Rhysodinae is a subfamily (sometimes called wrinkled bark beetles) in the family

Carabidae Ground beetles are a large, cosmopolitan family of beetles, the Carabidae, with more than 40,000 species worldwide, around 2,000 of which are found in North America and 2,700 in Europe. As of 2015, it is one of the 10 most species-rich animal fami ...

. There are 19 genera and at least 380 described species in Rhysodinae. The group of genera making up Rhysodinae had been treated as the family Rhysodidae in the past, and subsequent DNA analysis then placed it within Carabidae, where it was sometimes treated as the tribe Rhysodini, but the most recent analyses place it as a subfamily in a clade along with subfamilies Paussinae and Siagoninae, forming a

sister A sister is a woman or a girl who shares one or more parents with another individual; a female sibling. The male counterpart is a brother. Although the term typically refers to a family, familial relationship, it is sometimes used endearingly to r ...

to the remaining Carabidae.

Description

These beetles are elongate, in size ranging from 5–8 mm, and color ranging from a reddish brown to black. Both the

thorax The thorax or chest is a part of the anatomy of humans, mammals, and other tetrapod animals located between the neck and the abdomen. In insects, crustaceans, and the extinct trilobites, the thorax is one of the three main divisions of the c ...

and the

elytra An elytron (; ; , ) is a modified, hardened forewing of beetles (Coleoptera), though a few of the true bugs (Hemiptera) such as the family Schizopteridae are extremely similar; in true bugs, the forewings are called hemelytra (sometimes alterna ...

are deeply grooved lengthwise, thus giving these beetles their common name. The head is also grooved, and posteriorly constricted into a short but visible "neck". The 11-segment

antenna Antenna ( antennas or antennae) may refer to: Science and engineering * Antenna (radio), also known as an aerial, a transducer designed to transmit or receive electromagnetic (e.g., TV or radio) waves * Antennae Galaxies, the name of two collid ...

e are short, resembling a string of beads, while the

mandible In anatomy, the mandible, lower jaw or jawbone is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the human facial skeleton. It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place. The mandible sits beneath the maxilla. It is the only movable bone ...

s lack cutting edges and are thus nonfunctional. The front legs are short and strongly built. Adults and larvae live in moist rotten wood that is infested with slime moulds, which are believed to be their diet. Instead of using their mandibles to bite, they use the anterior edge of the

mentum The mentum is an anatomical structure, a projecting feature that is near the mouth of a variety of animals: *In insects, the mentum is the distal part of the labium. The mentum bears the palps, glossae, paraglossae, and/or ligula. *On the human ...

and swivel their heads to cut off pieces of food. Adults do not make burrows, instead just squeezing between the cell layers of the decomposed wood, generally leaving no visible trace of their passage, while larvae live in short tunnels. They occur on all continents with forested areas, the richest fauna being found in

New Guinea New Guinea (; Hiri Motu: ''Niu Gini''; id, Papua, or , historically ) is the world's second-largest island with an area of . Located in Oceania in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, the island is separated from Australia by the wide Torres ...

Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Gui ...

, the

Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...

, and northern

South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the sou ...

Genera

* ''

Arrowina ''Arrowina'' is a genus of wrinkled bark beetles in the family Carabidae. The genus occurs in Asia, with records from at least Sri Lanka, southern India, Nepal, Thailand, Sumatra (Indonesia), and Japan. Species ''Arrowina'' contains the followin ...

'' R.T. Bell & J.R. Bell, 1978 * ''

Clinidium ''Clinidium'' is a genus of wrinkled bark beetles in the subfamily Rhysodinae. Most species are Neotropical, but some occur further north in North America and there is also one species in Europe ('' Clinidium canaliculatum'') and one in Japan. Tw ...

'' Kirby, 1830 * ''

Dhysores ''Dhysores'' is a genus of beetles in the family Carabidae Ground beetles are a large, cosmopolitan family of beetles, the Carabidae, with more than 40,000 species worldwide, around 2,000 of which are found in North America and 2,700 in Europe. ...

'' Grouvelle, 1903 * ''

Grouvellina ''Grouvellina'' is a genus of beetles in the family Carabidae Ground beetles are a large, cosmopolitan family of beetles, the Carabidae, with more than 40,000 species worldwide, around 2,000 of which are found in North America and 2,700 in Euro ...

'' R.T. Bell & J.R. Bell, 1978 * ''

Kaveinga ''Kaveinga'' is a genus of wrinkled bark beetles in the family Carabidae Ground beetles are a large, cosmopolitan family of beetles, the Carabidae, with more than 40,000 species worldwide, around 2,000 of which are found in North America and 2, ...

'' R.T. Bell & J.R. Bell, 1978 * ''

Kupeus ''Kupeus'' is a genus of wrinkled bark beetles in the family Carabidae Ground beetles are a large, cosmopolitan family of beetles, the Carabidae, with more than 40,000 species worldwide, around 2,000 of which are found in North America and 2,700 ...

'' R.T. Bell & J.R. Bell, 1982 * ''

Leoglymmius ''Leoglymmius'' is a genus of wrinkled bark beetles in the family Carabidae. Its only species is ''Leoglymmius lignarius''. It is endemic to Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprisi ...

'' R.T. Bell & J.R. Bell, 1978 * ''

Medisores ''Medisores'' is a genus of wrinkled bark beetles in the family Carabidae Ground beetles are a large, cosmopolitan family of beetles, the Carabidae, with more than 40,000 species worldwide, around 2,000 of which are found in North America and 2 ...

'' R.T. Bell & J.R. Bell, 1987 * ''

Neodhysores ''Neodhysores'' is a genus of wrinkled bark beetles in the family Carabidae, found in Southeastern Brazil. Only three specimens of this genus are known to have been found, representing these two species: * '' Neodhysores schreiberi'' (Vulcano ...

'' R.T. Bell & J.R. Bell, 1978 * ''

Omoglymmius ''Omoglymmius'' is a genus of wrinkled bark beetles in the subfamily Rhysodinae Rhysodinae is a subfamily (sometimes called wrinkled bark beetles) in the family Carabidae. There are 19 genera and at least 380 described species in Rhysodinae. T ...

'' Ganglbauer, 1891 * ''

Plesioglymmius ''Plesioglymmius'' is a genus of wrinkled bark beetles in the family Carabidae Ground beetles are a large, cosmopolitan family of beetles, the Carabidae, with more than 40,000 species worldwide, around 2,000 of which are found in North America ...

'' R.T. Bell & J.R. Bell, 1978 * '' Rhysodes'' Germar, 1822 * '' Rhyzodiastes'' Grouvelle, 1903 * '' Shyrodes'' Grouvelle, 1903 * '' Sloanoglymmius'' R.T. Bell & J.R. Bell, 1991 * '' Srimara'' R.T. Bell & J.R. Bell, 1978 * '' Tangarona'' R.T. Bell & J.R. Bell, 1982 * '' Xhosores'' R.T. Bell & J.R. Bell, 1978 * '' Yamatosa'' R.T. Bell & J.R. Bell, 1979

References

Adephaga {{Rhysodinae-stub