René Bousquet

René Bousquet (; 11 May 1909 – 8 June 1993) was a high-ranking French political appointee who served as secretary general to the Vichy French police from May 1942 to 31 December 1943. For personal heroism, he had become a protégé of prominent officials before the war and had risen rapidly in the government.

In 1949, he was automatically convicted as a Vichy official and sentenced to five years of '' indignité nationale'', but his sentence was reduced due to beliefs that he also aided the French Resistance and attempted to preserve some autonomy for French police during the German occupation. Excluded from the government, he went into business. After receiving amnesty in 1959, Bousquet became active again in politics by supporting left-wing politicians through the 1970s and becoming a regular visitor in the 1980s of François Mitterrand after his election as president.

In 1989, after years of increasing accusations about his activities during the war, Bousquet was accused by three groups of crimes against humanity. He was ultimately indicted by the French Ministry of Justice in 1991 for his decisions during the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup in 1942, which led to Jewish children being deported and killed in German extermination camps in Eastern Europe. Bousquet was assassinated in 1993 by Christian Didier shortly before his trial was to begin.

Early life and career

René Bousquet was born to a radical socialist notary in Montauban, Tarn-et-Garonne. After his law studies, he began his career as chief of the cabinet of the for Tarn-et-Garonne.

In March 1930, he and a friend, the latter of whom died during the episode, became national heroes after they had personally saved dozens of people from drowning during floods in southwestern France. He was awarded the Legion of Honour and the ("Golden medal for fine deeds"). Maurice Sarraut, the Radical Socialist senator and CEO of , and Albert Sarraut, deputy, president of the Council and minister, took on Bousquet as their ''protégé''. Bousquet was detached to the Presidency of the Council to head the technical service in charge of the reconstruction of the flooded southern regions. He had a rapid rise within the government and gained increasingly-responsible appointments.

At the age of 22, he became second of the cabinet of Interior Minister Pierre Cathala. In 1933, Bousquet was promoted to ''sous-préfet'', and in 1935, he was appointed as general director of the national cabinet of the Minister for Agriculture. The next year, Bousquet was given responsibility for the central files of the National Security.

In April 1938, Interior Minister Albert Sarraut, named Bousquet for Vitry-le-François ( Marne). In 1939, he became general secretary of the for Châlons-sur-Marne (now Châlons-en-Champagne).

World War II

In 1940, Bousquet was appointed as after the Armistice with Germany.

In September 1941, he was appointed as the youngest regional . Because of his Radical Socialist background, he was frequently attacked by the collaborationist newspaper . He helped some prisoners-of-war to escape and worked to lighten the economic toll of the Nazi occupation on the Marne department.

In 1942, Admiral François Darlan offered him the Ministry of Agriculture, which Bousquet twice refused.

In April 1942, as the ''Schutzstaffel'' (SS) was taking over security duties in the Occupied Zone, Pierre Laval appointed Bousquet general secretary to the police. Bousquet was given permanent credentials to sign on behalf of the head of state. On 6 May or 7 May 1942, Bousquet sought and obtained consent from the SS to transfer another 5000 Jews from Drancy internment camp to the concentration camps in the East.

Higher SS and Police Leader Carl Oberg was in charge of the German police in France. Bousquet worked with him and obtained some autonomy for the French police by promising to collaborate with the Germans. Bousquet concentrated all police services under his personal authority and suppressed the branch led by Darquier de Pellepoix, general commissary of Jewish affairs.

Bousquet negotiated the "Oberg-Bousquet" deal, which was presented to all regional on 8 August 1942. It formally recognised the autonomy of the French police and '' Gendarmerie'' and said that the French police would not be compelled to provide hostages or to hand their prisoners over to German services. However, three days later, the Germans demanded the French provide 70 hostages in retaliation for the murder of eight Germans.

On 2 July 1942, Bousquet and Oberg prepared the arrests known as the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup (''Rafle du Vel' d'Hiv''), which rounded up foreign and stateless Jews for deportation. Bousquet personally cancelled orders protecting some categories of people from arrests, notably children under 18 and parents with children under 5. After the arrests, some Catholic bishops and cardinals protested, and Bousquet threatened to cancel tax privileges for Catholic schools.

Under the pretext of not separating families, Prime Minister Pierre Laval ordered that Jewish children under 16 be included in deportation convoys, which exceeded the Nazis' requirements. Bousquet obliged and expanded the deportation to parents and their children under 2. In the event, children were separated from their parents and deported in different groups. Nonetheless, some scholarly sources insist that the Vichy government was unaware of the purpose of the deportation and believed that the Jews were being taken to provide a labour force in the East.

In January 1943, Bousquet aided Oberg in the organization and execution of a massive raid in Marseille, known as the Round up of Marseille. The French police assisted the German police in expelling 30,000 people from the city's Old Port. They later destroyed the neighbourhood, which the German police considered a "terrorist nest" because of its many narrow and winding streets. Bousquet offered his services for that operation. As the French police controlled the identity documents of 40,000 people, their assistance allowed the operation to send 2,000 Jews living in the city to concentration camps.

That occasion was supervised by Oberg, who had come from Paris. He gave Bousquet orders that had been directly received from Heinrich Himmler. It is a notable case of the French police willingly collaborating with the Germans.

In April 1943, Bousquet met with Himmler, who declared himself "impressed by Bousquet's personality" and mentioned him as a "precious collaborator in the framework of police collaboration".

Bousquet was then also an advisor to Pierre Laval, along with and Charles Rochat. Bousquet was controversial and became resented by his fellow collaborationists and competitors for power, such as Justice Minister Joseph Barthélémy.

On 2 December 1943, men of the Milice, the French collaborationist paramilitary organisation, assassinated Maurice Sarraut. Bousquet was set to arrest those responsible, and the Milice asked Berlin to have Bousquet removed. After ordering releases and destroying his archives, Bousquet resigned on 31 December 1943 and was replaced by Joseph Darnand, the head of the Milice.

Put in the reserve of the civil corps, Bousquet was under surveillance for nearly two weeks in a villa in Neuilly-sur-Seine. He then drove to Germany in a car that had been lent by Oberg.

In early 1944, the collaborationist press, including ''Je suis partout'', attacked Bousquet and accused him of having served in the Vichy administration only to favour the Resistance. His cabinet director,(and fellow Vichy collaborationist) , .Dec 31,1913-Dec 12,1986was reported to have also helped some Resistance networks.

Bousquet was in Bavaria during the German surrender. He returned to France with the status of a "deported person". He met with Laval to help the latter prepare for his trial. Convicted of collaboration, Laval was sentenced to death. Bousquet spent part of the night with Laval before the execution.

Trial

In 1949, Bousquet was the last Frenchman to be tried by the , which had been created on 18 November 1944. He was acquitted of the charge of "compromising the interests of the national defence" but was automatically declared guilty of for his involvement in the Vichy government. He was given the minimum sentence of five years on ''dégradation nationale'', a measure that was immediately lifted for "having actively and sustainably participated in the Resistance against the occupier".

As with other Vichy officials, Bousquet was excluded from the French public service. He made a career at the ''Banque de l'Indochine'' and in newspapers. He met François Mitterrand through Jean-Paul Martin, Bousquet's former collaborator in Vichy. Martin was then minister of oversea territories and the director of Mitterrand's cabinet.

In 1957, the '' Conseil d'État'' returned Bousquet's Legion of Honour. He was granted amnesty on 17 January 1958.

Renewal of political career

In the legislative elections of 1958, Bousquet ran as a candidate for the 3rd circonscription of the Marne. He was supported by the Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance; his second was Hector Bouilly, a radical-socialist general councillor. Bousquet earned less than 10% of the votes.

After Jean Baylet's death in 1959, Bousquet was appointed to the Council of administration of the newspaper . He supported Mitterrand's candidacy in 1965 and observed an anti-Gaullist editorial line. After Bousquet quit in 1971, the tone of the newspaper softened.

In 1974, Bousquet supported and helped finance Mitterrand in the presidential election against Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. Bousquet was acquainted with numerous other political and cultural figures, such as Antoine Pinay, Bernard Cornut-Gentille, Jacques Chaban-Delmas, Edgar Faure