and it was forced to land. The three cruisers then returned to their stations ahead of the German battlecruisers. Shortly before 17:00, the British
5th Battle Squadron The 5th Battle Squadron was a squadron of the British Royal Navy consisting of battleships. The 5th Battle Squadron was initially part of the Royal Navy's Second Fleet. During the First World War, the Home Fleet was renamed the Grand Fleet. Hist ...
had arrived on the scene, and at 16:50 they spotted ''Pillau'', ''Elbing'', and ''Frankfurt''. Eight minutes later, the powerful battleships and opened fire at ''Pillau'' at a range of . Several salvos fell close to the German cruisers, prompting them to lay a cloud of smoke and turn away at high speed. About an hour later, the German battlecruisers were attacked by the destroyers and , but ''Pillau'', ''Frankfurt'', and the battlecruisers' secondary guns drove them off. At around 18:30, ''Pillau'' and the rest of II Scouting Group encountered the cruiser ; they opened fire and scored several hits on the ship. As both sides' cruisers disengaged,
Rear Admiral Rear admiral is a senior naval flag officer rank, equivalent to a major general and air vice marshal and above that of a commodore and captain, but below that of a vice admiral. It is regarded as a two star "admiral" rank. It is often regarde ...
Horace Hood Rear Admiral Sir Horace Lambert Alexander Hood, (2 October 1870 – 31 May 1916) was a Royal Navy admiral of the First World War, whose lengthy and distinguished service saw him engaged in operations around the world, frequently participating i ...
's three battlecruisers intervened. His flagship scored a hit on ''Wiesbaden'' that exploded in her engine room and disabled the ship. ''Pillau'' was also hit by a shell from . The shell exploded below the ship's chart house; most of the blast went overboard, but the starboard air supply shaft vented part of the explosion into the second boiler room. All six of the ship's coal-fired boilers were temporarily disabled, though she could still make on her four oil-fired boilers, allowing her to escape under cover of heavy fog. By 20:30, three of the six boilers were back in operation, allowing her to steam at . At around 21:20, II Scouting Group again encountered the British battlecruisers. As they turned away, ''Pillau'' briefly came under fire from the battlecruisers, though to no effect. and both fired salvos at the ship before turning their attention to the battlecruiser ; ''Pillau''s official record states that the British shooting was very inaccurate. ''Pillau'' and ''Frankfurt'' spotted the cruiser and several destroyers shortly before 23:00. They each fired a torpedo at the British cruiser before turning back toward the German line without using their searchlights or guns to avoid drawing the British toward the German battleships. By 04:00 on 1 June, the German fleet had evaded the British fleet and reached
Horns Reef Horns Rev is a shallow sandy reef of glacial deposits in the eastern North Sea, about off the westernmost point of Denmark, Blåvands Huk.
. At 09:30, ''Pillau'' was detached from the fleet to assist the crippled battlecruiser , which was having trouble navigating back to port. ''Pillau'' steamed ahead of ''Seydlitz'' to guide her back to Wilhelmshaven, but shortly after 10:00, the battlecruiser ran aground off Sylt. After freeing ''Seydlitz'' at 10:30, the voyage back resumed, with a division of minesweepers steaming ahead testing the depth to prevent another grounding. ''Seydlitz'' continued to take on water and sink lower in the water; she turned around and steamed in reverse in an attempt to improve the situation. ''Pillau'' also attempted to tow the battlecruiser, but was unable because the line repeatedly snapped. A pair of pumping steamers arrived in the evening, and slow progress was made through the night, with ''Pillau'' still guiding the voyage. The ships reached the outer Jade
lightship Lightship may refer to: * Lightvessel, a moored ship that has light beacons mounted as navigational aids * '' The Lightship'', a 1985 American drama film directed by Jerzy Skolimowski *''The Lightship (novel)'', by Siegfried Lenz on which the film ...
at 08:30 and anchored twenty minutes later. In the course of the engagement, ''Pillau'' had fired 113 rounds of 15 cm ammunition and four 8.8 cm shells. She also launched one torpedo. Her crew suffered four men killed and twenty-three wounded.


Later service

In July 1917, a series of mutinies occurred on several ships of the fleet, including ''Pillau''. While the ship was in harbor in Wilhelmshaven on the 20th, a group of 137 men left the ship to protest a cancellation of their leave. After a couple of hours in the town, the men returned to the ship and began to complete the tasks they had been ordered to do that morning as a show of good will. ''Pillau''s commander did not take the event seriously, and ordered a limited punishment for the crewmen who had staged the protest. By late 1917, ''Pillau'' had been assigned to
IV Scouting Group IV may refer to: Businesses and organizations *Immigration Voice, an activist organization *Industrievereinigung, Federation of Austrian Industry * Intellectual Ventures, a privately held intellectual property company *InterVarsity Christian Fell ...
, along with and . In late October 1917, IV Scouting Group steamed to Pillau, arriving on the 30th. They were tasked with replacing the heavy units of the fleet that had just completed
Operation Albion Operation Albion was a World War I German air, land and naval operation against the Russian forces in October 1917 to occupy the West Estonian Archipelago. The land campaign opened with German landings at the Tagalaht bay on the island of S ...
, the conquest of the islands in the Gulf of Riga, along with the battleships of the
I Battle Squadron The I Battle Squadron was a unit of the German Imperial Navy before and during World War I. Being part of the High Seas Fleet, the squadron saw action throughout the war, including the Battle of Jutland on 31 May – 1 June 1916, where it for ...
. The risk of mines that had come loose in a recent storm, however, prompted the naval command to cancel the mission, and ''Pillau'' and the rest of IV Scouting Group was ordered to return to the North Sea on 31 October. Upon returning the North Sea, ''Pillau'' returned to II Scouting Group. On 17 November, the four cruisers of II Scouting Group, supported by the battleships and , covered a minesweeping operation in the North Sea. They were attacked by British cruisers, supported by battlecruisers and battleships, in the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight. , II Scouting Group flagship, was damaged in the engagement, but the four cruisers managed to pull away from the British, drawing them toward the German dreadnoughts. They in turn forced the British to break off the attack; neither side had significant success in the operation. ''Pillau'' emerged from the battle unscathed. On 23–24 April 1918, the ship participated in an abortive fleet operation to attack British convoys to Norway. I Scouting Group and II Scouting Group, along with the Second Torpedo-Boat Flotilla were to attack a heavily guarded British convoy to Norway, with the rest of the High Seas Fleet steaming in support. The Germans failed to locate the convoy, which had in fact sailed the day before the fleet left port. As a result, Scheer broke off the operation and returned to port. In October 1918, ''Pillau'' and the rest of II Scouting Group were to lead a final attack on the British navy. ''Pillau'', , , and ''Königsberg'' were to attack merchant shipping in the Thames estuary while ''Karlsruhe'', ''Nürnberg'', and were to bombard targets in Flanders, to draw out the British Grand Fleet. Admirals Scheer and Franz von Hipper intended to inflict as much damage as possible on the British navy, in order to secure a better bargaining position for Germany, whatever the cost to the fleet. On the morning of 29 October 1918, the order was given to sail from Wilhelmshaven the following day. Starting on the night of 29 October, sailors on and then on several other battleships mutinied. The unrest ultimately forced Hipper and Scheer to cancel the operation.


Italian service

''Pillau'' briefly served in the newly reorganized ''
Reichsmarine The ''Reichsmarine'' ( en, Realm Navy) was the name of the German Navy during the Weimar Republic and first two years of Nazi Germany. It was the naval branch of the ''Reichswehr'', existing from 1919 to 1935. In 1935, it became known as the ''K ...
'' following the end of the war. She was stricken on 5 November 1919 and surrendered to the Allies in the French port of
Cherbourg Cherbourg (; , , ), nrf, Chèrbourg, ) is a former commune and subprefecture located at the northern end of the Cotentin peninsula in the northwestern French department of Manche. It was merged into the commune of Cherbourg-Octeville on 28 Feb ...
on 20 July 1920. She was ceded to Italy as a war prize under the name "U". She was renamed ''Bari'' and commissioned into the Regia Marina on 21 January 1924, initially classed as a scout. The 8.8 cm anti-aircraft guns were replaced with /40 guns. In August 1925, ''Bari'' ran aground off
Palermo Palermo ( , ; scn, Palermu , locally also or ) is a city in southern Italy, the capital (political), capital of both the autonomous area, autonomous region of Sicily and the Metropolitan City of Palermo, the city's surrounding metropolitan ...
, Sicily; she was refloated on 20 September. On 19 July 1929, ''Bari'' was reclassified as a cruiser. ''Bari'' joined the other two ex-German cruisers, and and the ex-German destroyer as the Scout Division of the 1st Squadron, based in
La Spezia La Spezia (, or , ; in the local Spezzino dialect) is the capital city of the province of La Spezia and is located at the head of the Gulf of La Spezia in the southern part of the Liguria region of Italy. La Spezia is the second largest city ...
. ''Bari'' was modified slightly in the early 1930s, with a temporary extension to the bridge and her forward funnel was shortened to match the others. In 1933–1934, she was refitted for colonial service and converted to oil-firing. The six coal-fired boilers were removed to allow for additional oil bunker space, and the forward funnel was removed and the remaining two were cut down. This reduced her power to and a top speed of . Her cruising range was increased considerably, from at to at that speed. Since the boilers that ventilated into the forward funnel were removed, the funnel was also removed. After returning to service in September, ''Bari'' was sent on a deployment to the Red Sea, based in Italian East Africa. She remained there until May 1938, when she was relieved by the new
sloop A sloop is a sailboat with a single mast typically having only one headsail in front of the mast and one mainsail aft of (behind) the mast. Such an arrangement is called a fore-and-aft rig, and can be rigged as a Bermuda rig with triangular sa ...
, allowing her to return to Italy. During her deployment to the Red Sea, she was joined by ''Taranto'' in 1935.


World War II

By the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, her armament had been increased by six guns and six machine guns. She was activated for combat duty in 1940, when she became the
flagship A flagship is a vessel used by the commanding officer of a group of naval ships, characteristically a flag officer entitled by custom to fly a distinguishing flag. Used more loosely, it is the lead ship in a fleet of vessels, typically the fi ...
of the ''Forza Navale Speciale'' (Special Naval Force) during the Greco-Italian War. She supported the invasion of the island of
Cephalonia Kefalonia or Cephalonia ( el, Κεφαλονιά), formerly also known as Kefallinia or Kephallenia (), is the largest of the Ionian Islands in western Greece and the 6th largest island in Greece after Crete, Euboea, Lesbos, Rhodes and Chios. It i ...
and later shelled Greek positions in mainland Greece. Following the German intervention in April 1941 and Greece's defeat, ''Bari'' was tasked with escorting convoys from Italy to occupied Greek ports. In the meantime, Italy had entered the wider World War in June 1940. In 1942, Italy planned to invade the island of Malta, and ''Bari'' and ''Taranto'' were to lead the landing force, but the operation was called off. In November that year, she served as the flagship of the amphibious force that landed at Bastia in Corsica. She took part in anti-partisan bombardments off the Montenegrin coast later that year. That year, she was based in
Livorno Livorno () is a port city on the Ligurian Sea on the western coast of Tuscany, Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Livorno, having a population of 158,493 residents in December 2017. It is traditionally known in English as Leghorn (pronou ...
, where she was placed in reserve in January 1943. In early 1943, she was slated for conversion to an anti-aircraft ship. She was to be rearmed with six /50 guns, eight guns, and eight new model 20 mm /65 or /70 machine guns. The work would have required significant resources, and work had not yet begun by 28 June, when American bombers badly damaged ''Bari'' at Livorno and she sank in shallow water two days later. At the Italian armistice in September 1943, she was further damaged to render her useless to the German occupiers. The wreck was partially scrapped by the Germans in 1944. She was officially removed from the navy list on 27 February 1947, and raised on 13 January 1948 for scrapping.


Footnotes


References

* * * * * * * * * * * *


Further reading

* *


External links


Bari
Marina Militare website {{DEFAULTSORT:Pillau Pillau-class cruisers Ships built in Danzig 1914 ships World War I cruisers of Germany Cruisers of the Regia Marina World War II cruisers of Italy Ships sunk by US aircraft Ships built by Schichau Maritime incidents in 1925 Maritime incidents in June 1943