Romanian Navy during World War II

The Romanian Navy during World War II was the main Axis naval force in the Black Sea campaigns and fought against the Soviet Union's Black Sea Fleet from 1941 to 1944. Operations consisted mainly of mine warfare, but there were also escort missions and localized naval engagements. The largest naval action fought by the Romanian Navy was the 26 June 1941 Raid on Constanța, and its most extensive operation was the 1944 evacuation of the Crimea.

The Romanian Black Sea Fleet in June 1941

Operations in the Black Sea

Beginning and main engagement

The naval war in the Black Sea commenced with the Raid on Constanța on 26 June 1941, the only encounter between major warships during the entire campaign. The Romanian flotilla leader ''Mărăști'' and the destroyer ''Regina Maria'' together with the minelayer ''Amiral Murgescu'' defended the port against the Soviet cruiser ''Voroshilov'' and the ''Leningrad''-class destroyer leaders ''Kharkov'' and ''Moskva''. The Romanian warships were supported by coastal artillery, including the German coastal battery ''Tirpitz'' (nominally under Romanian command) and the Soviet warships by Tupolev SB bombers. The raid was a Soviet failure, only amounting to several fuel tanks set on fire. No Romanian warship was sunk while the Soviet destroyer leader ''Moskva'' was lost to a Romanian minefield as she was avoiding fire from the Romanian warships and coastal artillery.

Other engagements

On 9 July 1941, near the Romanian Black Sea port of Mangalia, the Romanian gunboat ''Stihi'' informed the Romanian 250t-class torpedo boat ''Năluca'' (converted to gunboat) and motor torpedo boats '' Viscolul'' and ''Vijelia'' that the periscope of an enemy submarine was sighted near the harbor. In the ensuing battle, the Soviet Shchuka-class submarine ''Shch-206'' was attacked by ''Năluca'', at first with 20 mm rounds and then with depth charges, eventually being sunk with all hands.

On 17 December 1941, near the Bessarabian coast, the Romanian destroyer ''Regele Ferdinand'', while escorting a convoy of Bulgarian and Hungarian cargo ships, depth-charged and sank the Soviet M-class submarine ''M-59'', after the latter unsuccessfully attacked the convoy with torpedoes. According to other sources however submarine ''M-59'' was lost due to mines earlier that date.

On 1 October, the Soviet submarine ''M-118'' attacked and sank the German transport ship ''Salzburg''. After attacking, the submarine was located by a German BV 138C flying boat, and the Romanian gunboats '' Sublocotenent Ghiculescu'' and ''Stihi Eugen'' were sent to the scene. The two Romanian warships attacked the submarine with depth charges, sinking her with all hands.
Recent surveys in the area failed to find the wreck in the alleged sinking location and it has been raised the alternative version that ''M-118'' was lost due German seaplane attack or a Romanian field from barrage "S-30".

Evacuation of the Crimea

The evacuation of the Crimea in April–May 1944 was the most complex and extensive operation of the Romanian Navy during the Second World War. From 15 April to 14 May, numerous German and Romanian warships escorted many convoys between Constanța and Sevastopol. The scale and importance of the operation can be attested by the usage in combat of all four warships of the Romanian Destroyer Squadron, the largest Axis warships in the Black Sea. The last phase of the evacuation (10-14 May) saw the fiercest combat, as Axis ships transported, under constant attacks from Soviet aircraft and shore artillery, over 30,000 troops. Of these, 18,000 were transported by Romanian ships. In total, Romanian and German convoys evacuated over 113,000 Axis troops from the Crimea, most of them (over 63,000) during the first phase of the evacuation (15-25 April). This achievement earned the Romanian naval commander, Rear-Admiral Horia Macellariu, the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Crucea de Cavaler a Crucii de Fier, in Romanian). No Romanian Navy warships were lost during the evacuation, however the destroyer ''Regele Ferdinand'' was close to being sunk. She was struck by a large aerial bomb, which fell in her fuel tanks, but failed to detonate. The bomb was extracted several days after the end of the operation. Two naval actions involving the Romanian Navy took place during the second phase of the evacuation (25 April-10 May), near Sevastopol. On 18 April, the Soviet ''Leninets''-class submarine ''L-6'' was twice attacked with depth charges and damaged by the Romanian gunboat ''Ghiculescu'', numerous bubbles emerged from the depths after each attack, before being finished off by the German submarine hunter ''UJ-104''. During the night of 27 April, a convoy escorted by the Romanian gunboat ''Ghiculescu'', the German submarine hunter ''UJ-115'', one R-boat, two KFK naval trawlers and 19 MFPs (including the Romanian ''PTA-404'' and ''PTA-406'') engaged the Soviet G-5-class motor torpedo boats ''TKA-332'', ''TKA-343'' and ''TKA-344'', after the three attacked and damaged the German submarine hunter ''UJ-104'' (never recovered). ''Ghiculescu'' opened fire with tracer rounds, enabling the entire escort group to locate the two Soviet MTBs and open fire. ''TKA-332'' was hit and sunk.

Mine warfare

The majority of naval losses, both inflicted and suffered by the Romanian Navy, were caused by naval mines.

Days before Operation Barbarossa, between 16 and 19 June 1941, the Romanian minelayer ''Amiral Murgescu'' along with two auxiliary minelayers laid a barrage of 1,000 mines off Constanța, and it was these mines that would sink ''Moskva'' one week later. Throughout the war, the mines laid off Constanța also sank four Soviet submarines ('' Shch-213'', ''M-58'', ''M-34'' and ''Shch-208'').

Between 7 and 16 October 1941, ''Amiral Murgescu'' along with two auxiliary minelayers, all three escorted by the Romanian 250t-class torpedo boats ''Năluca'', ''Sborul'' and ''Smeul'', the Romanian gunboats ''Sublocotenent Ghiculescu'' and ''Căpitan Dumitrescu'' and the Bulgarian torpedo boats ''Drazki'', ''Smeli'' and ''Hrabri'', laid four full minefields and one partial minefield along the Bulgarian coast. These mines later sank three-four Soviet submarines (the S-class ''S-34'' (claimed also by Bulgarian mines ), ''L-24'', ''Shch-210'' and ''Shch-211'').

On 9 November 1941, the Romanian motor torpedo boats ''Viforul'' and ''Vijelia'' were sunk near Odessa by Soviet mines.

On 24 June 1942, ''Amiral Murgescu'' along with one auxiliary minelayer laid mines off Odessa, while being escorted by the Romanian destroyers ''Regele Ferdinand'' and ''Regina Maria'', the Romanian flotilla leader ''Mărășești'', the Romanian gunboats ''Ghiculescu'', ''Stihi'' and ''Dumitrescu'' and the Romanian gunboat '' Smeul'' (ex-torpedo boat), as well as German motor minesweepers of the Donau Flotilla. The mines laid near Odessa later sank the Soviet submarines ''M-33'' and ''M-60'' and the motor gunboats ''YA-26'' and ''YA-27'' in 1944.

On 29–30 October and 5 November 1942, ''Amiral Murgescu'' along with one auxiliary minelayer, escorted by the Romanian destroyers ''Regina Maria'' and ''Regele Ferdinand'', the Romanian leader ''Mărăști'', the Romanian gunboat ''Stihi'' and four German R-boats laid two mine barrages to protect Snake Island. These mines sank the Soviet submarine ''Shch-212'' on 11 December that same year. The Soviet submarine ''M-31'' was either sunk as well by the Romanian mine barrages near the island on 17 December, or sunk by the Romanian leader ''Mărășești'' in 1943.

Romanian naval operations in support of Axis land offensives

Operation München

Romanian warships and marines in the Danube Delta supported the Romanian-German ground forces during their offensive into Bessarabia, at the start of July 1941. Thus, the artillery of the Romanian 17th Marine Infantry Battalion, operating in the Periprava sector, shelled and sank six Soviet armored motor gunboats. One more armored motor gunboat was sunk at Isaccea by the riverine artillery of a Romanian Marine Infantry detachment. Naval engagements took place on 13 and 14 July, near the mouth of the Danube, on each day the Romanian monitor ''Mihail Kogălniceanu'' engaging and damaging a Soviet monitor, the latter being identified as ''Udarnyy''. These actions, combined with the Axis ground troops advancing from the north, determined the Soviet Danube Flotilla to evacuate the Danube Delta on 18–19 July, allowing the Romanian marines to cross the Chilia branch and occupy Southern Bessarabia.

Siege of Odessa

In support of the Romanian-led Siege of Odessa, the Romanian Navy dispatched motor torpedo boats to the recently occupied port of Ochakiv (Oceacov or Vozia in Romanian). Their mission was to harass Soviet communication and supply lines. During the night of 18 September 1941, the motor torpedo boats ''Viscolul'' and ''Vijelia'' attacked a Soviet convoy South of Odessa, each boat launching her two torpedoes at the closest enemy destroyer. Three of the four torpedoes missed. The fourth torpedo hit the Soviet destroyer, but failed to detonate.

Crimean Campaign

On 2 November 1941, in support of the German-Romanian troops advancing into the Crimea, the Romanian Navy sent its then-only submarine, '' Delfinul'' (also the only Axis submarine in the Black Sea until late 1942), to carry out a patrol off the Crimean coast. In the early hours of 6 November, the Romanian submarine ''Delfinul'' claimed the sinking of the Soviet 1,975-ton cargo ship ''Uralets'' four miles South of Yalta during only Romanian submarine torpedo-attack of the war, however the ship was sunk by Luftwaffe and the torpedo attack missed the minelayer ''Ostrovsky''. The submarine was subsequently attacked by Soviet forces but she followed a route along the Turkish coast and managed to evade up to 80 depth charges, before safely arriving in the port of Constanța on 7 November.

Romanian naval aviation

The most notable achievements of the Romanian Naval Aviation during World War II were the sinking of two Soviet submarines by a single Z.501 in August 1941, followed by the capture of a Soviet armed merchantman by a group of Heinkels in October. Romanian seaplanes monitored Soviet Navy locations and movements for the '' Luftwaffe'' bombers, which, with assistance from ''Escadrila 102'', extirpated Soviet submarines from the Black Sea by late-autumn 1941.

A slight defeat came in the autumn of 1943, when a Z.501 was shot down by Soviet ace Grigoriy Rechkalov.

Conclusion

The Axis offensives into the Soviet Union were discontinued after Operation Uranus, which took place between 19 and 23 November 1942, during the Battle of Stalingrad. The Romanian naval units which directly supported the Axis offensives of 1941 and 1942 inflicted significantly more losses than they took in all engagements.

The Royal Romanian Navy in 1943

Fleet strength

The Romanian Naval Forces lost the anti-submarine gunboat ''Remus Lepri'' in 1941, during minelaying trials after she was converted to minelayer. The submarine ''Delfinul'' started an extensive refit at the end of 1942, which would keep her out of action for the remainder of the war. The modern Romanian-built submarines ''Rechinul'' and ''Marsuinul'' were completed in 1942 but could not begin their operations until 1944 and come too late to score results. In addition, five Italian-built CB-class midget submarines were temporarily acquired in the autumn of 1943, however only two could be made serviceable before being returned to the Italian R.S.I. naval forces.
Seven 25-ton Italian MAS motor torpedo boats, each armed with two 350 mm torpedoes, were also acquired in 1943 without being used. These supplemented the existing squadron of seven motor torpedo boats, consisting of the British-built '' Viscolul'' and the six Romanian-built '' Vedenia''-class vessels. Thus, by the end of 1943, the main operational warships of the Romanian Black Sea Fleet amounted to:

*4 destroyers (two '' Regele Ferdinand''-class and two '' Mărăști''-class)
*1 minelaying frigate ('' Amiral Murgescu'')
*4 operational submarines ('' Marsuinul'', '' Rechinul'' and two CB-class)
*5 sea-going ironclads (four ''Mihail Kogălniceanu''-class and one '' Sava''-class)
*1 sea-going torpedo boat ('' Sborul'')
*3 anti-submarine corvettes (all '' Sublocotenent Ghiculescu''-class)
*2 anti-submarine corvettes ('' Smeul'' and '' Năluca'')
*14 motor torpedo boats ('' Viscolul'', six '' Vedenia''-class and seven MAS)
*2 minelaying boats (both '' OMm35''-class)
*1 submarine tender (''Constanța'')

Territorial control

Throughout the war, numerous ports along the Western and Northern shores of the Black Sea were put under the protection of Romanian naval minefields. The following major seaports were protected by Romanian mine barrages by the end of 1943:

Aftermath

Romania capitulated on 23 August 1944, in the aftermath of a successful Soviet land offensive. On 20 August, the Soviet Air Force carried out a large air raid against Constanța, sinking the Romanian torpedo boat ''Năluca'' (she was converted to gunboat before the war). Also sunk by Soviet aircraft was the minelayer ''Aurora'', on 15 July 1941, near Sulina. She was the only minelayer of the Romanian Navy that was purpose-built and not used for anything else (''Amiral Murgescu'' was also employed as a destroyer escort). The old brig ''Mircea'' was also sunk during a Soviet air raid on 17 April 1944. Seven 25-ton Italian MAS motor torpedo boats, each armed with two 350 mm torpedoes, were also acquired in 1943.

Uniquely, in the Second World War, the Romanian Navy was the only navy to fight for over three years without losing a single unit of its main force of destroyers and submarines.

Starting September 1944, the Soviet Navy moved all Romanian warships to Caucasian ports. They were not returned until after the war. The older vessels were received in September 1945, while the more modern ones (such as the ''Regele Ferdinand''-class) were kept by the Soviet Black Sea Fleet until the early 1950s.Robert Gardiner, ''Conway's All the World Fighting Ships 1922–1946'', p. 361 A number of warships (such as ''Amiral Murgescu'') were never returned.

See also

*Black Sea campaigns (1941–44)
*List of battles of the Romanian Navy
* List of World War II warship classes of the Royal Romanian Navy
* Soviet Black Sea Fleet during the Battle of Stalingrad
* Naval operations in Romanian-occupied Soviet waters

References

Further reading

*
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Military history of Romania during World War II
Black Sea naval operations of World War II
World War II