Ricardo Carballo Calero ( Ferrol, 1910 –

Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela is the capital of the autonomous community of Galicia, in northwestern Spain. The city has its origin in the shrine of Saint James the Great, now the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, as the destination of the Way of S ...

, 1990), self-styled as Ricardo Carvalho Calero from 1981 onward, was a Spanish

philologist Philology () is the study of language in oral and written historical sources; it is the intersection of textual criticism, literary criticism, history, and linguistics (with especially strong ties to etymology). Philology is also defined as th ...

, academic and writer. He was the first Professor of Galician Language and

Literature Literature is any collection of written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose fiction, drama, and poetry. In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to include ...

at the

University of Santiago de Compostela , established = , type = Public , budget = €228 million (2011) , rector = Prof. Dr. Antonio López Díaz , city = Santiago de Compostela , state = Galicia , country = Spain , undergrad = 23,835 , postgrad = 1,716 , doctoral = 2,697 ...

. He was a member of the

Royal Galician Academy The Royal Galician Academy ( gl, Real Academia Galega, RAG) is an institution dedicated to the study of Galician culture and especially the Galician language; it promulgates norms of grammar, spelling, and vocabulary and works to promote the l ...

, the

Lisbon Academy of Sciences The Lisbon Academy of Sciences ( pt, Academia das Ciências de Lisboa) is Portugal's national academy dedicated to the advancement of sciences and learning, with the goal of promoting academic progress and prosperity in Portugal. It is one of Po ...

, and also an honorary member of the Galician Language Association. He was one of the main theorists of contemporary Galician

reintegrationism Reintegrationism ( Galician and pt, reintegracionismo; , ) is the linguistic and cultural movement in Galicia which advocates for the unity of Galician and Portuguese as a single language. In other words, the movement postulates that Galician a ...

and his works on this field are considered a primary reference. Many consider Carballo Calero as one of the most prominent figures of the twentieth century Galician intelligentsia.

Youth and first involvement in politics

In his student years, Carballo Calero participated in the Spanish left-wing republican movements opposing the dictatorship of

Miguel Primo de Rivera Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja, 2nd Marquess of Estella (8 January 1870 – 16 March 1930), was a dictator, aristocrat, and military officer who served as Prime Minister of Spain from 1923 to 1930 during Spain's Restoration era. He deepl ...

. In 1926, he moved to Santiago de Compostela to study for degrees in Law and Philosophy and to do his compulsory

military service Military service is service by an individual or group in an army or other militia, air forces, and naval forces, whether as a chosen job ( volunteer) or as a result of an involuntary draft (conscription). Some nations (e.g., Mexico) require ...

. While there, he became acquainted with the ideas of Galicianism, and his political activism become an integral part of his life. In the late 1920s, he became friends with Soviet spy

Ignace Reiss Ignace Reiss (1899 – 4 September 1937) – also known as "Ignace Poretsky," "Ignatz Reiss," "Ludwig," "Ludwik", "Hans Eberhardt," "Steff Brandt," Nathan Poreckij, and "Walter Scott (an officer of the U.S. military intelligence)" ...

through mutual artist friends, while Reiss was stationed in

Amsterdam Amsterdam ( , , , lit. ''The Dam on the River Amstel'') is the capital and most populous city of the Netherlands, with The Hague being the seat of government. It has a population of 907,976 within the city proper, 1,558,755 in the urban ar ...

. In 1931, he joined the ''Partido Galeguista'' ("Galicianist Party") and contributed to the draft of the first

Galician Statute of Autonomy The Statute of Autonomy of Galicia of 1981 ( gl, Estatuto de Autonomía de Galicia) is the current basic institutional norm of Galicia. The Galician Government, Parliament and High Court of Galicia are regulated by it. Genesis of the 1981 Sta ...

alongside intellectuals such as

Alfonso Daniel Rodríguez Castelao Alfonso Daniel Manuel Rodríguez Castelao (30 January 1886 – 7 January 1950), commonly known as Castelao, was a Galician politician, writer, painter and doctor. He is one of the fathers of Galician nationalism, promoting Galician identi ...

. He also collaborated with left-wing

nationalist Nationalism is an idea and movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the state. As a movement, nationalism tends to promote the interests of a particular nation (as in a group of people), Smith, Anthony. ''Nationalism: Th ...

organizations such as ''Esquerda Galeguista'' ("Galician Left") and with political publications such as ''Claridad'' ("Clarity") and ''Ser'' ("To Be"). He completed his college studies in 1936.

Ostracism and eventual incorporation to the University

Following the

Francoist Francoist Spain ( es, España franquista), or the Francoist dictatorship (), was the period of Spanish history between 1939 and 1975, when Francisco Franco ruled Spain after the Spanish Civil War with the title . After his death in 1975, Spai ...

revolt and the start of the

Spanish Civil War The Spanish Civil War ( es, Guerra Civil Española)) or The Revolution ( es, La Revolución, link=no) among Nationalists, the Fourth Carlist War ( es, Cuarta Guerra Carlista, link=no) among Carlists, and The Rebellion ( es, La Rebelión, link ...

in 1936, Carballo Calero became a volunteer combatant for the

Spanish Republic The Spanish Republic (), commonly known as the Second Spanish Republic (), was the form of government in Spain from 1931 to 1939. The Republic was proclaimed on 14 April 1931, after the deposition of King Alfonso XIII, and was dissolved on 1 A ...

, achieving the rank of lieutenant in the

Spanish Republican Army The Spanish Republican Army ( es, Ejército de la República Española) was the main branch of the Armed Forces of the Second Spanish Republic between 1931 and 1939. It became known as People's Army of the Republic (''Ejército Popular de la Rep� ...

. He was captured by the Francoists and convicted on the grounds of "secessionism" and sentenced to sixteen years in the jail of Jaén (Spain). Yet, he was released in 1941. He returned to his natal city of Ferrol, where he worked as a private tutor as he was banned from holding any public position, including teaching. Ricardo Carballo Calero, cancelación de antecedentes penales 22-5-1963

Ricardo Carballo Calero, cancelación de antecedentes penales 22-5-1963

He re-established contact with the Galicianists and began his doctoral studies, eventually getting his PhD in 1955. His thesis was published in 1963 with the title ''Historia da literatura galega contemporánea'' ("History of contemporary Galician literature"). In 1958, he was invited to join the ''

Real Academia Galega The Royal Galician Academy ( gl, Real Academia Galega, RAG) is an institution dedicated to the study of Galician culture and especially the Galician language; it promulgates norms of grammar, spelling, and vocabulary and works to promote the l ...

'' ("Royal Galician Academy"). In 1965, he was allowed to hold public positions again, and moved to the Galician capital Compostela where he taught Galician language and literature at the ''Rosalia de Castro'' high school, while he started to also teach at the

. Finally, in 1972, he became the first ever university professor in the field of Galician Linguistics and Literature. At that stage, Carballo Calero can be considered the world expert in the work of poet

Rosalia de Castro Rosalia or Rosalía (with diacritic) may refer to: Persons * Saint Rosalia (1130–1166), the patron saint of Palermo in Italy * Rosalia (given name) * Rosalía (born 1992), Spanish singer Places * 314 Rosalia, an asteroid * Rosalia, Pisidia, a ...

. He also became an editor and publisher, promoting classic Galician writers.

Reintegrationism

Through his university research on Galician language, he became interested in

etymology Etymology ()The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) – p. 633 "Etymology /ˌɛtɪˈmɒlədʒi/ the study of the class in words and the way their meanings have changed throughout time". is the study of the history of the Phonological chan ...

and the works of Manuel Rodrigues Lapa. This research, combined with his vast knowledge of the history of the

Galician-Portuguese Galician-Portuguese ( gl, galego-portugués or ', pt, galego-português or ), also known as Old Portuguese or as Medieval Galician when referring to the history of each modern language, was a West Iberian Romance language spoken in the Middle ...

language led him re-interpret Galician classics and to develop the theory of what would become contemporary

: in short, the idea that had been stated in the past but never scientifically systematised that Galician and

Portuguese Portuguese may refer to: * anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal ** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods ** Portuguese language, a Romance language *** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language ** Portu ...

languages were not just the same language in the past, sharing a common origin, but still are the same language today. Carballo Calero became the chief supporter of that view. With the end of

Francoist Spain Francoist Spain ( es, España franquista), or the Francoist dictatorship (), was the period of Spanish history between 1939 and 1975, when Francisco Franco ruled Spain after the Spanish Civil War with the title . After his death in 1975, Spai ...

in 1977, Galicia became an

autonomous community eu, autonomia erkidegoa ca, comunitat autònoma gl, comunidade autónoma oc, comunautat autonòma an, comunidat autonoma ast, comunidá autónoma , alt_name = , map = , category = Autonomous administra ...

with Galician as its official language along with Spanish. It was then urgently required to establish a fixed standard form. As professor of Galician language and literature, Carballo Calero was appointed to lead the group of experts that should prepare the new norms for Galician. The first draft was produced in 1979 with the title ''Normas ortográficas do idioma galego'' ("Orthographic norms of the Galician language"). These norms recommended a gradual approach to Portuguese, using Portuguese as the most suitable orthographic reference for spoken Galician while allowing for a number of different solutions in case of doubt. However, this approximation to Portuguese was perceived by some pro-Spanish conservative groups as a possible political stance. Consequently, the norms were revoked without Carballo's consent by means of a special law (the '' Decreto Filgueira''). In light of those events, Carballo Calero resigned his position in 1980. A new set of norms was passed in 1982 by the newly created '' Instituto Galego da Lingua'' ("Galician Institute for the Language") and the Royal Galician Academy, of which he was still a member. Carballo Calero had by then helped to create the Galician Association for the Language (1981) to counteract what he thought to be an attempt to "damage" the language. He became an open critic of the new decisions on Galician language which he considered to be merely "

political Politics (from , ) is the set of activities that are associated with making decisions in groups, or other forms of power relations among individuals, such as the distribution of resources or status. The branch of social science that stud ...

and not scientific". He even stated that the new norms and linguistic laws provoked a situation which "is anti-hygienic and goes against the economy" (in ''Uma voz na Galiza'', 1984). In 1984, he was awarded the ''Medalla Castelao'' – the greatest civil award in Galicia. Also, he was invited to join the ''Consello da Cultura Galega'' ("Council for the Galician Culture"), but he declined the invitation. Carballo Calero died in Santiago de Compostela in 1990.

Selected works

Poetry

Membros do Seminario de Estudos Galegos en 1928

*''Trinitarias'', 1928 (in Spanish) *''Vieiros'', 1931 *''La soledad confusa'', 1932 (in Spanish) *''O silencio axionllado'', 1934 *''Anxo da terra'', 1950 *''Poemas pendurados dun cabelo'', 1952 *''Calteiro de Fingoi'', 1961 *''Pretérito Imperfeito'', 1980 *''Futuro condicional'', 1982 *''Cantigas de amigo e outros poemas'', 1986 *''Reticências'', 1990

Theatre

* ''O fillo'', 1982 * ''Isabel'', 1982 * ''A sombra de Orfeo'', 1971 * ''Farsa das zocas'', 1963 * ''A arbre'', 1965 * ''O redondel'', 1979 * ''Auto do prisioneiro'', 1970 * ''Os xefes'', 1982 * ''Catro pezas'', 1971, Galaxia. * ''Teatro completo'', 1982, Ediciós do Castro.

Narrative

*''Xente da Barreira'', 1951 * ''Narrativa completa'' (1984, Ediciós do Castro; Colectánea). *''Scórpio'', 1987

Essay

*''Sete poemas galegos'', 1955 *''História da Literatura Galega Contemporánea'', 1963 (re-edited in 1975 and 1976) *''Versos iñorados e ou esquecidos de Eduardo Pondal'', 1961 *''Gramática elemental del gallego común'', 1966 *''Brevario antológico de la literatura gallega contemporánea'', 1966 *''Edición de "Cantares gallegos" de Rosalía de Castro'', 1969 *''Libros e autores galegos: dos trovadores a Valle Inclán'', 1970 *''Sobre lingua e literatura galega'', 1971 *''Particularidades morfológicas del lenguaje de Rosalía de Castro'', 1972 *''Poesías de Rosalía de Castro'', with L. Fontoira Surís, 1972 *''Estudos rosalianos'', 1977 *''Problemas da Língua Galega'', 1981 *''Da Fala e da Escrita'', 1983 *''Letras Galegas'', 1984 *''Escritos sobre Castelao'', 1989 *''Do Galego e da Galiza'', 1990 (posthumous) *''Umha voz na Galiza'', 1992 (posthumous)

Some covers

File:Ricardo Carballo Calero, Trinitarias, poesías, Ferrol, 1928.jpg, Ricardo Carballo Calero, Trinitarias, Ferrol, 1928. File:Ricardo Carballo Calero, Vieiros, Editorial Nós, A Cruña 1931.jpg, Ricardo Carballo Calero, ''Vieiros'', Nós, 1931. File:La soledad confusa. 1932. Ricardo Carballo Calero.jpg, Ricardo Carballo Calero, ''La soledad confusa'', Nós, 1932. File:Ricardo Carballo Calero, O silenzo axionllado (1931 - 1934 ) Nós, volume LXI Santiago.jpg, Ricardo Carballo Calero, ''O silenzo axionllado'', Nós, 1934. File:Poemas pendurados de un cabelo por Ricardo Carballo Calero, Colección Xistral, 1952.jpg, Ricardo Carballo Calero, ''Poemas pendurados de un cabelo'', 1952. File:Ricardo Carballo Calero. Gramática elemental del gallego común. 1966. Galaxia.jpg, Ricardo Carballo Calero, ''Gramática elemental del gallego común'', 1966. File:Historia da literatura galega contemporánea 1975.jpg, Ricardo Carballo Calero, ''Historia da literatura galega contemporánea'', 2ª ed.

References

Bibliography

* Blanco García, Carmen (1989). ''Conversas con Carballo Calero''. Vigo: Editorial Galaxia. . * Blanco García, Carmen (1991). ''Carballo Calero: política e cultura''. Ediciós do Castro. . * Fernán-Vello; Pillado Mayor (1986). ''Conversas en Compostela con Carballo Calero''. Sotelo Blanco. . * Fernán-Vello; Pillado Mayor (1992). ''Carballo Calero''. Biblioteca 114. El Correo Gallego. * Fernández del Riego, F. (1971)

951 Year 951 ( CMLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * King Berengar II of Italy seizes Liguria, with help from the feudal lord Oberto I. He re ...

''Historia da literatura galega'' (2ª ed.). Vigo: Editorial Galaxia. pp. 256, 260, 269–271. * Fernández del Riego, F. (1992) 990 ''Diccionario de escritores en lingua galega'' (2ª ed.). Do Castro. p. 73. . * Gómez, A.; Queixas, M. (2001). ''Historia xeral da literatura galega''. A Nosa Terra. . * Méndez Ferrín, Xosé Luis (1984). ''De Pondal a Novoneyra''. Edicións Xerais de Galicia. pp. 102–104. . * Montero Santalha, José-Martinho (1993). ''Carvalho Calero e a súa obra''. Laiovento. . * Palharés, P. and Tato Fontainha, L., ''Ricardo Carvalho Calero. A dignidade persoal'', Concello de Ferrol, 1994 * Salinas Portugal, F., ''Voz e Siléncio (entrevista com R. Carvalho Calero)'', Ed. do Cúmio, 1991 * Tarrío Varela, Anxo (1994). ''Literatura galega. Aportacións a unha historia crítica''. Universitaria. Xerais. . * Vilavedra, Dolores, ed. (1995). ''Diccionario da literatura galega''. Autores I. Vigo: Editorial Galaxia. pp. 108–110. . * ''Ricardo Carvalho Calero, a razom da esperanza'', in ''A Nosa Cultura'' no. 13, A Nosa Terra, (including the video ''Ricardo Carvalho Calero; a posibilidade de rectificar a história''), 1991 * VVAA (1982). ''Homenaxe a Carballo Calero''. Ferrol. Cadernos do Medulio. . * VVAA (1999–2002). "Carballo Calero, Ricardo". ''Enciclopedia Galega Universal'' 4. Ir Indo. pp. 422–423. . * ''Conhecermos Carvalho Calero. Umha vida polo galego e a Galiza'', Grupo de Língua da Fundaçom Artábria, Fundaçom Artábria, 2000 * VVAA (2005). "Carballo Calero, Ricardo". ''Gran Enciclopedia Galega'' (DVD). El Progreso. . * VVAA (2006). "Carballo Calero, Ricardo". ''Diciopedia do século 21'' 1. Do Cumio, Galaxia e do Castro. p. 432. .

External links

"Carvalho Calero, Ricardo" ''Historia da literatura galega – autores''
AS-PG .
Caderno ''Conhecermos Carvalho Calero''
PDF published by Fundaçom Artábria, Ferrol
''Carvalho Calero no século XX galego''
by Maurício Castro . {{DEFAULTSORT:Carballo, Ricardo 1910 births 1990 deaths People from Ferrol, Spain Writers from Galicia (Spain) Linguists of Galician Galician-language writers Spanish-language writers Partido Galeguista (1931) politicians Spanish military personnel of the Spanish Civil War (Republican faction) Spanish philologists Members of the Lisbon Academy of Sciences University of Santiago de Compostela faculty