Romanization of Georgian is the process of

transliterating Transliteration is a type of conversion of a text from one writing system, script to another that involves swapping Letter (alphabet), letters (thus ''wikt:trans-#Prefix, trans-'' + ''wikt:littera#Latin, liter-'') in predictable ways, such as ...

the

Georgian language Georgian (, , ) is the most widely-spoken Kartvelian language, and serves as the literary language or lingua franca for speakers of related languages. It is the official language of Georgia and the native or primary language of 87.6% of its p ...

from the

Georgian script The Georgian scripts are the three writing systems used to write the Georgian language: Asomtavruli, Nuskhuri and Mkhedruli. Although the systems differ in appearance, their letters share the same names and alphabetical order and are written hor ...

into the

Latin script The Latin script, also known as Roman script, is an alphabetic writing system based on the letters of the classical Latin alphabet, derived from a form of the Greek alphabet which was in use in the ancient Greek city of Cumae, in southern Italy ...

Georgian national system of romanization

This system, adopted in February 2002 by the State Department of Geodesy and Cartography of Georgia and the Institute of Linguistics,

Georgian National Academy of Sciences The Georgian National Academy of Sciences (GNAS) ( ka, საქართველოს მეცნიერებათა ეროვნული აკადემია, tr) is a main learned society of the Georgia. It was named Georgian S ...

, establishes a

transliteration Transliteration is a type of conversion of a text from one writing system, script to another that involves swapping Letter (alphabet), letters (thus ''wikt:trans-#Prefix, trans-'' + ''wikt:littera#Latin, liter-'') in predictable ways, such as ...

system of the Georgian letters into

Latin letters The Latin script, also known as Roman script, is an alphabetic writing system based on the letters of the classical Latin alphabet, derived from a form of the Greek alphabet which was in use in the ancient Greek city of Cumae, in southern Italy ...

. The system was already in use, since 1998, on driving licenses. It is also used by BGN and PCGN since 2009, as well as in

Google translate Google Translate is a multilingual neural machine translation service developed by Google to translate text, documents and websites from one language into another. It offers a website interface, a mobile app for Android and iOS, and an API t ...

Unofficial system of romanization

Despite its popularity this system sometimes leads to ambiguity. The system is mostly used in

social networks A social network is a social structure made up of a set of social actors (such as individuals or organizations), sets of dyadic ties, and other social interactions between actors. The social network perspective provides a set of methods for an ...

, forums, chat rooms, etc. The system is greatly influenced by the common case-sensitive

Georgian keyboard layout The Georgian keyboard ( ka, ქართული კლავიატურა, tr) includes several keyboard layouts for Georgian script. Standard keyboard Georgian standard keyboard layout was essentially that of manual typewriters. It is mos ...

that ties each key to each letter in the alphabet (seven of them: T, W, R, S, J, Z, C with the help of the ''shift'' key to make another letter).

ISO standard

ISO 9984:1996, "Transliteration of Georgian characters into Latin characters", was last reviewed and confirmed in 2010. The guiding principles in the standard are: * No digraphs, i.e. one Latin letter per Georgian letter (apart from the apostrophe-like "High comma off center" (

ISO 5426 ISO 5426 ("Extension of the Latin alphabet coded character set for bibliographic information interchange") is a character set developed by ISO, similar to ISO/IEC 6937 T.51 / ISO/IEC 6937:2001, ''Information technology — Coded graphic charac ...

), which is mappedEvertype.com: ISO 5426 mapping to UnicodeJoan M. Aliprand: ''Finalized Mapping between Characters of ISO 5426 and ISO/IEC 10646-1''The Unicode Standard: Spacing Modifier Letters
to "Combining comma above right" (U+0315) in Unicode, for

aspirated consonant In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents. In English, aspirated consonants are allophones in complementary distribution with the ...

s, whereas

ejectives In phonetics, ejective consonants are usually voiceless consonants that are pronounced with a glottalic egressive airstream. In the phonology of a particular language, ejectives may contrast with aspirated, voiced and tenuis consonants. Some l ...

are unmarked, e.g.: კ → k, ქ → k̕ * Extended characters are mostly Latin letters with

caron A caron (), háček or haček (, or ; plural ''háčeks'' or ''háčky'') also known as a hachek, wedge, check, kvačica, strešica, mäkčeň, varnelė, inverted circumflex, inverted hat, flying bird, inverted chevron, is a diacritic mark (� ...

(haček – ž, š, č̕, č, ǰ), with the exception of "g macron" ღ → ḡ. Archaic extended characters are ē, ō, and ẖ (h with line below). * No capitalization, both as it does not appear in the original script, and to avoid confusion with claimed popular ad hoc transliterations of caron characters as capitals instead. (e.g. შ as S for š)

Transliteration table

Notes

References

External links

Transliteration web utility for the National and ISO transliteration of Georgian {{ISO standards Georgian scripts

Georgian Georgian may refer to: Common meanings * Anything related to, or originating from Georgia (country) ** Georgians, an indigenous Caucasian ethnic group ** Georgian language, a Kartvelian language spoken by Georgians **Georgian scripts, three scrip ...

Georgian language ISO standards