Religious communism

Religious communism is a form of communism that incorporates religious principles. Scholars have used the term to describe a variety of social or religious movements throughout history that have favored the common ownership of property.

Overview

The term ''religious communism'' has been used to describe a variety of social or religious movements throughout history. The "commune of early Christians at Jerusalem" has been described as a group that practiced religious communism. The teachings of Mazdak, a religious proto-socialist Persian reformer, have also been referred to as early ''communism''. According to Ben Fowkes and Bulent Gokay, Bolshevik Mikhail Skachko stated at the Congress of the Peoples of the East that "the Muslim religion is rooted in principles of religious communism, by which no man may be a slave to another, and not a single piece of land may be privately owned".

Definition

T. M. Browning described religious communism as a form of communism that "springs directly from principles native to a religion", and Hans Hillerbrand defined religious communism as religious movements that advocated the "communal ownership of goods and the concomitant abrogation of private property". Browning and Hillerbrand have distinguished ''religious communism'' from ''political communism'' and ''economic socialism''. Additionally, Hillerbrand has contrasted religious communism with Marxism, an ideology that called for eliminating religion. Donald Drew Egbert and Stow Persons have noted that " ronologically, religious communism tended to precede secular ommunism. However, other scholars have also suggested that the traditional "political communism" or Marxism has always been a variety of religion.

In Christian Europe, communists were believed to have adopted atheism. In Protestant England, ''communism'' was too close to the Roman Catholic communion rite; hence ''socialist'' was the preferred term. Friedrich Engels'' was published, socialism was respectable in Europe while communism was not. The Owenites in England and the Fourierists in France were considered respectable socialists, while working-class movements that "proclaimed the necessity of total social change" denoted themselves as ''communists''. This branch of socialism produced the communist work of Étienne Cabet in France and Wilhelm Weitling in Germany.

History

Some scholars have used ''religious communism'' to describe some 17th-century Protestant movements that "disavow dpersonal property". Bhabagrahi Misra and James Preston described the "religious communism of the Shakers" as a "community in which all goods are held in common". Larry Arnhart described "religious communism in the Oneida Community" as a system where " cept for a few personal items, they shared all their property". Albert Fried wrote that "American religious communism reached its apogee" in the 1850s " th the rise of the Oneida community".

According to Rod Janzen and Max Stanton, the Hutterites believed in strict adherence to biblical principles and "church discipline" and practiced a form of communism. The Hutterites "established in their communities a rigorous system of Ordnungen, which were codes of rules and regulations that governed all aspects of life and ensured a unified perspective. As an economic system, Christian communism was attractive to many of the peasants who supported social revolution in sixteenth century central Europe" such as the German Peasants' War and "Friedrich Engels as proto-Communists".

Other scholars have used the term ''religious communism'' to describe a communist social movement that developed in Paris in the 1840s, which was organized by "foreign-born, primarily German-speaking, journeyman-artisans who had settled there". In the early 20th century, before the rise of Bolshevism in Russia, some intellectuals advocated for implementing a form of communism that incorporated Christian ideology "as an alternative to Marxism". Additionally, some Catholic theologians organized groups in the late 20th century to create a dialogue between the Catholic Church and the Communist Party of Italy.

Christian Communism

The teachings of Jesus are frequently described as communist by religious Christian communists. records that in the early church in Jerusalem, " one claimed that any of their possessions was their own", although the pattern would later disappear from church history except within monasticism. However, critics of socialism, including Catholic social teaching propounded by several Popes, argue that Christ was more communitarian than communist.

Christian communism is an early form of socialism and pre-Marxist communism based on Christianity. It is a theological and political theory based upon the view that the teachings of Jesus Christ compel Christians to support communism as the ideal social system. Although there is no universal agreement on the exact date when Christian communism was founded, many Christian communists assert that evidence from the BibleActs 2:44, 4:32–37 and 5:1–12. Other verses are Matthew 5:1–12 and 6:24, Luke 3:11 and 16:11, 2 Corinthians 8:13–15 and James 5:3. suggests that the first Christians, including the apostles, established their small communist society in the years following Jesus' death and resurrection. Many advocates of Christian communism argue that it was taught by Jesus and practiced by the apostles. Some independent historians have supported this view.

Some view the early Christian Church, as described in the Acts of the Apostles, as an early form of communism and religious socialism. The view is that communism was just Christianity in practice, and Jesus was the first communist. This link was highlighted in one of Karl Marx's early writings, which stated that " Christ is the intermediary unto whom man unburdens all his divinity, all his religious bonds, so the state is the mediator unto which he transfers all his Godlessness, all his human liberty". Furthermore, Thomas Müntzer led a significant Anabaptist communist movement during the German Peasants' War which Friedrich Engels''. The Marxist ethos that aims for unity reflects the Christian universalist teaching that humankind is one and that there is only one god who does not discriminate among people.

In the 16th century, English writer Thomas More, venerated in the Catholic Church as Saint Thomas More, portrayed a society based on common property ownership in his treatise ''Utopia'', whose leaders administered it through reason. Several groupings in the English Civil War supported this idea, especially the Diggers, who espoused clear communistic yet agrarian ideals. Oliver Cromwell and the Grandees' attitude to these groups was, at best, ambivalent and often hostile.

Criticism of the idea of private property continued into the Enlightenment era of the 18th century through such thinkers as the profoundly religious Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Raised a Calvinist, Rousseau was influenced by the Jansenist movement within the Roman Catholic Church. The Jansenist movement originated from the most orthodox Roman Catholic bishops who tried to reform the Roman Catholic Church in the 17th century to stop secularization and Protestantism. One of the main Jansenist aims was democratizing to stop the aristocratic corruption at the top of the Church hierarchy. The participants of the Taiping Rebellion, who founded the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, a syncretic Christian- Shenic theocratic kingdom, are viewed by the Chinese Communist Party as proto-communists.

Islamic communism

Researchers have commented on the communistic nature of the society built by the Ismaili Qarmatians around Al-Ahsa from the 9th to 10th centuries. Kenneth Rexroth describes their community as practicing "communism of the urban gang or the roving band of robbers", while Jacques Bidet states that communism is inherent to modernity, and so no example in antiquity or medieval times qualifies as true communism due to a lack of class consciousness in those eras.

Islamic Marxism attempts to apply Marxist economic, political, and social teachings within an Islamic framework. An affinity between Marxist and Islamic ideals of social justice has led some Muslims to embrace forms of Marxism since the 1940s. Islamic Marxists believe that Islam meets the needs of society and can accommodate or guide the social changes Marxism hopes to accomplish. Islamic Marxists are also dismissive of traditional Marxist views on materialism and religion.

See also

* Acts 4
* Anarchism and religion
* Buddhist socialism
* Christian anarchism
* Christian communism
* Christian socialism
* Diane Drufenbrock
* Ebionites
* Hutterite
* Islamic socialism
* Labor Zionism
* Marxism and religion
* Religious socialism
* Sabbath economics
* United Order
* Utopian socialism

References

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