Concerning:
the Sheltering of Escaping Jews.
There is a need for a reminder,
that in accordance with Paragraph 3 of the decree of October 15, 1941,
on the Limitation of Residence in
General Government
.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_(1935–1945).svg.png)
General Government (page 595 of the
GG Register) Jews leaving the Jewish Quarter without permission will
incur the death penalty.
According to this decree, those
knowingly helping these Jews by providing shelter, supplying food, or
selling them foodstuffs are also subject to the death penalty
This is a categorical warning to
the non-Jewish population against:
1) Providing
shelter to Jews,
2) Supplying
them with Food,
3) Selling them
Foodstuffs.
Tschenstochau,
Częstochowa, 24.9.42
Der Stadthauptmann
Dr. Franke
Part of a series of articles on the
History of Jews and
Judaism in Poland
History of the Jews in Poland
20th century
The
Holocaust

Holocaust in occupied Poland
Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland
Nazi

Nazi camps
Jewish resistance under
Nazi

Nazi rule
Ghetto
_Panorama.jpg/660px-Ghetto_(Venice)_Panorama.jpg)
Ghetto uprisings
Rescue of Jews by
Poles during the Holocaust
Polish Righteous

Polish Righteous Among the Nations
1989–present
Timeline of Jewish-Polish history
List of Polish Jews
v
t
e
Polish Jews

Polish Jews were the primary victims of the Nazi-organized Holocaust.
Throughout the German occupation of Poland, many Poles risked their
own lives – and the lives of their families – to rescue Jews from
the Nazis. Grouped by nationality, Poles represent the biggest number
of people who rescued Jews during the Holocaust.[1][2] To date,
6,706[3] Christian Poles have been awarded the title of Righteous
Among the Nations by the State of Israel – more than those of any
other nation by far.[1]
The
Armia Krajowa

Armia Krajowa (Polish resistance) alerted the world to the
Holocaust, notably with the reports of officer
Witold Pilecki

Witold Pilecki and
courier Jan Karski. The
Polish government-in-exile
.svg/250px-Flag_of_Poland_(1928-1980).svg.png)
Polish government-in-exile and the Polish
Secret State pleaded for American and British help to stop the
Holocaust, to no avail.[4]
Some estimates put the number of Poles involved in rescue at up to
3 million, and credit Poles with saving up to around 450,000 Jews
from certain death at least temporarily.[2] The rescue efforts were
aided by one of the largest anti-
Nazi

Nazi resistance movements in Europe,
the
Polish Underground State

Polish Underground State and its military arm, the Armia Krajowa.
Supported by the Polish Delegation, these organizations operated
special units dedicated to helping Jews; of those, the most notable
was
Żegota
1946.jpg/600px-Zegota(Rada_Pomocy_Zydom)1946.jpg)
Żegota Council based in
Warsaw

Warsaw with branches in Kraków, Wilno
and Lwów.[5]
Polish citizens were hampered by the most extreme conditions in all of
German-occupied Europe. Occupied Poland was the only territory where
the Germans decreed that any kind of help for Jews was punishable by
death for the helper and their entire family.[6] Of the estimated
3 million non-Jewish Poles killed in World War II, between
several thousand and up to 50,000 were executed by
Nazi

Nazi Germans solely
as the penalty for saving Jews.[2] After the War most of this
information was suppressed by the Soviet-installed satellite regime in
an attempt to discredit Polish prewar society and its wartime
government as reactionary.[7]
Further information: The
Holocaust

Holocaust in occupied Poland
Contents
1 Background
1.1 Statistics
1.2 Difficulties
1.3 Punishment for aiding the Jews
2 Jews in Polish villages
3 Jews in Polish cities
4 Organizations dedicated to saving the Jews
5 Jews and the Church
6 Jews and the Polish government
7 Partial list of communities
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 Bibliography
Background[edit]
Main article:
Polish Righteous

Polish Righteous among the Nations
Before World War II, 3,300,000 Jewish people lived in Poland – ten
percent of the general population of some 33 million. Poland was
the center of the European Jewish world.[8]
The Second World War began with the
Nazi

Nazi German invasion of Poland on
September 1, 1939; and, on September 17, in accordance with the
Molotov-Ribbentrop

Molotov-Ribbentrop agreement, the
Soviet Union
.jpg/460px-Soviet_Union-1964-stamp-Chapayev_(film).jpg)
Soviet Union attacked Poland from
the east. By October 1939, the
Second Polish Republic
.svg/250px-Flag_of_Poland_(1928-1980).svg.png)
Second Polish Republic was split in
half between two totalitarian powers. Germany occupied 48.4 percent of
western and central Poland.[9] Racial policy of
Nazi

Nazi Germany regarded
Poles as "sub-human" and
Polish Jews

Polish Jews beneath that category, validating
a campaign of unrestricted violence. One aspect of German foreign
policy in conquered Poland was to prevent its ethnically diverse
population from uniting against Germany.[10][11] The
Nazi

Nazi plan for
Polish Jews

Polish Jews was one of concentration, isolation, and eventually total
annihilation in the
Holocaust

Holocaust also known as the Shoah. Similar policy
measures toward the Polish Catholic majority focused on the murder or
suppression of political, religious, and intellectual leaders as well
as the Germanization of the annexed lands which included a program to
resettle Germans from the Baltics and other regions onto farms,
ventures and homes formerly owned by the expelled Poles including
Polish Jews.[12]
Beatified

Beatified Sister Marta Wołowska of Słonim,[13] murdered for rescuing
Jewish families from the
Słonim Ghetto
_(4).jpg/560px-Słonim,_Školny_Dvor._Слонім,_Школьны_Двор_(1930)_(4).jpg)
Słonim Ghetto and hiding them in her
monastery everywhere around it.
The response of the Polish majority to the Jewish
Holocaust

Holocaust covered an
extremely wide spectrum, often ranging from acts of altruism at the
risk of endangering their own and their families’ lives, through
compassion, to passivity, indifference, and blackmail.[14] Polish
rescuers faced threats from unsympathetic neighbours, the
Polish-German Volksdeutsche,[14] the ethnic Ukrainian pro-Nazis,[15]
as well as blackmailers called szmalcowniks, along with the Jewish
collaborators from
Żagiew and Group 13. The Catholic saviors of Jews
were also betrayed under duress by the Jews in hiding following
capture by the German military police, which resulted in the Nazi
murder of the entire networks of Polish helpers.[16] Holocaust
testimonies confirm that, trapped in the ghettos, the Jewish criminal
underworld took advantage of inside information about the
socio-economic standing of their own compatriots. The Jewish looters
knew better than anyone else "where to dig for valuables" wrote Isaiah
Trunk and Rubin Katz.[17] In 1941, at the onset of German-Soviet war,
the main architect of the Holocaust, Reinhard Heydrich, issued his
operational guidelines for the mass anti-Jewish actions carried out
with the participation local gentiles.[18] Massacres of
Polish Jews

Polish Jews by
the Ukrainian and Lithuanian auxiliary battalions followed.[19] Deadly
pogroms were committed in over 30 locations across formerly
Soviet-occupied parts of Poland,[20] including in Brześć, Tarnopol,
Białystok, Łuck, Lwów, Stanisławów, and in Wilno where the Jews
were murdered along with the Poles in the
Ponary massacre

Ponary massacre at a ratio
of 3-to-1.[21][22] National minorities routinely participated in
pogroms led by OUN-UPA, YB, TDA and BKA.[23][24][25][26][27] Local
participation in the
Nazi

Nazi German "cleansing" operations included the
Jedwabne pogrom

Jedwabne pogrom of 1941.[28][29] The Einsatzkommandos were ordered to
organize them in all eastern territories occupied by Germany.
Nevertheless, statistics of the Israeli War Crimes Commission indicate
that less than one tenth of 1 per cent of native Poles collaborated
with the occupiers.[30]
Rudolf Weigl,
Righteous Among the Nations

Righteous Among the Nations whose vaccines were smuggled
to Ghettos in
Lwów

Lwów and
Warsaw

Warsaw to save Jewish lives.[31]
Non–Jewish Poles provided assistance to the Jews in an organised
fashion as well as through varying degrees of individual efforts. Many
Poles offered food to
Polish Jews

Polish Jews and left food in places Jews would
pass on their way to forced labour. Others, directed Jews who managed
to escape from the ghettos – to Polish people who could help
them. Some sheltered Jews for only one or a few nights, others assumed
full responsibility for the Jews' survival, well aware that the Nazis
punished those who helped Jews by summary killings. A special role
fell to the Polish medical doctors who alone saved thousands of Jews
through their subversive practise. For example, Dr. Eugeniusz
Łazowski, known as Polish 'Schindler', saved 8,000
Polish Jews

Polish Jews from
deportation to death camps, by faking an epidemic of typhus in the
town of Rozwadów.[32][33] Free medicine was given out in the Kraków
Ghetto
_Panorama.jpg/660px-Ghetto_(Venice)_Panorama.jpg)
Ghetto by
Tadeusz Pankiewicz

Tadeusz Pankiewicz saving unspecified number of Jews.[34]
Rudolf Weigl

Rudolf Weigl employed and protected Jews in his Institute in Lwów.
His vaccines were smuggled into the local ghetto as well as the ghetto
in
Warsaw

Warsaw saving countless lives.[35] Dr. Tadeusz Kosibowicz, director
of the state hospital in Będzin was sentenced to death for rescuing
Jewish fugitives.[36] It is mostly those who took full responsibility
who qualify for the title of the Righteous Among the Nations.[37] To
date, a total of 6,066 Poles have been officially recognized by Israel
as the
Polish Righteous among the Nations

Polish Righteous among the Nations for their efforts in saving
Polish Jews

Polish Jews during the Holocaust, making Poland the country with the
highest number of Righteous in the world.[38][39]
Statistics[edit]
The number of Poles who rescued Jews from the
Nazi

Nazi persecution would
be hard to determine in black-and-white terms, and is still the
subject of scholarly debate. According to Gunnar S. Paulsson, the
number of rescuers that meet Yad Vashem's criteria is perhaps 100,000
and there may have been two or three times as many who offered minor
help; the majority "were passively protective."[39] In an article
published in the Journal of Genocide Research,
Hans G. Furth estimated
that there may have been as many as 1,200,000 Polish rescuers.[40]
Richard C. Lukas

Richard C. Lukas estimated that upwards of 1,000,000 Poles were
involved in such rescue efforts,[2] "but some estimates go as high as
three million."[2] Lukas also cites Władysław Bartoszewski, a
wartime member of Żegota, as having estimated that "at least several
hundred thousand Poles ... participated in various ways and forms in
the rescue action."[2] Elsewhere, Bartoszewski has estimated that
between 1 and 3 percent of the Polish population was actively involved
in rescue efforts;[41]
Marcin Urynowicz
.jpg)
Marcin Urynowicz estimates that a minimum of
from 500,000 to over a million Poles actively tried to help Jews.[42]
The lower number was proposed by
Teresa Prekerowa

Teresa Prekerowa who claimed that
between 160,000 and 360,000 Poles assisted in hiding Jews, amounting
to between 1% and 2.5% of the 15 million adult Poles she
categorized as "those who could offer help." Her estimation counts
only those who were involved in hiding Jews directly. It also assumes
that each Jew who hid among the non-Jewish populace stayed throughout
the war in only one hiding place and as such had only one set of
helpers.[43] However, other historians indicate that a much higher
number was involved.[44][45] Paulsson wrote that, according to his
research, an average Jew in hiding stayed in seven different places
throughout the war.[39]
The Król family of
Polish Righteous

Polish Righteous west of
Nowy Sącz

Nowy Sącz
Ghetto
_Panorama.jpg/660px-Ghetto_(Venice)_Panorama.jpg)
Ghetto hid
Jewish friends in the attic for three years. In close proximity, the
Germans carried out mass executions of civilians.[46]
An average Jew who survived in occupied Poland depended on many acts
of assistance and tolerance, wrote Paulsson.[39] "Nearly every Jew
that was rescued, was rescued by the cooperative efforts of dozen or
more people,"[39] as confirmed also by the Polish-Jewish historian
Szymon Datner.[47] Paulsson notes that during the six years of wartime
and occupation, the average Jew sheltered by the Poles had three or
four sets of false documents and faced recognition as a Jew multiple
times.[39] Datner explains also that hiding a Jew lasted often for
several years thus increasing the risk involved for each Christian
family exponentially.[47] Polish-Jewish writer and
Holocaust

Holocaust survivor
Hanna Krall

Hanna Krall has identified 45 Poles who helped to shelter her from the
Nazis[47] and Władysław Szpilman, the Polish musician of Jewish
origin whose wartime experiences were chronicled in his memoir The
Pianist and the film of the same title identified 30 Poles who helped
him to survive the Holocaust.[48]
Meanwhile, Father
John T. Pawlikowski from Chicago, referring to work
by other historians, speculated that claims of hundreds of thousands
of rescuers struck him as inflated.[49] Likewise,
Martin Gilbert

Martin Gilbert has
written that under
Nazi

Nazi regime, rescuers were an exception, albeit one
that could be found in towns and villages throughout Poland.[50]
There is no official number of how many
Polish Jews

Polish Jews were hidden by
their Christian countrymen during wartime. Lukas estimated that the
number of Jews sheltered by Poles at one time might have been "as high
as 450,000."[2] However, concealment did not automatically assure
complete safety from the Nazis, and the number of Jews in hiding who
were caught has been estimated variously from 40,000 to 200,000.[2]
Difficulties[edit]
The wall of ghetto in Warsaw, being constructed by
Nazi

Nazi German order
in August 1940
Efforts at rescue were encumbered by several factors. The threat of
the death penalty for aiding Jews and limited ability to provide for
the escapees were often responsible for the fact that many Poles were
unwilling to provide direct help to a person of Jewish origin.[2] This
was exacerbated by the fact that the people who were in hiding did not
have official ration cards and hence food for them had to be purchased
on the black market at high prices.[2][51] According to Emmanuel
Ringelblum in most cases the money that Poles accepted from Jews they
helped to hide, was taken not out of greed, but out of poverty which
Poles had to endure during the German occupation.
Israel Gutman

Israel Gutman has
written that the majority of Jews who were sheltered by Poles paid for
their own up-keep,[52] but thousands of Polish protectors perished
along with the people they were hiding.[53]
There is general consensus among scholars that, unlike in Western
Europe, Polish collaboration with the Nazis was
insignificant.[2][54][55][56] However, the
Nazi

Nazi terror combined with
inadequacy of food rations, as well as German greed, along with the
system of corruption as the only "one language the Germans understood
well," wrecked traditional values.[57] Poles helping Jews faced
unparalleled dangers not only from the German occupiers but also from
their own ethnically diverse countrymen including Polish-German
Volksdeutsche,[14] and Polish Ukrainians,[58] many of whom were
anti-Semitic and morally disoriented by the war.[59] There were
people, the so-called szmalcownicy ("shmalts people" from shmalts or
szmalec, slang term for money),[60] who blackmailed the hiding Jews
and Poles helping them, or who turned the Jews to the Germans for a
reward. Outside the cities there were peasants of various ethnic
backgrounds looking for Jews hiding in the forests, to demand money
from them.[57] There were also Jews turning in other Jews and
non-Jewish Poles for profit,[17] or in order to alleviate hunger with
the awarded prize.[61] The vast majority of these individuals joined
the criminal underworld after the German occupation and were
responsible for the deaths of tens of thousands of people, both Jews
and the Poles who were trying to save them.[62][63][64] The fear of
denunciation was ever-present, but often entirely misplaced. There
were instances of Polish families sheltering Jews door-to-door and
both fearing denunciation unaware of what the other was doing.[65]
According to one reviewer of Paulsson, with regard to the
extortionists, "a single hooligan or blackmailer could wreak severe
damage on Jews in hiding, but it took the silent passivity of a whole
crowd to maintain their cover."[62] He also notes that "hunters" were
outnumbered by "helpers" by a ratio of one to 20 or 30.[39] According
to Lukas the number of renegades who blackmailed and denounced Jews
and their Polish protectors probably did not number more than 1,000
individuals out of the 1,300,000 people living in
Warsaw

Warsaw in
1939.[2][66]
Public execution of Michał Kruk and several other ethnic Poles in
Przemyśl

Przemyśl as punishment for helping Jews, 1943
Michael C. Steinlauf writes that not only the fear of the death
penalty was an obstacle limiting Polish aid to Jews, but also some
prewar attitudes towards Jews, which made many individuals uncertain
of their neighbors' reaction to their attempts at rescue.[67] Number
of authors have noted the negative consequences of the hostility
towards Jews by extremists advocating their eventual removal from
Poland.[68][69][70][71] Meanwhile,
Alina Cala

Alina Cala in her study of Jews in
Polish folk culture argued also for the persistence of traditional
religious antisemitism and anti-Jewish propaganda before and during
the war both leading to indifference.[72][73] Steinlauf however notes
that despite these uncertainties, Jews were helped by countless
thousands of individual Poles throughout the country. He writes that
"not the informing or the indifference, but the existence of such
individuals is one of the most remarkable features of Polish-Jewish
relations during the Holocaust."[67][72] Nechama Tec, who herself
survived the war aided by a group of Catholic Poles,[74] noted that
Polish rescuers worked within an environment that was hostile to Jews
and unfavorable to their protection, in which rescuers feared both the
disapproval of their neighbors and reprisals that such disapproval
might bring.[75] Tec also noted that Jews, for many complex and
practical reasons, were not always prepared to accept assistance that
was available to them.[76] Some Jews were pleasantly surprised to have
been aided by people whom they thought to have expressed antisemitic
attitudes before the invasion of Poland.[39][77]
Underground
Biuletyn Informacyjny

Biuletyn Informacyjny announcing death sentence by Kedyw
and the execution of named individuals who blackmailed Polish
villagers hiding Jews, July 1943.
Former Director of the Department of the Righteous at Yad Vashem,
Mordecai Paldiel, wrote that the widespread revulsion among the Polish
people at the murders being committed by the Nazis was sometimes
accompanied by an alleged feeling of relief at the disappearance of
Jews.[78] Israeli historian Joseph Kermish (born 1907) who left Poland
in 1950, had claimed at the
Yad Vashem

Yad Vashem conference in 1977, that the
Polish researchers overstate the achievements of the Żegota
organization (including members of
Żegota
1946.jpg/600px-Zegota(Rada_Pomocy_Zydom)1946.jpg)
Żegota themselves, along with
venerable historians like Prof. Madajczyk), but his assertions are not
supported by the listed evidence.[79] Paulsson and Pawlikowski wrote
that wartime attitudes among some of the populace were not a major
factor impeding the survival of sheltered Jews, or the work of the
Żegota
1946.jpg/600px-Zegota(Rada_Pomocy_Zydom)1946.jpg)
Żegota organization.[39][77]
The fact that the Polish Jewish community was destroyed during World
War II, coupled with stories about Polish collaborators, has
contributed, especially among Israelis and American Jews, to a
lingering stereotype that the Polish population has been passive in
regard to, or even supportive of, Jewish suffering.[39] However,
modern scholarship has not validated the claim that Polish
antisemitism was irredeemable or different from contemporary Western
antisemitism; it has also found that such claims are among the
stereotypes that comprise anti-Polonism.[80] The presenting of
selective evidence in support of preconceived notions have led some
popular press to draw overly simplistic and often misleading
conclusions regarding the role played by Poles at the time of the
Holocaust.[39][80]
Punishment for aiding the Jews[edit]
Announcement of death penalty for Jews captured outside the
Ghetto
_Panorama.jpg/660px-Ghetto_(Venice)_Panorama.jpg)
Ghetto and
for Poles helping Jews
In an attempt to discourage Poles from helping the Jews and to destroy
any efforts of the resistance, the Germans applied a ruthless
retaliation policy. On November 10, 1941, the death penalty was
introduced by Hans Frank, governor of the General Government, to apply
to Poles who helped Jews "in any way: by taking them in for the night,
giving them a lift in a vehicle of any kind" or "feed[ing] runaway
Jews or sell[ing] them foodstuffs." The law was made public by posters
distributed in all cities and towns, to instill fear.[81]
The imposition of the death penalty for Poles aiding Jews was unique
to Poland among all German occupied countries, and was a result of the
conspicuous and spontaneous nature of such an aid.[82] For example,
the Ulma family (father, mother and six children) of the village of
Markowa

Markowa near
Łańcut

Łańcut – where many families concealed their Jewish
neighbors – were executed jointly by the Nazis with the eight Jews
they hid.[83] The entire Wołyniec family in Romaszkańce was
massacred for sheltering three Jewish refugees from a ghetto. In
Maciuńce, for hiding Jews, the Germans shot eight members of Józef
Borowski's family along with him and four guests who happened to be
there.[84]
Nazi

Nazi death squads carried out mass executions of the entire
villages that were discovered to be aiding Jews on a communal
level.[38][85] In the villages of Białka near
Parczew

Parczew and Sterdyń
near Sokołów Podlaski, 150 villagers were massacred for sheltering
Jews.[86] In November 1942, the Ukrainian SS squad executed 20
villagers from Berecz in Wołyń Voivodeship for giving aid to Jewish
escapees from the ghetto in Povorsk.[87] According to Peter Jaroszczak
"Michał Kruk and several other people in
Przemyśl

Przemyśl were executed on
September 6, 1943 (pictured) for the assistance they had rendered to
the Jews. Altogether, in the town and its environs 415 Jews (including
60 children) were saved, in return for which the Germans killed 568
people of Polish nationality."[88] Several hundred Poles were
massacred with their priest, Adam Sztark, in
Słonim

Słonim on December 18,
1942, for sheltering Jewish refugees of the
Słonim Ghetto
_(4).jpg/560px-Słonim,_Školny_Dvor._Слонім,_Школьны_Двор_(1930)_(4).jpg)
Słonim Ghetto in a
Catholic church. In
Huta Stara

Huta Stara near Buczacz, Polish Christians and the
Jewish countrymen they protected were herded into a church by the
Nazis and burned alive on March 4, 1944.[89] In the years 1942–1944
about 200 peasants were shot dead and burned alive as punishment in
the
Kielce

Kielce region alone.[90]
Entire communities that helped to shelter Jews were annihilated, such
as the now-extinct village of Huta Werchobuska near Złoczów, Zahorze
near Łachwa,[91]
Huta Pieniacka

Huta Pieniacka near Brody[92] or Stara Huta near
Szumsk.[93]
Additionally, after the end of the war Poles who saved Jews during the
Nazi

Nazi occupation very often became the victims of repression at the
hands of the Communist security apparatus, due to their instinctive
devotion to social justice which they saw as being abused by the
government.[90]
Jews in Polish villages[edit]
A number of Polish villages in their entirety provided shelter from
Nazi

Nazi apprehension, offering protection for their Jewish neighbors as
well as the aid for refugees from other villages and escapees from the
ghettos.[94] Postwar research has confirmed that communal protection
occurred in Głuchów near
Łańcut

Łańcut with everyone engaged,[95] as well
as in the villages of Główne, Ozorków, Borkowo near Sierpc,
Dąbrowica near Ulanów, in Głupianka near Otwock,[96] and Teresin
near Chełm.[97] In Cisie near Warsaw, 25 Poles were caught hiding
Jews; all were killed and the village was burned to the ground as
punishment.[98][99]
Jerzy and Irena Krępeć

Jerzy and Irena Krępeć rescued over 30 Jews on their farms in
Gołąbki and set up homeschooling for all kids, Christian and Jewish
together
The forms of protection varied from village to village. In Gołąbki,
the farm of
Jerzy and Irena Krępeć

Jerzy and Irena Krępeć provided a hiding place for as
many as 30 Jews; years after the war, the couple's son recalled in an
interview with the
Montreal Gazette

Montreal Gazette that their actions were "an open
secret in the village [that] everyone knew they had to keep quiet" and
that the other villagers helped, "if only to provide a meal."[100]
Another farm couple, Alfreda and Bolesław Pietraszek, provided
shelter for Jewish families consisting of 18 people in Ceranów near
Sokołów Podlaski, and their neighbors brought food to those being
rescued.[101]
Two decades after the end of the war, a Jewish partisan named Gustaw
Alef-Bolkowiak identified the following villages in the
Parczew-
Ostrów Lubelski

Ostrów Lubelski area where "almost the entire population"
assisted Jews: Rudka, Jedlanka, Makoszka, Tyśmienica, and Bójki.[94]
Historians have documented that a dozen villagers of
Mętów

Mętów near
Głusk outside
Lublin

Lublin sheltered Polish Jews.[102] In some
well-confirmed cases,
Polish Jews

Polish Jews who were hidden, were circulated
between homes in the village. Farmers in Zdziebórz near Wyszków
sheltered two Jewish men by taking turns. Both of them later joined
the Polish underground Home Army.[103] The entire village of Mulawicze
near
Bielsk Podlaski

Bielsk Podlaski took responsibility for the survival of an
orphaned nine-year-old Jewish boy.[104] Different families took turns
hiding a Jewish girl at various homes in
Wola Przybysławska

Wola Przybysławska near
Lublin,[105] and around
Jabłoń

Jabłoń near
Parczew

Parczew many Polish Jews
successfully sought refuge.[106]
Impoverished Polish Jews, unable to offer any money in return, were
nonetheless provided with food, clothing, shelter and money by some
small communities;[5] historians have confirmed this took place in the
villages of Czajków near Staszów[107] as well as several villages
near Łowicz, in
Korzeniówka near Grójec, near Żyrardów, in
Łaskarzew, and across
Kielce

Kielce Voivodship.[108]
In tiny villages where there was no permanent
Nazi

Nazi military presence,
such as Dąbrowa Rzeczycka,
Kępa Rzeczycka

Kępa Rzeczycka and
Wola Rzeczycka

Wola Rzeczycka near
Stalowa Wola, some Jews were able to openly participate in the lives
of their communities. Olga Lilien, recalling her wartime experience in
the 2000 book To Save a Life: Stories of
Holocaust

Holocaust Rescue, was
sheltered by a Polish family in a village near Tarnobrzeg, where she
survived the war despite the posting of a 200 deutsche mark reward by
the
Nazi

Nazi occupiers for information on Jews in hiding.[109] Chava
Grinberg-Brown from
Gmina Wiskitki

Gmina Wiskitki recalled in a postwar interview
that some farmers used the threat of violence against a fellow
villager who intimated the desire to betray her safety.[110]
Polish-born Israeli writer and
Holocaust

Holocaust survivor Natan Gross, in his
2001 book Who Are You, Mr. Grymek?, told of a village near Warsaw
where a local
Nazi

Nazi collaborator was forced to flee when it became
known he reported the location of a hidden Jew.[111]
Nonetheless there were cases where Poles who saved Jews were met with
a different response after the war. Antonina Wyrzykowska from
Janczewko

Janczewko village near
Jedwabne

Jedwabne managed to successfully shelter seven
Jews for twenty-six months from November 1942 until liberation. Some
time earlier, during the
Jedwabne pogrom

Jedwabne pogrom close by, a minimum of 300
Polish Jews

Polish Jews were burned alive in a barn set on fire by a group of
Polish men under the German command.[112] Among the Jews rescued by
Wyrzykowska was Szmuel Wasersztajn who, without seeing anything that
happened, later falsely accused many innocent Poles of the crime.[113]
Wyrzykowska was honored as Righteous among the Nations for her
heroism, but left her hometown after liberation for fear of
retribution.[114][115][116][117][118]
Jews in Polish cities[edit]
Irena Sendler

Irena Sendler smuggled to safety 2,500 Jewish children from the Warsaw
Ghetto
In Poland's cities and larger towns, the
Nazi

Nazi occupiers created
ghettos that were designed to imprison the local Jewish populations.
The food rations allocated by the Germans to the ghettos condemned
their inhabitants to starvation.[119] Smuggling of food into the
ghettos and smuggling of goods out of the ghettos, organized by Jews
and Poles, was the only means of subsistence of the Jewish population
in the ghettos. The price difference between the Aryan and Jewish
sides was large, reaching as much as 100%, but the penalty for aiding
Jews was death. Hundreds of Polish and Jewish smugglers would come in
and out the ghettos, usually at night or at dawn, through openings in
the walls, underground tunnels and sewers or through the guardposts by
paying bribes.[120]
Further information: Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland
The Polish Underground urged the Poles to support smuggling.[120] The
punishment for smuggling was death, carried out on the spot.[120]
Among the Jewish smuggler victims were scores of Jewish children aged
five or six, whom the German shot at the ghetto exits and near the
walls. While communal rescue was impossible under these circumstances,
many Polish Christians concealed their Jewish neighbors. For example,
Zofia Baniecka

Zofia Baniecka and her mother rescued over 50 Jews in their home
between 1941 and 1944. Paulsson, in his research on the Jews of
Warsaw, documented that Warsaw's Polish residents managed to support
and conceal the same percentage of Jews as did residents in other
European cities under
Nazi

Nazi occupation.[62]
Ten percent of Warsaw's Polish population was actively engaged in
sheltering their Jewish neighbors.[39] It is estimated that the number
of Jews living in hiding on the Aryan side of the capital city in 1944
was at least 15,000 to 30,000 and relied on the network of
50,000–60,000 Poles who provided shelter, and about half as many
assisting in other ways.[39]
Organizations dedicated to saving the Jews[edit]
Żegota
1946.jpg/600px-Zegota(Rada_Pomocy_Zydom)1946.jpg)
Żegota members at the 3rd anniversary of the
Warsaw Ghetto

Warsaw Ghetto Uprising,
Poland.
Several organizations dedicated to saving Jews were created and run by
Catholic Poles with the help of the Polish Jewish underground.[121]
Among those, Żegota, the Council to Aid Jews, was the most
prominent.[77] It was unique not only in Poland, but in all of
Nazi-occupied Europe, as there was no other organization dedicated
solely to that goal.[77][122]
Żegota
1946.jpg/600px-Zegota(Rada_Pomocy_Zydom)1946.jpg)
Żegota concentrated its efforts on
saving Jewish children toward whom the Germans were especially
cruel.[77] Tadeusz Piotrowski (1998) gives several wide-range
estimates of a number of survivors including those who might have
received assistance from
Żegota
1946.jpg/600px-Zegota(Rada_Pomocy_Zydom)1946.jpg)
Żegota in some form including financial,
legal, medical, child care, and other help in times of trouble.[123]
The subject is shrouded in controversy according to Szymon Datner, but
in Lukas' estimate about half of those who survived within the
changing borders of Poland were helped by Żegota. The number of Jews
receiving assistance who did not survive the
Holocaust

Holocaust is not
known.[123]
Perhaps the most famous member of
Żegota
1946.jpg/600px-Zegota(Rada_Pomocy_Zydom)1946.jpg)
Żegota was Irena Sendler, who
managed to successfully smuggle 2,500 Jewish children out of the
Warsaw

Warsaw Ghetto.[124]
Żegota
1946.jpg/600px-Zegota(Rada_Pomocy_Zydom)1946.jpg)
Żegota was granted over 5 million dollars or
nearly 29 million zł by the government-in-exile (see below), for
the relief payments to Jewish families in Poland.[125] Besides
Żegota, there were smaller organizations such as KZ-LNPŻ, ZSP, SOS
and others (along the Polish Red Cross), whose action agendas included
help to the Jews. Some were associated with Żegota.[126]
Jews and the Church[edit]
Mother
Matylda Getter
.jpg)
Matylda Getter rescued between 250 and 550 Jewish children from
the
Warsaw

Warsaw Ghetto. Recognized as the
Righteous Among the Nations

Righteous Among the Nations in
1985
Polish priest Marceli Godlewski, a National Democrat, was recognized
as Righteous among the Nations in 2009.
The
Roman Catholic Church in Poland

Roman Catholic Church in Poland provided many persecuted Jews with
food and shelter during the war,[126] even though monasteries gave no
immunity to Polish priests and monks against the death penalty.[127]
Nearly every Catholic institution in Poland looked after a few Jews,
usually children with forged Christian birth certificates and an
assumed or vague identity.[39] In particular, convents of Catholic
nuns in Poland (see Sister Bertranda), played a major role in the
effort to rescue and shelter Polish Jews, with the Franciscan Sisters
credited with the largest number of Jewish children saved.[128][129]
Two thirds of all nunneries in Poland took part in the rescue, in all
likelihood with the support and encouragement of the church
hierarchy.[130] These efforts were supported by local Polish bishops
and the Vatican itself.[129] The convent leaders never disclosed the
exact number of children saved in their institutions, and for security
reasons the rescued children were never registered. Jewish
institutions have no statistics that could clarify the matter.[127]
Systematic recording of testimonies did not begin until the early
1970s.[127] In the villages of Ożarów, Ignaców, Szymanów, and
Grodzisko near Leżajsk, the Jewish children were cared for by
Catholic convents and by the surrounding communities. In these
villages, Christian parents did not remove their children from schools
where Jewish children were in attendance.[131]
Irena Sendler

Irena Sendler head of children's section
Żegota
1946.jpg/600px-Zegota(Rada_Pomocy_Zydom)1946.jpg)
Żegota (the Council to Aid
Jews) organisation cooperated very closely in saving Jewish children
from the
Warsaw Ghetto

Warsaw Ghetto with social worker and Catholic nun, mother
provincial of
Franciscan Sisters of the Family of Mary

Franciscan Sisters of the Family of Mary - Matylda
Getter. The children were placed with Polish families, the Warsaw
orphanage of the Sisters of the Family of Mary, or Roman Catholic
convents such as the Little Sister Servants of the Blessed Virgin Mary
Conceived Immaculate at Turkowice and Chotomów.[132] Sister Matylda
Getter rescued between 250 and 550 Jewish children in different
education and care facilities for children in Anin, Białołęka,
Chotomów, Międzylesie, Płudy, Sejny,
Vilnius

Vilnius and others.[133]
Getter's convent was located at the entrance to the
Warsaw

Warsaw Ghetto.
When the Nazis commenced the clearing of the
Ghetto
_Panorama.jpg/660px-Ghetto_(Venice)_Panorama.jpg)
Ghetto in 1941, Getter
took in many orphans and dispersed them among Family of Mary homes. As
the Nazis began sending orphans to the gas chambers, Getter issued
fake baptismal certificates, providing the children with false
identities. The sisters lived in daily fear of the Germans. Michael
Phayer credits Getter and the Family of Mary with rescuing more than
750 Jews.[41]
Polish Catholic Church had issued false documents to about 50,000 Jews
confirming their Christian origin. Every hiding Jew had to have such a
certificate to hide in plain sight, which was possible only thanks to
the involvement of the Catholic clergy in saving Jews. Under the 1929
concordat, Catholic parishes in Poland performed the functions of
today's Civil Registry Offices. The false documents they issued
included names confirmed by the parish registers.[134] They were meant
to protect the hidden Jews from being exposed, and to prove their
non-Jewish identities. Presently, around 600 biographies of diocesan
priests, who saved Jews, have been collected as part of the project
"Priest for Jews". Historians also found that Jews were hidden in more
than 70 men's monasteries in Poland. For this activity, the Righteous
Among the Nations awards were bestowed upon several dozen Polish
Catholic clergy.[134][135]
Historians have shown that in numerous villages, Jewish families
survived the
Holocaust

Holocaust by living under assumed identities as
Christians with full knowledge of the local inhabitants who did not
betray their identities. This has been confirmed in the settlements of
Bielsko

Bielsko (Upper Silesia), in Dziurków near Radom, in Olsztyn Village
near Częstochowa, in
Korzeniówka near Grójec, in Łaskarzew,
Sobolew, and Wilga triangle, and in several villages near
Łowicz.[136]
Some officials in the senior Polish priesthood maintained the same
theological attitude of hostility toward the Jews which was known from
before the invasion of Poland.[39][137] After the war ended, some
convents were unwilling to return Jewish children to postwar
institutions that asked for them, and at times refused to disclose the
adoptive parents' identities, forcing government agencies and courts
to intervene.[138]
Jews and the Polish government[edit]
What the Allies knew: the 1942 report by the Polish
government-in-exile addressed to the wartime allies of the United
Nations
Lack of international effort to aid Jews resulted in political uproar
on the part of the
Polish government in exile
.svg/250px-Flag_of_Poland_(1928-1980).svg.png)
Polish government in exile residing in Great
Britain. The government often publicly expressed outrage at German
mass murders of Jews. In 1942, Directorate of Civil Resistance, part
of the Polish Underground State, issued a following declaration based
on reports by Polish underground.[139]
For nearly a year now, in addition to the tragedy of the Polish
people, which is being slaughtered by the enemy, our country has been
the scene of a terrible, planned massacre of the Jews. This mass
murder has no parallel in the annals of mankind; compared to it, the
most infamous atrocities known to history pale into insignificance.
Unable to act against this situation, we, in the name of the entire
Polish people, protest the crime being perpetrated against the Jews;
all political and public organizations join in this protest.[139]
Polish government was the first to inform the Western Allies about the
Holocaust, although early reports were often met with disbelief even
by Jewish leaders themselves; then, for much longer, by Western
powers.[122][123][126][140][141][142]
Holocaust

Holocaust resistor Witold Pilecki
Witold Pilecki

Witold Pilecki was member of Polish
Armia Krajowa

Armia Krajowa resistance, and the
only person who volunteered to be imprisoned in Auschwitz. As agent of
underground intelligence he begun sending numerous reports about camp
and genocide to Polish resistance headquarters in
Warsaw

Warsaw through the
resistance network he organized in Auschwitz. In March 1941, Pilecki's
reports were being forwarded via the Polish resistance to the British
government in
London

London but the British authorities refused AK reports on
atrocities as being gross exaggerations and propaganda of the Polish
government.
Similarly, Jan Karski, who had been serving as a courier between the
Polish underground and the Polish government in exile, was smuggled
into the
Warsaw Ghetto

Warsaw Ghetto and reported to the Polish, British and
American governments on the situation of Jews in Poland.[143] In 1942
Karski reported to the Polish, British and US governments on the
situation in Poland, especially the destruction of the
Warsaw

Warsaw Ghetto
and the
Holocaust

Holocaust of the Jews. He met with Polish politicians in exile
including the prime minister, as well as members of political parties
such as the Polish Socialist Party, National Party, Labor Party,
People's Party, Jewish Bund and Poalei Zion. He also spoke to Anthony
Eden, the British foreign secretary, and included a detailed statement
on what he had seen in
Warsaw

Warsaw and Bełżec. In 1943 in
London

London he met
the then much known journalist Arthur Koestler. He then traveled to
the United States and reported to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In
July 1943,
Jan Karski

Jan Karski again personally reported to Roosevelt about the
plight of Polish Jews, but the president "interrupted and asked the
Polish emissary about the situation of... horses" in Poland.[144][145]
He also met with many other government and civic leaders in the United
States, including Felix Frankfurter, Cordell Hull, William Joseph
Donovan, and Stephen Wise. Karski also presented his report to media,
bishops of various denominations (including Cardinal Samuel Stritch),
members of the
Hollywood

Hollywood film industry and artists, but without
success. Many of those he spoke to did not believe him and again
supposed that his testimony was much exaggerated or was propaganda
from the Polish government in exile.
The supreme political body of the underground government within Poland
was the Delegatura. There were no Jewish representatives in it.[146]
Delegatura financed and sponsored Żegota, the organization for help
to the
Polish Jews

Polish Jews – run jointly by Jews and non-Jews.[147] Since
1942
Żegota
1946.jpg/600px-Zegota(Rada_Pomocy_Zydom)1946.jpg)
Żegota was granted by Delegatura nearly 29 million zlotys
(over $5 million; or, 13.56 times as much,[148] in today's funds)
for the relief payments to thousands of extended Jewish families in
Poland.[149] The government-in-exile also provided special assistance
including funds, arms and other supplies to Jewish resistance
organizations (like
ŻOB

ŻOB and ŻZW), particularly from 1942
onwards.[141] The interim government transmitted messages to the West
from the Jewish underground, and gave support to their requests for
retaliation on German targets if the atrocities are not stopped – a
request that was dismissed by the Allied governments.[141] The Polish
government also tried, without much success, to increase the chances
of Polish refugees finding a safe haven in neutral countries and to
prevent deportations of escaping Jews back to Nazi-occupied
Poland.[141]
Diplomat Henryk Sławik, the Polish Wallenberg, awarded the title of
Righteous posthumously in 1977
Polish Delegate of the Government in Exile residing in Hungary,
diplomat
Henryk Sławik known as the Polish Wallenberg,[150] helped
rescue over 30,000 refugees including 5,000
Polish Jews

Polish Jews in Budapest,
by giving them false Polish passports as Christians.[151] He founded
an orphanage for Jewish children officially named School for Children
of Polish Officers in Vác.[152][153]
With two members on the National Council,
Polish Jews

Polish Jews were
sufficiently represented in the government in exile.[141] Also, in
1943 a Jewish affairs section of the Underground State was set up by
the Government Delegation for Poland; it was headed by Witold
Bieńkowski and Władysław Bartoszewski.[139] Its purpose was to
organize efforts concerning the Polish Jewish population, to
coordinate with Zegota, and to prepare documentation about the fate of
the Jews for the government in London.[139] Regrettably, the great
number of
Polish Jews

Polish Jews had been killed already even before the
Government-in-exile fully realized the totality of the Final
Solution.[141] According to David Engel and Dariusz Stola, the
government-in-exile concerned itself with the fate of Polish people in
general, the re-recreation of the independent Polish state, and with
establishing itself as an equal partner amongst the Allied
forces.[141][142][154] On top of its relative weakness, the government
in exile was subject to the scrutiny of the West, in particular,
American and British Jews reluctant to criticize their own governments
for inaction in regard to saving their fellow Jews.[141][155]
The Polish government and its underground representatives at home
issued declarations that people acting against the Jews (blackmailers
and others) would be punished by death. General Władysław Sikorski,
the Prime Minister and Commander-in-Chief of the Polish Armed Forces,
signed a decree calling upon the Polish population to extend aid to
the persecuted Jews; including the following stern warning.[156]
Any direct and indirect complicity in the German criminal actions is
the most serious offence against Poland. Any Pole who collaborates in
their acts of murder, whether by extortion, informing on Jews, or by
exploiting their terrible plight or participating in acts of robbery,
is committing a major crime against the laws of the Polish Republic.
— Warsaw, May 1943 [156]
According to Michael C. Steinlauf, before the
Warsaw Ghetto

Warsaw Ghetto uprising
in 1943, Sikorski's appeals to Poles to help Jews accompanied his
communiques only on rare occasions.[157] Steinlauf points out that in
one speech made in London, he was promising equal rights for Jews
after the war, but the promise was omitted from the printed version of
the speech for no reason.[157] According to David Engel, the loyalty
of
Polish Jews

Polish Jews to Poland and Polish interests was held in doubt by
some members of the exiled government,[142][154] leading to political
tensions.[158] For example, the Jewish Agency refused to give support
to Polish demand for the return of
Lwów

Lwów and Wilno to Poland.[159]
Overall, as Stola notes, Polish government was just as unprepared to
deal with the
Holocaust

Holocaust as were the other Allied governments, and that
the government's hesitancy in appeals to the general population to aid
the Jews diminished only after reports of the
Holocaust

Holocaust became more
wide spread.[141]
Szmul Zygielbojm, a Jewish member of the National Council of the
Polish government in exile, committed suicide in May 1943, in London,
in protest against the indifference of the Allied governments toward
the destruction of the Jewish people, and the failure of the Polish
government to rouse public opinion commensurate with the scale of the
tragedy befalling Polish Jews.[160]
Clandestine poster warning of death penalty for blackmailing and
turning in Jews,
Żegota
1946.jpg/600px-Zegota(Rada_Pomocy_Zydom)1946.jpg)
Żegota 1943.[161]
Poland, with its unique underground state, was the only country in
occupied Europe to have an extensive, underground justice system.[162]
These clandestine courts operated with attention to due process
(obviously limited by circumstances) and as a result it could take
months to get a death sentence passed, much as in regular judicial
systems.[162] However, Prekerowa notes that the death sentences by
non-military courts only began to be issued in September 1943, which
meant that blackmailers were able to operate for some time already
since the first
Nazi

Nazi anti-Jewish measures of 1940.[163] Overall, it
took the Polish underground until late 1942 to legislate and organize
non-military courts which were authorized to pass death sentences for
civilian crimes, such as non-treasonous collaboration, extortion and
blackmail.[162] According to Joseph Kermish from Israel, among the
thousands of collaborators sentenced to death by the
Special

Special Courts
and executed by the Polish resistance fighters who risked death
carrying out these verdicts,[163] few were explicitly blackmailers or
informers who had persecuted Jews. This, according to Kermish, led to
increasing boldness of some of the blackmailers in their criminal
activities.[79]
Marek Jan Chodakiewicz writes that a number of Polish
Jews were executed for denouncing other Jews. He notes that since Nazi
informers often denounced members of the underground as well as Jews
in hiding, the charge of collaboration was a general one and sentences
passed were for cumulative crimes.[164]
The
Home Army

Home Army units under the command of officers from left-wing
Sanacja, the PPS as well as the centrist Democratic Party welcomed
Jewish fighters to serve with Poles without problems stemming from
their ethnic identity. As noted by Joshua D. Zimmerman, many negative
stereotypes about the
Home Army

Home Army among the Jews came from reading
postwar literature on the subject, and not from personal
experience.[165] In spite of Polish Jewish representation in the
London-based government in exile, some rightist units of the Armia
Krajowa – as noted by
Joanna B. Michlic – exhibited
ethno-nationalism that excluded Jews. Similarly, some members of the
Delegate's Bureau saw Jews and ethnic Poles as separate entities.[166]
Historian
Israel Gutman

Israel Gutman has noted that AK leader Stefan Rowecki
advocated the abandonment of the long-range considerations of the
underground and the launch of an all-out uprising should the Germans
undertake a campaign of extermination against ethnic Poles, but that
no such plan existed while the extermination of Jewish Polish citizens
was under way.[167] On the other hand, not only the pre-war Polish
government armed and trained Jewish paramilitary groups such as Lehi
but also – while in exile – accepted thousands of Polish Jewish
fighters into
Anders Army

Anders Army including leaders such as Menachem Begin.
The policy of support continued throughout the war with the Jewish
Combat Organization and the
Jewish Military Union

Jewish Military Union forming an integral
part of the Polish resistance.[168]
Partial list of communities[edit]
Below is the partial list of Polish communities engaged in collective
rescuing of Jews during the Holocaust, as described in literature
mentioned. Spelling of some of the names of settlements and counties
has been revised in accordance with the currently available geodata.
Occasionally, the below links lead to disambiguation pages listing
villages known by the same name in the same geographical area of
prewar and postwar Poland.[169]
For list of settlements and their locales in alphabetical order,
please use table-sort buttons.
Settlement
Area
Settlement
Area
Settlement
Area
Białka
Parczew
Sterdyń
Sokołów
Bolimów
Skierniewice
Główne [96]
Sierpc
Ozorków

Ozorków [96]
Sierpc
Borkowo [96]
Sierpc
Dąbrowica [96]
Ulanów
Głupianka
Otwock

Otwock [96]
Osiny
Łuków
Wola Przybysławska

Wola Przybysławska [105]
Lublin
Jabłoń

Jabłoń [106]
Parczew
Kańczuga
Przeworsk
Czajków [107]
Staszów
Zdziebórz [103]
Wyszków
Parczew
Ostrów
Rudka [94]
Lublin
Jedlanka [94]
Łuków
Makoszka

Makoszka [94]
Dębowa Kłoda
Tyśmienica [94]
Gmina Parczew
Bójki

Bójki [94]
Ostrów
Niedźwiada
Opole
Mętów

Mętów [102]
Głusk
Gołąbki [100]
Lublin

Lublin [102]
Króle Duże
Ostrów
Dąbrowa Rzeczycka

Dąbrowa Rzeczycka [109]
Stalowa Wola
Kępa Rzeczycka

Kępa Rzeczycka [109]
Stalowa Wola
Wola Rzeczycka

Wola Rzeczycka [109]
Stalowa Wola
Rzeczyca Okrągła
Stalowa Wola
Głuchów [95]
Łańcut
Mulawicze

Mulawicze [104]
Bielsk
Drzewica
Opoczno
Ceranów
Sokołów
Poniatowa
Lublin
Bielsko

Bielsko [136]
Upper Silesia
Dziurków [136]
Radom
Olsztyn Village [136]
Częstochowa
Korzeniówka [136]
Grójec

Grójec [108]
Łaskarzew

Łaskarzew [136]
Garwolin
Sobolew [136]
Garwolin
Wilga [136]
Łowicz

Łowicz [136]
Siedlce
Masovia
Wielki Las
Pisz
Lendowo
Brańsk
Teresin [97]
Chełm
Powiłańce
Lida
Kajetanówka
Lublin
Ożarów
_z_lotu_ptaka.jpg/500px-Ozarow_(Swietokrzyski)_z_lotu_ptaka.jpg)
Ożarów [131]
Kielce

Kielce [90]
Ignaców [131]
Lublin
Szymanów [131]
Masovia
Grodzisko [131]
Leżajsk

Leżajsk [131]
Białka
Parczew
Sterdyń
Sokołów
Okopy
Kisorycze
Rokitno
Wołyń
Tarnopol
Tarnopol

Tarnopol V.
Berecz †
Wołyń
Huta Werchobuska † [91]
Złoczów
Zahorze †
Łachwa
Dubeczno
Lublin
Kozaki
Lublin
Stara Kubra
Radziłów
Bełżec
Tomaszów
Sobibór
Włodawa
Treblinka
Małkinia
Serock
Warsaw
Sikórz
Płock
Urzędów
Lublin
Milanówek
Warsaw
Mielec
Rzeszów
Goszcza
Miechów
Gawłuszowice
Mielec
Chrząstów
Mielec
Majdan Nepryski
Bełżec
Głowaczowa
Dębica
Grodzisk
Warsaw
Wołomin
Warsaw
Zabłudów
Białystok
Nowosady
Brańsk
Baranki
Białystok
Araje
Białystok
Zawyki
Białystok
Niedźwiada
Opole Lubelskie
Runów
Grójec
Gorzyce
Dąbrowa
Przydonica
Nowy Sącz
Ubiad
Nowy Sącz
Klimkówka
Nowy Sącz
Jelna
Gródek
Słowikowa
Nowy Sącz
Librantowa
Chełmiec
Piszczac
Biała Podlaska
Kolonia Dworska
Piszczac
Rożki
Krasnystaw
Zamość
Lublin
Radzymin
Wołomin
Otwock
Warsaw
Miedzeszyn
Warsaw
Praga
Warsaw
Żoliborz
Warsaw
Obórki
Brodnica
Woronówka †
Ludwipol
Kościejów
Bełżec
Kulików
Bełżec
Bar
Gródek
Zawołocze †
Ludwipol
Bereźne
Kostopol
Korzec
Wołyń
Stara Huta [93]
Szumsk
Kosów
Kołomyja
Międzyrzec
Równe
Niżniów
Czortków
Ułaszkowce
Czortków
Hanaczów
Lwów
Ostra Mogiła †
Skałat
Konińsk †
Sarny
Borowskie Budki
Kisorycze
Świnarzyn
Dominopol
Bereźne
Kostopol
Janówka
Tarnopol
Wólka Kotowska
Łuck
Huta Stepańska
Wołyń
Przebraże
Wołyń
Zdołbunów
Bereźne
Huta Brodzka †
Lwów
Adamy

Adamy †
Lwów
Netreba
.jpg)
Netreba †
Wołyń
Karaczun †
Kostopol
Złoczów
Rakowiec
Pańska Dolina
Wołyń
Kurdybań
Wołyń
Bortnica

Bortnica †
Wołyń
Zameczek
Wilno
Żeniówka
Wołyń
Wsielub
Nowogródek
Mieżańce
Raduń
Dźwinogród
Buczacz
Huta Stara

Huta Stara † [89]
Buczacz
Hołosko Wielkie
Lwów
Berecz † [87]
Wołyń
Matejkany
Wilno
Białozoryszki

Białozoryszki †
Wilno
Potok Górny
Tomaszów
Bybło
Rohatyn county
Jazłowiec
Buczacz
Dołha
Tarnopol
Słonim

Słonim [89]
Nowogródek
Hucisko Oleskie
Tarnopol
Anin [133]
Białołęka

Białołęka [133]
Chotomów

Chotomów [133]
Międzylesie
.jpg/500px-Międzylesie,_Poland_-_panoramio_(9).jpg)
Międzylesie [133]
Płudy

Płudy [133]
Sejny

Sejny [133]
Muranów

Muranów [157]
Warsaw

Warsaw [132][157]
Vilnius

Vilnius [133]
Vilnius

Vilnius district [128][129]
Turkowice [133]
Żyrardów

Żyrardów [108]
Kolonia Wileńska [170]
Nieśwież

Nieśwież [171]
Tyniec

Tyniec [171]
Staniątki

Staniątki [172]
Kraków

Kraków [171]
Nowogródek
.JPG/500px-20090613_003_Наваградак_(23).JPG)
Nowogródek [172]
Settlement
Area
Settlement
Area
Settlement
Area
† A cross marks the Polish villages razed in various pacification
operations during World War II, and no longer existing in that form.
For more information see: Pacifications of villages in German-occupied
Poland or the aftermath of the Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and
Eastern Galicia and the
Zamość

Zamość Uprising among others.
See also[edit]
List of individuals and groups assisting Jews during the Holocaust
Rescue of Jews by Catholics during the Holocaust
Irena's Vow, stage play recounting the story of Irena Gut
Kastner's Train of 1,684 Jews freed from Nazi-controlled Hungary
Schindler's List

Schindler's List biographical drama film about Oskar Schindler
Notes[edit]
^ a b Yad Vashem, The
Holocaust

Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance
Authority,
Righteous Among the Nations

Righteous Among the Nations - per Country & Ethnic
Origin January 1, 2011. Statistics
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Lukas, Richard C. (1989). Out of the
Inferno: Poles Remember the Holocaust. University Press of Kentucky.
p. 13. ISBN 0813116929. The estimates of Jewish survivors in
Poland... do not accurately reflect the extent of the Poles' enormous
sacrifices on behalf of the Jews because, at various times during the
occupation, there were more Jews in hiding than in the end
survived.
^ "About the Righteous: Statistics". The Righteous Among The Nations.
Yad Vashem

Yad Vashem The
Holocaust

Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority. 1
January 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
^ Epstein, Catherine (2015).
Nazi

Nazi Germany: Confronting the Myths. John
Wiley & Sons. pp. 172–173. ISBN 1118294793. Although
the refusal to bomb
Auschwitz

Auschwitz seems a case of moral indifference, it
was, in fact, reasoned strategy. – via Google Books. See also:
Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs (December 10, 1942), The Mass
Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland. Note to the
Governments of the United Nations.
^ a b Piotrowski (1998), p. 119, chpt. Assistance.
^ Chaim Chefer (1996). "Righteous of the World: Polish citizens killed
while helping Jews During the Holocaust". Those That Helped. The
HolocaustForgotten.com.
^ ""Zapluty karzeł reakcji, czyli lekcja nienawiści"". Archived from
the original on February 22, 2012. Retrieved 2012-07-18. (The
spittly dwarf of the Reaction, or the lesson in hate). Leksykon PRL,
Telewizja Polska

Telewizja Polska SA (Internet Archive). Retrieved 2013-08-30
^
London

London Nakl. Stowarzyszenia Prawników Polskich w Zjednoczonym
Królestwie [1941], Polska w liczbach. Poland in numbers. Zebrali i
opracowali Jan Jankowski i Antoni Serafinski. Przedmowa zaopatrzyl
Stanislaw Szurlej.
^
Piotr Eberhardt (2011), Political Migrations on Polish Territories
(1939–1950). Polish Academy of Sciences; Stanisław Leszczycki
Institute, Monographies; 12, pp. 25–29; via Internet Archive.
^ From Ringelblum’s Diary: "As the
Ghetto
_Panorama.jpg/660px-Ghetto_(Venice)_Panorama.jpg)
Ghetto is Sealed Off, Jews and
Poles Remain in Contact." June, 1942.
^ United States
Holocaust

Holocaust Memorial Museum, "POLES: VICTIMS OF THE NAZI
ERA" Washington D.C.
^ Janusz Gumkowski & Kazimierz Leszczynski (1961). Hitler's War;
Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe. Poland under
Nazi

Nazi Occupation.
Warsaw: Polonia Publishing House. pp. 7–33, 164–178. Archived
from the original on 2010-12-28 – via Internet Archive. CS1
maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
^ Marta Żyńska (2003). "Prawda poświadczona życiem (biography of
Sister Marta Wołowska)". 30. Tygodnik Katolicki 'Niedziela'.
^ a b c Emanuel Ringelblum, Joseph Kermish, Shmuel Krakowski,
Polish-Jewish relations during the Second World War. Page 226. Quote
from chapter "The Idealists": "Informing and denunciation flourish
throughout the country, thanks largely to the Volksdeutsche. Arrests
and round-ups at every step and constant searches..."
^ Matthew J. Gibney, Randall Hansen, Immigration and Asylum, page 204
^ Wacław Zajączkowski (June 1988). Christian Martyrs of Charity
(PDF). Washington, D.C.: S.M. Kolbe Foundation. pp. 152–178 (1–14
of 25 in current document). ISBN 0945281005. Archived (PDF) from
the original on 2015-02-18. In Grzegorzówka, and in Hadle Szklarskie
(Przeworsk County,
Rzeszów

Rzeszów Voivodeship), military police extracted
from two Jewish women the names of Christian Poles helping them and
other Jews – 11 Polish men were murdered. In Korniaktów forest
(
Łańcut

Łańcut County,
Rzeszów

Rzeszów Voivodeship) a Jewish woman caught in a
bunker revealed the whereabouts of the Catholic family who fed her –
the whole Polish family were murdered. In Jeziorko,
Łowicz

Łowicz County
(
Warsaw

Warsaw Voivodeship), a Jewish man betrayed all Polish rescuers known
to him – 13 Catholics were murdered by the German military police.
In Lipowiec Duży (Biłgoraj County,
Lublin

Lublin Voivodeship), a captured
Jew led the Germans to his saviors – 5 Catholics were murdered
including a 6-year-old child and their farm was burned. There were
other similar cases.
^ a b Paul, Mark (September 2015). "Patterns of Cooperation,
Collaboration and Betrayal: Jews, Germans and Poles in Occupied Poland
during World War II" (PDF). Glaukopis. Foreign language studies.
159/344 in PDF. Retrieved 2016-02-25. Testimony of Anzel Daches, Majer
Gdański, Laja Goldman, Mojżesz Klajman, Chana Kohn, Jakub Libman,
and Izrael Szerman, dated October 13, 1947; Jewish Historical
Institute Archive, record group 301, number 2932.
^ Christopher R. Browning, Jurgen Matthaus, The Origins of the Final
Solution, page 262 Publisher
University of Nebraska

University of Nebraska Press, 2007.
ISBN 0-8032-5979-4
^ United States
Holocaust

Holocaust Memorial Museum (2017),
Holocaust

Holocaust by
Bullets
^ Piotrowski (1998), p. 209, 'Pogroms involving murder.'
^ Ronald Headland (1992), Messages of Murder: A Study of the Reports
of the Einsatzgruppen of the Security Police and the Security Service,
1941–1943. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ. Press, pp. 125–126.
ISBN 0-8386-3418-4.
^ Niwiński, Piotr (2011). Ponary : the Place of "Human
Slaughter". Warsaw: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania
Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu; Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych
Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej, Departament Współpracy z Polonią.
pp. 25–26.
^ Alfred J. Rieber. "Civil Wars in the Soviet Union" (PDF). Project
Muse: 145–147.
^ Symposium Presentations (September 2005). "The
Holocaust

Holocaust and
[German] Colonialism in Ukraine: A Case Study" (PDF). The
Holocaust

Holocaust in
the Soviet Union. The Center for Advanced
Holocaust

Holocaust Studies of the
United States
Holocaust

Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 15, 18–19, 20 in
current document of 1/154. Archived from the original (PDF) on
2012-08-16 – via direct download 1.63 MB.
^ I.K. Patrylyak (2004). "The Military Activities of the OUN (B),
1940–1942" [Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у
1940–1942 роках] (PDF). Kiev: Shevchenko University; Institute
of History of Ukraine. 522–524 (4–6/45 in PDF).
^ Іван Качановський (March 30, 2013). "Contemporary
politics of OUN (b) memory in Volhynia, and the
Nazi

Nazi massacres"
[Сучасна політика пам'яті на Волині
щодо ОУН(б) та нацистських масових
вбивств]. Україна модерна.
^ Bubnys, Arūnas (2004). "The
Holocaust

Holocaust in Lithuania: An Outline of
the Major Stages and Results". The Vanished World of Lithuanian Jews.
Rodopi. pp. 209–210. ISBN 90-420-0850-4.
^ Paweł Machcewicz, "Płomienie nienawiści",
Polityka

Polityka 43 (2373),
October 26, 2002, p. 71-73. The Findings. Archived 2009-03-10 at the
Wayback Machine.
^ Michael C. Steinlauf. Bondage to the Dead. Syracuse University
Press, p. 30.
^ Out of the inferno: Poles remember ... -
Richard C. Lukas

Richard C. Lukas - Google
Books. Retrieved 2011-10-07 – via Google Books.
^ Waclaw Szybalski, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University
of Wisconsin, Madison WI (2003). "The genius of Rudolf Stefan Weigl
(1883-1957), a Lvovian microbe hunter and breeder. In Memoriam".
International Weigl Conference (Microorganisms in Pathogenesis and
their Drug Resistance - Programme and Abstracts; R. Stoika et al.,
Eds.) Sept 11 - 14, 2003, pp. 10 - 31. Archived from the original on
2006-03-15. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Art Golab, Chicago's 'Schindler' who saved 8,000 Jews at the Wayback
Machine (archived October 30, 2007) Chicago Sun-Times, Dec 20, 2006.
^ Andrzej Pityñski,
Stalowa Wola

Stalowa Wola Museum, Short biography of Eugeniusz
Łazowski. Archived 2007-11-11 at the Wayback Machine. (Polish)
^ "Museum of National Remembrance at "Under the Eagle Pharmacy"".
Krakow-info.com. Retrieved 2013-04-30.
^ Halina Szymanska Ogrodzinska, "Her Story". Recollections
^ Dr. Maria Ciesielska & Klara Jackl (ed.) (August 2014). "Dr.
Tadeusz Kosibowicz. Sprawiedliwy wśród Narodów Świata - tytuł
przyznany: 20 marca 2006". Historia pomocy. POLIN Museum of the
History of Polish Jews. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
^ Krakowski, Shmuel. "Difficulties in Rescue Attempts in Occupied
Poland" (PDF).
Yad Vashem

Yad Vashem Archives.
^ a b "
Righteous Among the Nations

Righteous Among the Nations by country". Jewish Virtual
Library.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Gunnar S. Paulsson, “The Rescue of
Jews by Non-Jews in Nazi-Occupied Poland,” published in The Journal
of
Holocaust

Holocaust Education, volume 7, nos. 1 & 2 (summer/autumn 1998):
pp.19–44.
^ Hans G. Furth, One million Polish rescuers of hunted Jews?. Journal
of Genocide Research, Jun99, Vol. 1 Issue 2, p227, 6p; (AN 6025705)
^ a b
Michael Phayer (2000), The Catholic Church and the Holocaust,
1930-1965. Indiana University Press. Pages 113, 117, 250.
^ Marcin Urynowicz, "Organized and individual Polish aid for the
Jewish population exterminated by the German invader during the Second
World War" as cited by Institute of National Remembrance. The Life for
a Life Project: Remembrance of Poles who gave their lives to save Jews
^ Prekerowa, Teresa (1989) [1987]. Polonsky, Antony, ed. The Just and
the Passive. My Brother's Keeper? : Recent Polish Debates on the
Holocaust. Routledge. pp. 72–74.
^ Joshua D. Zimmerman. Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the
Holocaust

Holocaust and Its Aftermath Rutgers University Press, 2003.
^ Turowicz, Jerzy (1989). Polonsky, Antony, ed. Polish reasons and
Jewish reasons. My Brother's Keeper : Recent Polish Debates on
the Holocaust. Routledge. p. 143. ISBN 1134952104. Note 2:
Teresa Prekerowa

Teresa Prekerowa estimated that approximately 1–2.5 per cent of
Poles (between 160,000 and 360,000) were actively engaged in helping
Jews to survive.
^ Urząd Miasta Nowego Sącza (2016). "Sądeczanie w telewizji:
Sprawiedliwy Artur Król". Nowy Sącz: Oficjalna strona miasta.
Komunikaty Biura Prasowego.
^ a b c Piotrowski (1998), p. 22, chpt.
Nazi

Nazi Terror.
^ Knade, Tadeusz (12 October 2002). "Człowiek musiał być silny"
[The man had to be strong]. Rzeczpospolita. Retrieved
2015-06-19.
^ John T. Pawlikowski. "Polish Catholics and the Jews during the
Holocaust" in: Joshua D. Zimmerman, Contested Memories: Poles and Jews
During the
Holocaust

Holocaust and Its Aftermath, Rutgers University Press,
2003. Page 110
^ Martin Gilbert. The Righteous: The Unsung Heroes of the Holocaust
Macmillan, 2003. pp 102-103.
^ Ringelblum, "Polish-Jewish Relations", pg. 226.
^ Martin Gilbert. The Righteous: The Unsung Heroes of the Holocaust.
Macmillan, 2003. p146.
^ Lukas, Richard C. (1994). Did the Children Cry? Hitler's War Against
Jewish and Polish Children, 1939-1945. Hippocrene Books.
pp. 180–189. ISBN 0-7818-0242-3.
^ Carla Tonini, The Polish underground press and the issue of
collaboration with the
Nazi

Nazi occupiers, 1939–1944, European Review of
History: Revue Europeenne d'Histoire, Volume 15, Issue 2 April 2008,
pages 193 - 205
^ John Connelly, Why the Poles Collaborated so Little: And Why That Is
No Reason for Nationalist Hubris. Slavic Review, Vol. 64, No. 4
(Winter, 2005), pp. 771–781. In response to article by: Klaus-Peter
Friedrich, Collaboration in a "Land without a Quisling": Patterns of
Cooperation with the
Nazi

Nazi German Occupation Regime in Poland during
World War II. Slavic Review, ibidem.
^ John Connelly, Why the Poles Collaborated so Little: And Why That Is
No Reason for Nationalist Hubris, Slavic Review, Vol. 64, No. 4
(Winter, 2005), pp. 771-781, JSTOR
^ a b David S. Wyman, Charles H. Rosenzveig, The world reacts to the
Holocaust. Published by JHU Press; pages 81-101, 106.
^ Wiktoria Śliwowska, Jakub Gutenbaum, The Last Eyewitnesses, page
187-188 Northwestern Univ Press
^ "
Nazi

Nazi German Camps on Polish Soil During World War II". Msz.gov.pl.
2006-06-14. Retrieved 2011-10-07.
^ "
Yad Vashem

Yad Vashem
Holocaust

Holocaust documents part 2, #157". .yadvashem.org.
2010-02-16. Retrieved 2013-04-30.
^ Piotrowski (1998), p. 66, chpt. German Occupation.
^ a b c Unveiling the Secret City H-Net Review: John Radzilowski
^ Robert Szuchta. Review of Jan Grabowski, "Ja tego Żyda znam!
Szantażowanie Żydów w Warszawie, 1939-1943". Zydzi w Polsce
^ Robert Szuchta (2008-09-22), "Śmierć dla szmalcowników."
Rzeczpospolita.
^ Paul, Mark (2015). Patterns of Cooperation, Collaboration and
Betrayal: Jews, Germans and Poles in Occupied Poland during World War
II (PDF). Glaukopis. page 15 of 344 in current document.
ISSN 1730-3419.
^ (in English) "Demographic Yearbooks of Poland 1939–1979,
1980-1994". www.stat.gov.pl. Central Statistical Office of Poland.
Archived from the original on 2008-09-17. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
^ a b Michael C. Steinlauf. Bondage to the Dead. Syracuse University
Press, pp. 41-42.
^ Cesarani & Kavanaugh (2004), pp. 41ff, attitudes.
^ Israel Gutman. The Jews of Warsaw, 1939-1943. Indiana University
Press, 1982. Pages 27ff.
^ Antony Polonsky. "Beyond Condemnation, Apologetics and Apologies: On
the Complexity of Polish Behavior Towards the Jews During the Second
World War." In: Jonathan Frankel, ed. Studies in Contemporary Jewry
13. (1997): 190-224.
^ Jan T. Gross. A Tangled Web: Confronting Stereotypes Concerning
Relations between Poles, Germans, Jews, and Communists. In: István
Deák, Jan Tomasz Gross, Tony Judt. The Politics of Retribution in
Europe: World War II and Its Aftermath. Princeton University Press,
2000. P. 84ff
^ a b Joshua D. Zimmerman. Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During
the
Holocaust

Holocaust and Its Aftermath. Rutgers University Press, 2003.
^ Joshua D. Zimmerman. Review of Aliana Cala, The Image of the Jew in
Polish Folk Culture. In: Jonathan Frankel, ed. Jews and Gender: The
Challenge to Hierarchy.
Oxford University

Oxford University Press US, 2000.
^ "
Holocaust

Holocaust survivor Dr.
Nechama Tec to address SRU community at
remembrance". Sru.edu. Archived from the original on 2010-05-27.
Retrieved 2013-04-30.
^ Nechama Tec. When Light Pierced the Darkness: Christian Rescue of
Jews in Nazi-Occupied Poland.
Oxford University

Oxford University Press US, 1987.
^ Nechama Tec. When Light Pierced the Darkness: Christian Rescue of
Jews in Nazi-Occupied Poland.
Oxford University

Oxford University Press US, 1987.
^ a b c d e John T. Pawlikowski, Polish Catholics and the Jews during
the Holocaust, in, Google Print, p. 113 in Joshua D. Zimmerman,
Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the
Holocaust

Holocaust and Its
Aftermath, Rutgers University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-8135-3158-6
^ Mordecai Paldiel. The Path of the Righteous: Gentile Rescuers of
Jews During the Holocaust. KTAV Publishing House, Inc., 1993.
^ a b Kermish (1977), pp. 14–17, 30, 32: Kermish falsely
asserts that the relief payments amounted to 50,000 zł per month
(page 4), which is contradicted by the
Żegota
1946.jpg/600px-Zegota(Rada_Pomocy_Zydom)1946.jpg)
Żegota reports digitized by
the
Ghetto
_Panorama.jpg/660px-Ghetto_(Venice)_Panorama.jpg)
Ghetto Fighters House Archives in
Jerusalem

Jerusalem (Catalog No. 6159)
which prove that the
Żegota
1946.jpg/600px-Zegota(Rada_Pomocy_Zydom)1946.jpg)
Żegota branch in
Kraków

Kraków alone (just one branch)
received one million
Polish złoty

Polish złoty in July 1943. The annual report
from December 1944 (paragraph 3) states: "at the end of July an
authorization was received from the
Warsaw

Warsaw branch confirming the
transfer of one million zł to the Krakow branch for distribution to
welfare support cases and to the Plaszow, Mielec, Wieliczka, and
Stalowa Wola

Stalowa Wola camps - in all, for some 22,000 Jews." According to
Polonsky (2004),
Żegota
1946.jpg/600px-Zegota(Rada_Pomocy_Zydom)1946.jpg)
Żegota was granted 29 million zł by the
government-in-exile for the relief payments to Jewish families.
^ a b Robert D. Cherry, Annamaria Orla-Bukowska, Rethinking Poles and
Jews, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007, ISBN 0-7425-4666-7, Google
Print, p.25
^ Mordecai Paldiel, The Path of the Righteous: Gentile Rescuers of
Jews, page 184. Published by KTAV Publishing House Inc.
^
Richard C. Lukas

Richard C. Lukas (1989), Out of the Inferno, p. 13; [also in:]
Richard C. Lukas

Richard C. Lukas (1986), The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under
German Occupation, 1939-1944. University Press of Kentucky.
ISBN 0-8131-1566-3.
^ The Righteous and their world.
Markowa

Markowa through the lens of Józef
Ulma, by Mateusz Szpytma, Institute of National Remembrance
^ Marek Jan Chodakiewicz, The Last Rising in the Eastern Borderlands:
The Ejszyszki Epilogue in its Historical Context
^ Robert D. Cherry, Annamaria Orla-Bukowska, Rethinking Poles and
Jews: Troubled Past, Brighter Future, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007,
ISBN 0-7425-4666-7, Google Print, p.5
^ Zajączkowski (1988), Martyrs of Charity. Part One, pp. 123–124,
228; [quoted in:] Paul (2010), p. 261, Wartime Rescue, ibidem.
^ a b
Władysław Siemaszko and Ewa Siemaszko, Ludobójstwo dokonane
przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na ludności polskiej Wołynia,
1939–1945, Warsaw: Von Borowiecky, 2000, vol. 1, p. 363. (in Polish)
^ Leszek M. Włodek, historian (2002). "Zagłada Żydów przemyskich
(The destruction of
Przemyśl

Przemyśl Jews)" (PDF). Bulletin No 28 – January
2002 (in Polish). Przemyśl: Katolickie Stowarzyszenie „Civitas
Christiana”. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF 4,096 bytes)
on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2012-01-14.
^ a b c Moroz and Datko, Męczennicy za wiarę 1939–1945, pp.
385–386 and 390–391. Stanisław Łukomski, "Wspomnienia" [in:]
Rozporządzenia urzędowe Łomżyńskiej Kurii Diecezjalnej, no. 5–7
(May–July) 1974: p. 62; Witold Jemielity, “Martyrologium księży
diecezji łomżyńskiej 1939–1945” [in:] Rozporządzenia urzędowe
Łomżyńskiej Kurii Diecezjalnej, no. 8–9 (August–September)
1974: p. 55; Jan Żaryn, “Przez pomyłkę: Ziemia łomżyńska w
latach 1939–1945.” Interview with Rev. Kazimierz Łupiński from
the Szumowo Parish, Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej, no. 8–9
(September–October 2002): pp. 112–117. [Source:] Paul (2010),
pp. 208–209, 210, Wartime Rescue. Listings by Zajączkowski
(1988).
^ a b c Jan Żaryn, The Institute of National Remembrance, The „Life
for a life” project - Poles who gave their lives to save Jews
^ a b Kopel Kolpanitzky, Sentenced To Life: The Story of a Survivor of
the Lahwah Ghetto,
London

London and Portland, Oregon: Vallentine Mitchell,
2007, pp.89–96.
^ Zajączkowski (1988), Martyrs of Charity. Part One, pp. 154–155;
Tsvi Weigler, “Two Polish Villages Razed for Extending
Help to Jews
and Partisans,” Yad Washem Bulletin, no. 1 (April 1957): pp.
19–20; Ainsztein, Jewish Resistance in Nazi-Occupied Eastern Europe,
pp. 450–453; Na Rubieży (Wrocław), no. 10 (1994): pp. 10–11
(Huta Werchodudzka); Na Rubieży, no. 12 (1995): pp. 7–20 (Huta
Pieniacka); Na Rubieży, no. 54 (2001): pp. 18–29.
^ a b Ruth Sztejnman Halperin, “The Last Days of Shumsk,” in H.
Rabin, ed., Szumsk: Memorial Book of the Martyrs of
Szumsk

Szumsk English
translation from Shumsk: Sefer zikaron le-kedoshei Shumsk (Tel Aviv:
Former Residents of
Szumsk

Szumsk in Israel, 1968), pp.29ff.
^ a b c d e f g Władysław Bartoszewski, Zofia Lewinówna (1969), Ten
jest z ojczyzny mojej, Kraków: Wydawnictwo Znak, pp.533–34.
^ a b Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Wystawa „Sprawiedliwi wśród
Narodów Świata”– 15 czerwca 2004 r., Rzeszów. „Polacy
pomagali Żydom podczas wojny, choć groziła za to kara śmierci –
o tym wie większość z nas.” (Exhibition "Righteous among the
Nations." Rzeszów, June 15, 2004. Subtitled: "The Poles were helping
Jews during the war - most of us already know that.") Last
actualization November 8, 2008. (in Polish)
^ a b c d e f Jolanta Chodorska, ed., "Godni synowie naszej Ojczyzny:
Świadectwa," Warsaw, Wydawnictwo Sióstr Loretanek, 2002, Part Two,
pp.161–62. ISBN 83-7257-103-1 (in Polish)
^ a b Kalmen Wawryk, To Sobibor and Back: An Eyewitness Account
(Montreal: The Concordia University Chair in Canadian Jewish Studies,
and The
Montreal

Montreal Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies,
1999), pp.66–68, 71.
^ Ryszard Walczak (1997). Those Who Helped: Polish Rescuers of Jews
During the Holocaust. Warsaw: GKBZpNP–IPN. p. 51.
ISBN 9788376290430. Retrieved 2014-04-17.
^
Szymon Datner (1968). Las sprawiedliwych. Karta z dziejów
ratownictwa Żydów w okupowanej Polsce. Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza.
p. 99.
^ a b Peggy Curran, "Decent people: Polish couple honored for saving
Jews from Nazis,"
Montreal

Montreal Gazette, December 10, 1994; Janice Arnold,
"Polish widow made Righteous Gentile," The Canadian Jewish News
(
Montreal

Montreal edition), January 26, 1995;
Irene Tomaszewski and Tecia
Werbowski, Żegota: The Council for Aid to Jews in Occupied Poland,
1942–1945, Montreal: Price-Patterson, 1999, pp.131–32.
^ Magazyn Internetowy Forum (2007-09-26), "Odznaczenia dla
Sprawiedliwych." Znak.org.pl (in Polish)
^ a b c Dariusz Libionka, "Polska ludność chrześcijańska wobec
eksterminacji Żydów—dystrykt lubelski," in Dariusz Libionka, Akcja
Reinhardt: Zagłada Żydów w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie (Warsaw:
Instytut Pamięci Narodowej–Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko
Narodowi Polskiemu, 2004), p.325. (in Polish)
^ a b Krystian Brodacki, "Musimy ich uszanować!" Tygodnik
Solidarność, December 17, 2004. (in Polish)
^ a b Alina Cała, The Image of the Jew in Polish Folk Culture,
Jerusalem, Magnes Press, Hebrew University of
Jerusalem

Jerusalem 1995,
pp.209–10.
^ a b Shiye Goldberg (Szie Czechever), The Undefeated Tel Aviv, H.
Leivick Publishing House, 1985, pp.166–67.
^ a b “Marian Małowist on History and Historians,” in Polin:
Studies in Polish Jewry, vol. 13, 2000, p.338.
^ a b Gabriel Singer, "As Beasts in the Woods," in Elhanan Ehrlich,
ed., Sefer Staszow, Tel Aviv: Organization of Staszowites in Israel
with the Assistance of the Staszowite Organizations in the Diaspora,
1962, p. xviii (English section).
^ a b c
Władysław Bartoszewski

Władysław Bartoszewski and Zofia Lewin, eds., Righteous
Among Nations: How Poles Helped the Jews, 1939–1945, ibidem, p.361.;
Gedaliah Shaiak, ed., Lowicz, A Town in Mazovia: Memorial Book, Tel
Aviv: Lowitcher Landsmanshaften in Melbourne and Sydney, Australia,
1966, pp.xvi–xvii.; Wiktoria Śliwowska, ed., The Last Eyewitnesses:
Children of the
Holocaust

Holocaust Speak, Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern
University Press, 1998, pp.120–23.; Małgorzata Niezabitowska,
Remnants: The Last Jews of Poland, New York: Friendly Press, 1986,
pp.118–124.
^ a b c d Ellen Land-Weber, To Save a Life: Stories of Holocaust
Rescue (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2000),
pp.204–206, 246.
^ Nechama Tec, Resilience and Courage: Women, Men, and the Holocaust.
Ibid., pp.224–27, p.29.
^ Natan Gross, Who Are You, Mr Grymek?,
London

London and Portland, Oregon:
Vallentine Mitchell, 2001, pp.248–49. ISBN 0-85303-411-7
^ IPN (30 June 2003), Communique regarding a decision to stop the
investigation of the murder of Polish citizens of Jewish nationality
in
Jedwabne

Jedwabne on 10 July 1941 (Komunikat dot. postanowienia o umorzeniu
śledztwa w sprawie zabójstwa obywateli polskich narodowości
żydowskiej w Jedwabnem w dniu 10 lipca 1941 r.) Warsaw. Internet
Archive.
^ Bogdan Musial (Apr 11, 2009). "The Pogrom in Jedwabne: Critical
Remarks about Jan T. Gross' Neighbors". The Neighbors Respond: The
Controversy over the
Jedwabne

Jedwabne Massacre in Poland. Antony Polonsky,
Joanna B. Michlic. Princeton University Press. pp. 323–324.
Retrieved 2013-08-01.
^ Dorota Glowacka, Joanna Zylinska, Imaginary Neighbors. University of
Nebraska Press, 2007, p.7. ISBN 0803205996.
^ "Insight Into Tragedy". Archived from the original on March 5, 2012.
Retrieved 2013-11-06. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown
(link) . The
Warsaw

Warsaw Voice, 17 July 2003 (Internet Archive). Retrieved
August 1, 2013.
^ Joanna Michlic, The Polish Debate about the
Jedwabne

Jedwabne Massacre
Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine. Hebrew University of
Jerusalem’s Current Trend in Antisemitism Series.
^ Sławomir Kapralski. The
Jedwabne

Jedwabne Village Green? The Memory and
Counter-Memory of the Crime. History & Memory. Vol 18, No 1,
Spring/Summer 2006, pp. 179-194. "...a genuine memory of a traumatic
event is possible only in a de-centered memory space, in which no
standpoints are privileged a priori."
^ Ruth Franklin. Epilogue. The New Republic, October 2nd, 2006.
^ "Ghettos and Camps". "No Child's Play" Exhibition. YadVashem.org.
2017. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
^ a b c
Emmanuel Ringelblum

Emmanuel Ringelblum (
Warsaw

Warsaw 1943, excerpts), "Polish-Jewish
Relations during the Second World War." Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, 1974,
pp. 58-88. Shoah Resource Center.
^ Piotrowski (1998), p. 112, chpt. Assistance.
^ a b Andrzej Sławiński, Those who helped
Polish Jews

Polish Jews during WWII.
Translated from Polish by Antoni Bohdanowicz. Article on the pages of
the
London

London Branch of the Polish
Home Army

Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association.
Last accessed on March 14, 2008.
^ a b c Piotrowski (1998), p. 118, chpt. Assistance.
^ "Irena Sendler". Auschwitz.dk. Retrieved 2013-04-30.
^ Cesarani & Kavanaugh (2004), p. 64. Also in: Jonathan
Frankel (ed), Studies in Contemporary Jewry. Volume XIII, p. 217.
^ a b c Piotrowski (1998), p. 117, chpt. Assistance.
^ a b c Delegatura. The
Polish government-in-exile
.svg/250px-Flag_of_Poland_(1928-1980).svg.png)
Polish government-in-exile underground
representation in Poland. Shoah Resource Center, The International
School for
Holocaust

Holocaust Studies. PDF direct download, 45.2 KB. Retrieved
2012-10-02.
^ a b Ewa Kurek (1997), Your Life is Worth Mine: How Polish Nuns Saved
Hundreds of Jewish Children in German-occupied Poland, 1939-1945.
Hippocrene Books, ISBN 0781804094.
^ a b c John T. Pawlikowski, Polish Catholics and the Jews during the
Holocaust, in, Google Print, p. 113 in Joshua D. Zimmerman, Contested
Memories: Poles and Jews During the
Holocaust

Holocaust and Its Aftermath,
Rutgers University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-8135-3158-6
^ Cesarani & Kavanaugh (2004), p. 68, nunneries.
^ a b c d e f Zofia Szymańska, Byłam tylko lekarzem..., Warsaw: Pax,
1979, pp.149–76.; Bertha Ferderber-Salz, And the Sun Kept
Shining..., New York City:
Holocaust

Holocaust Library, 1980, 233 pages; p.199.
^ a b LSIC. "Our Background". Little Servant Sisters of the Immaculate
Conception. pp. 33–34. Życie za życie.
^ a b c d e f g h i
Mordecai Paldiel "Churches and the Holocaust:
unholy teaching, good samaritans, and reconciliation" p.209-210, KTAV
Publishing House, Inc., 2006, ISBN 0-88125-908-X,
ISBN 978-0-88125-908-7
^ a b Karski 2001, pp. 162–165.
^ Paul, Mark (2009). Wartime Rescue of Jews by the Polish Catholic
Clergy. The Testimony of Survivors (PDF). Toronto: Polish Educational
Foundation in North America. pp. 201–202. 18 Polish Priests and
32 Polish Nuns Recognized by
Yad Vashem

Yad Vashem (2009)
^ a b c d e f g h i Al Sokol, "
Holocaust

Holocaust theme underscores work of
artist," Toronto Star, November 7, 1996.
^
Władysław Bartoszewski

Władysław Bartoszewski and Zofia Lewinówna, eds., Ten jest z
ojczyzny mojej, Second revised and expanded edition, Kraków: Znak,
1969, pp.741–42.
^ Tadeusz Kozłowski, "Spotkanie z żydowskim kolegą po 50 latach,"
Gazeta (Toronto), May 12–14, 1995.
^ Frank Morgens, Years at the Edge of Existence: War Memoirs,
1939–1945, Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1996,
pp.97, 99.
^
Władysław Bartoszewski

Władysław Bartoszewski and Zofia Lewin, eds., Righteous Among
Nations: How Poles Helped the Jews, 1939–1945, London: Earlscourt
Publications, 1969, p.361.
^ John T. Pawlikowski. Polish Catholics and the Jews during the
Holocaust. In: Joshua D. Zimmerman, Contested Memories: Poles and Jews
During the
Holocaust

Holocaust and Its Aftermath, Rutgers University Press, 2003
^ Bogner, Nahum (2012). "The Convent Children. The Rescue of Jewish
Children in Polish Convents During the Holocaust" (PDF). Shoah
Resource Center: 41–44 – via direct download, 45.2 KB. See
also: Phayer, Michael (2000). The Catholic Church and the Holocaust,
1930–1965. Indiana University Press. pp. 113, 117–120, 250.
ISBN 0253214718. In January 1941
Jan Dobraczynski

Jan Dobraczynski placed
roughly 2,500 children in cooperating convents of Warsaw. Matylda
Getter took many of them into her convent. During the
Ghetto
_Panorama.jpg/660px-Ghetto_(Venice)_Panorama.jpg)
Ghetto uprising
the number of Jewish orphans in their care surged
upward.[p.120].
^ a b c d Yad Vashem, staff writer (archived June 5, 2011),
"Delegatura." The summary journal entry. Shoah Resource Center, The
International School for
Holocaust

Holocaust Studies.
^ Norman Davies, Europe: A History,
Oxford University

Oxford University Press, 1996,
ISBN 0-19-820171-0., Google Print, p. 1023
^ a b c d e f g h i
Dariusz Stola

Dariusz Stola (2003), The Polish government in
exile and the Final Solution: What conditioned its actions and
inactions? (404 Error) In: Joshua D. Zimmerman, ed. Contested
Memories: Poles and Jews During the
Holocaust

Holocaust and Its Aftermath.
Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0813531586
^ a b c Engel, David (1993). Facing a Holocaust: The Polish
Government-in-exile and the Jews, 1943–1945. University of North
Carolina Press. p. 138. The creation of the Rescue Council made
the Polish government the second Allied regime – following the
United States [3 months prior] – to establish an official body
dedicated to assisting the remaining Jews ... the Polish government
was the first to state unambiguously that the object of its rescue
agency's efforts were to be Jews. Clarification to Engel's
commentary is provided by Minutes of the agency's inaugural meeting
confirming its mission as mere coordination of rescue efforts taking
place in Poland for a long time already. — Lerski, Jerzy (12 June
1944). "Protokół wystąpienia na posiedzeniu RdSRLZwP" (PDF). Życie
za Życie. Page 1. Notes.
^
Yad Vashem

Yad Vashem (2013). "Jan Karski, Poland". The Righteous Among the
Nations. The
Holocaust

Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority –
via Internet Archive.
^ Scheib, Ronnie (2011-03-07). "The Karski Report". Variety. News,
Film Reviews, Media. Retrieved 2011-10-07.
^ Waldemar Piasecki, Interview with Elim Zborowski, President of
International Society for Yad Vashem: "Egzamin z pamięci" (Memory
Exam). (in Polish) Forum Polacy - Żydzi - Chrześcijanie. Quote in
Polish: "Kiedy w lipcu 1943 roku raportował mu w Białym Domu
tragedię żydowską, prezydent przerwał i zapytał polskiego
emisariusza o sytuację... koni w Generalnej Guberni."
^ Michael C. Steinlauf. Poland. In: David S. Wyman, Charles H.
Rosenzveig. The World Reacts to the Holocaust. Johns Hopkins
University Press, 1996. pp 98; 105.
^ Robert Alexander Clarke Parker, The Second World War Published by
Oxford University

Oxford University Press. Page 276
^ Inflation Calculator: The Value of a Dollar based on the Consumer
Price Index
^ Cesarani & Kavanaugh (2004), p. 64.
^ Grzegorz Łubczyk, "Henryk Slawik – the Polish Wallenberg".
Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved
2004-09-23. Trybuna 120 (3717), May 24, 2002.
^ "Unsung Hero".
Warsaw

Warsaw Voice. 2004-01-28. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
^ "Premiera filmu "
Henryk Sławik – Polski Wallenberg."". Archived
from the original on September 2, 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-02.
Archiwum działalności Prezydenta RP w latach 1997–2005. BIP.
^ Maria Zawadzka, "Righteous Among the Nations:
Henryk Sławik and
József Antall." Museum of the History of Polish Jews. Warsaw, 7
October 2010. See also: "The Sławik family" (ibidem). Accessed
2011-09-03.
^ a b David Engel. In the Shadow of Auschwitz: The Polish
Government-In-Exile and the Jews, 1939–1942. University of North
Carolina Press. 1987.
^ Michael C. Steinlauf. Poland. In: David S. Wyman, Charles H.
Rosenzveig. The World Reacts to the Holocaust. Johns Hopkins
University Press, 1996. pp 98; 104-105.
^ a b Appeal signed by The Organizations of Polish Independence
(Warsaw, May 1943). Excerpt. Polacy! [§ 5] ... wszelka bezpośrednia
czy pośrednia pomoc okazywana Niemcom w ich zbrodniczej akcji jest
najcięższym przestępstwem w stosunku do Polski. Każdy Polak,
który współdziała z ich mordercza akcją, czy to szantażując lub
denuncjując Żydów czy to wyzyskując ich okropne położenie lub
uczestnicząc w grabieży, popełnia ciężką zbrodnię wobec praw
Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej i będzie niezwłocznie ukarany. — W-wa w
maju 1943 r. Polskie Organiz. Niepodległościowe
^ a b c d Michael C. Steinlauf. Bondage to the Dead. Syracuse
University Press, p. 38.
^ David Engel (1993), Facing a Holocaust: The Polish
Government-in-exile and the Jews, 1943-1945. University of North
Carolina Press, pp. 138ff. ISBN 0807820695.
^ Engel (1993), p. 35, territorial claims, ibidem.
^ Robert Moses Shapiro. Why Didn't the Press Shout?: American &
International Journalism During the Holocaust. KTAV Publishing House,
Inc./
Yeshiva University

Yeshiva University Press, 2003.
^ Chojnacki, Piotr; Mazek, Dorota (2008). Poles rescuing Jews during
World War II [Polacy ratujacy Żydów w latach II wojny światowej]
(PDF). Wybór materiałów (in Polish). Nr 23. Warsaw: Institute of
National Remembrance. page 81 in current document.
OCLC 495731157.
^ a b c Salmonowicz, Stanisław (1994). Polish Underground
State : 1939–1945 [Polskie Państwo Podziemne: z dziejów walki
cywilnej, 1939-45]. Warsaw: Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne.
pp. 281–284. ISBN 83-02-05500-X.
^ a b
Teresa Prekerowa

Teresa Prekerowa (March 29, 1987). The Just and the Passive. In
Antony Polonsky, ed. 'My Brother's Keeper?': Recent Polish Debates on
the Holocaust. Routledge, 1989. Pp. 75-76
^ Marek Jan Chodkiewisz, Nazis and Soviets: Occupation Politics in
Poland, 1939-1947., Lexington Books, 2004. pp. 154; 178.
^ Joshua D. Zimmerman, "The Polish Underground
Home Army

Home Army (AK) and the
Jews: What Survivor Memoirs and Testimonies Reveal" Yeshiva University
^ Joanna B. Michlic. Poland's Threatening Other: The Image of the Jew
from 1880 to the Present.
University of Nebraska

University of Nebraska Press, 2006. Pages
153-156.
^ Israel Gutman. The Jews of Warsaw, 1939-1943: Ghetto, Underground,
Revolt. Indiana University Press, 1982.
^ Jakub Mielnik: "Jak polacy stworzyli Izrael" (How the Poles created
Israel) Archived 2009-04-07 at the Wayback Machine., Focus.pl
Historia, May 5th 2008 (see Part six: II Korpus palestynski) (in
Polish)
^ A considerable portion of the quoted list of Polish settlements
engaged in collective rescuing of Jews originates from: Paul, Mark
(2010) [2005]. Wartime Rescue of Jews by the Polish Catholic Clergy.
The Testimony of Survivors (PDF). Polish Educational Foundation in
North America, Toronto. With extensive bibliography – via Internet
Archive. May 4, 2015. The second source by the same author is A
Tangled Web: Polish-Jewish Relations in Wartime Northeastern Poland
and the Aftermath (PDF). (Part One). Pefina Press, Toronto 2008.
The complete list of works by Mark Paul used as reference is available
at Glaukopis.pl Online Library.
^ Paul 2010, p. 77.
^ a b c Paul 2010, p. 78.
^ a b Paul 2010, p. 79.
References[edit]
Paul, Mark (2010) [2005]. "The
Holocaust

Holocaust Gets Under Way with Full
Fury" (PDF). Wartime Rescue of Jews by the Polish Catholic Clergy. The
Testimony of Survivors (PDF). Polish Educational Foundation in North
America, Toronto. PDF direct download, 2.86 MB, from the Internet
Archive – via Internet Archive, 2007-07-01. Selected sources:
Michał Grynberg, Księga sprawiedliwych (Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe
PWN, 1993); Ewa Kurek, Your Life Is Worth Mine: How Polish Nuns Saved
Hundreds of Jewish Children in German-Occupied Poland, 1939–1945
(New York: Hippocrene Books, 1997).
Paul, Mark (2009). Patterns of Cooperation, Collaboration and
Betrayal: Jews, Germans and Poles in Occupied Poland during World War
II (PDF). Expanded version. Toronto and Chicago: The Polish
Educational Foundation in North America.
Paul, Mark (2016) [2008]. A Tangled Web: Polish-Jewish Relations in
Wartime Northeastern Poland and the Aftermath (PDF). Part One.
Toronto: Pefina Press.
Paulsson, Gunnar S. "The Demography of Jews in Hiding in Warsaw,
1943–1945". Originally in Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry, volume 13
(2000), at pages 78–103; reprinted in: The Holocaust: Critical
Concepts in Historical Studies. ISBN 041527513X.
Paulsson, Gunnar S. Roth, John K.; Maxwell, Elisabeth, eds. "Evading
the Holocaust: The Unexplored Continent of
Holocaust

Holocaust Historiography".
Remembering for the Future: The Holocaust. Three-Volume Set,
p. 257. ISBN 0333804864. [Also in:] Age of Genocide
(Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire and New York: Palgrave, 2001),
Volume 1, pp. 302–318.
Paulsson, Gunnar S. (2003). Zimmerman, Joshua D., ed. "Ringelblum
Revisited: Polish-Jewish Relations in Occupied Warsaw, 1940–1945".
Contested Memories: Poles and Jews during the
Holocaust

Holocaust and Its
Aftermath. New Brunswick, New Jersey and London: Rutgers University
Press. pp. 173–192. ISBN 0813531586. No preview.
Paulsson, Gunnar S. Secret City: The Hidden Jews of Warsaw,
1940–1945 (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2002).
Monograph.
Lukas, Richard C. Did the Children Cry: Hitler's War Against Jewish
and Polish Children, 1939–1945 (1st ed.: N.Y.: Hippocrene, 1994).
Lukas, Richard C. Forgotten Holocaust:The Poles under German
Occupation, 1939–1944 (3rd rev. ed.: N.Y.: Hippocrene, 2012).
Rejak, Sebastian; Frister, Elżbieta. Inferno of Choices: Poles and
the
Holocaust

Holocaust (PDF). RYTM,
Warsaw

Warsaw 2011. ISBN 9788373995147. PDF
file, direct download 1.64 MB.
Pawlikowski, John T. Polish Catholics and the Jews during the
Holocaust, in, Google Print, p. 107-123 in Joshua D. Zimmerman,
Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the
Holocaust

Holocaust and Its
Aftermath, Rutgers University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-8135-3158-6
Piotrowski, Tadeusz (1998). "Assistance to Jews". Poland's Holocaust:
Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the
Second Republic, 1918–1947. Jefferson, N.C., London: McFarland &
Company. pp. 112–128. ISBN 0786403713.
Cesarani, David; Kavanaugh, Sarah (2004). "Inside Nazi-dominated
Europe". Holocaust: Critical Concepts in Historical Studies. Volume V:
Responses to the persecution and mass murder of the Jews. Psychology
Press [Routledge]. p. 64. ISBN 0415318718 – via Google
Books, preview.
Tec, Nechama. When Light Pierced the Darkness: Christian Rescue of
Jews in Nazi-Occupied Poland,
Oxford University

Oxford University Press US, 1987,
ISBN 0-19-505194-7, Google Print
Tomaszewski, Irene. Werbowski, Tecia. Zegota: The Rescue of Jews in
Wartime Poland, Price-Patterson, 1994, ISBN 0-9695771-6-8
Kermish, Joseph (1977). "The Activities of the Council for Aid to Jews
("Żegota") in Occupied Poland" (PDF).
Yad Vashem

Yad Vashem 1977 Conference
Proceedings, Jerusalem. Shoah Resource Center. pp. 1–4,
14–17, 30–32. ASIN B00400ZEC0. Direct download, 139 KB.
Prior to the 1977 conference in
Jerusalem

Jerusalem taking place at the height
of the
Cold War

Cold War in Europe and right after the June 1976 protests, the
Polish rescue of Jews remained largely unacknowledged. See, Leksykon
PRL for more. Joseph Kermish (1907–2005) is also known by his Polish
name as Józef Kermisz.
Bibliography[edit]
Karski, Jan (2001). Jewish children in monasteries: Participation of
women religious congregations in the rescue of Jewish children in
Poland in 1939–1945 [Dzieci żydowskie w klasztorach: udział
żeńskich zgromadzeń zakonnych w akcji ratowania dzieci żydowskich
w Polsce w latach 1939-1945] (in Polish). Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Clio.
ISBN 9788391266755.
Paul, Mark (2009). Wartime Rescue of Jews by the Polish Catholic
Clergy: The Testimony of Survivors (PDF). Toronto: Polish Educational
Foundation in No