Ramananda

Sri Ramanandacharya (IAST: Rāmānanda) was a 14th-century Vaishnava devotional poet saint, who lived in the Gangetic basin of northern India. The Hindu tradition recognizes him as the founder of the Ramanandi Sampradaya, the largest monastic Hindu renunciant community in modern times.Selva Raj and William Harman (2007), Dealing with Deities: The Ritual Vow in South Asia, State University of New York Press, , pages 165-166James G Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z, Rosen Publishing, , pages 553-554

Born in a Brahman family, Ramananda for the most part of his life lived in the holy city of Varanasi. David Lorenzen, Who Invented Hinduism: Essays on Religion in History, , pages 104-106 His date of birth is December 30 but death is uncertain, but historical evidence suggests he was one of the earliest saints and a pioneering figure of the Bhakti movement as it rapidly grew in North India, sometime between the 14th and mid-15th century during its Islamic rule period. Tradition asserts that Ramananda developed his philosophy and devotional themes inspired by the south Indian Vedanta philosopher Ramanuja, however evidence also suggests that Ramananda was influenced by Nath school of Hindu philosophy.

An early social reformer, Ramananda accepted disciples without discriminating anyone by gender, class. Traditional scholarship holds that his disciples included later Bhakti movement ''poet-sants'' such as Kabir, Ravidas, Bhagat Pipa and others, however some postmodern scholars have questioned some of this spiritual lineage while others have supported this lineage with historical evidence.Schomer and McLeod (1987), The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India, Motilal Banarsidass, , page 54Julia Leslie (1996), Myth and Mythmaking: Continuous Evolution in Indian Tradition, Routledge, , pages 117-119 His verse is mentioned in the Sikh holy scripture Guru Granth Sahib.

Ramananda was known for composing his works and discussing spiritual themes in vernacular Hindi, stating that this makes knowledge accessible to the masses.William Pinch (1996), Peasants and Monks in British India, University of California Press, ,
pages 53-89

Biography

Little is known with certainty about the life of Ramananda, including year of birth and deathEnzo Turbiani (Editor: RS McGregor, 1992), Devotional Literature in South Asia, Cambridge University Press, , page 51 His biography has been derived from mentions of him in secondary literature and inconsistent Hagiographies.

The most accepted version holds that Ramananda was born in a Brahmin family, about mid 14th-century, and died about mid 15th-century.Nirmal Dass (2000), Songs of the Saints from the Adi Granth, State University of New York Press, , page 160-164 Although few people hold him to be of southern origin, there's no evidence to support such a claim. In fact, all genuinely Indian sources agree in stating that Ramananda was born at Prayaga (Allahabad).

"Not one word is said as to his southern origin, and the fact that he was stated to be a Kanyakubja Brahmin is decisively against such a theory" – George A. Greirson (1920).

According to the medieval era ''Bhaktamala'' text by Nabhadas, Ramananda studied under ''Raghavananda'', a ''guru'' (teacher) in Vedanta-based Vatakalai (northern, Rama-avatar) school of Vaishnavism.Karen Pechelis (2014), The Embodiment of Bhakti, Oxford University Press, , page 36

"It was Ramananda's teacher, Raghavananda, who came from the South, and after much wandering had settled at Benares. There, and not in the South, he had Ramananda as his disciple." – George A. Greirson (1920).

Other scholars state that Ramananda's education started in Adi Shankara's Advaita Vedanta school, before he met ''Raghavananda'' and began his studies in Ramanuja's Vishishtadvaita Vedanta school.

Literary works

Ramananda is credited as the author of many devotional poems, but like most Bhakti movement poets, whether he actually was the author of these poems is unclear. Two treatises in Hindi, ''Gyan-lila'' and ''Yog-cintamani'' are also attributed to Ramanand, as are the Sanskrit works ''Vaisnava Mata Bhajabhaskara'' and ''Ramarcana paddhati''. However, poems found in the original and well-preserved manuscripts of Sikhism and handwritten ''Nagari-pracarini Sabha'' are considered authentic and highlight the ''Nirguna'' (attributeless god) stream of thought in Ramananda.

Philosophy

Ramananda developed his philosophy and devotional themes inspired by the south Indian Vedanta philosopher Ramanuja, however evidence also suggests that Ramananda was influenced by Nath school of Hindu philosophy.

Antonio Rigopoulos states Ramananda's teachings were "an attempt towards a synthesis between Advaita Vedanta and Vaishnava bhakti".Antonio Rigopoulos (1993), The Life And Teachings Of Sai Baba Of Shirdi, State University of New York Press, , page 264 He adds that the same link can be found in the 15th-century text of ''Adhyatma Ramayana'', but there is no historical proof that Ramananda's teachings inspired that text.

Shastri has proposed the theory that Ramananda's complex theological schooling in two distinct Hindu philosophies explains why he accepted both ''Saguna Brahman'' and ''Nirguna Brahman'', or god with attributes and god without attributes, respectively. Shastri suggests his theory offers an explanation why Ramananda's disciples co-developed ''saguna'' and ''nirguna'' as the two parallel currents in the Bhakti movement.Edmour J Babineau (2008), Love of God and Social Duty in the Rāmcaritmānas, Motilal Banarsidass, , pages 66-67 However, this theory lacks historical evidence and has not gained wide acceptance by scholars.

The Ramananda literature that is considered authentic, states Enzo Turbiani, suggest a milestone development in metaphysical principles of the Bhakti movement.Enzo Turbiani (Editor: RS McGregor, 1992), Devotional Literature in South Asia, Cambridge University Press, , pages 52-54 Ramananda asserts that austerity and penances through asceticism are meaningless, if an individual does not realize ''Hari'' (Vishnu) as their inner self. He criticizes fasting and rituals, stating that the mechanics are not important, and that these are useless if the individual does not take the opportunity to reflect and introspect on the nature of Brahman (supreme being). Ramananda states that rote reading of a sacred text is of no benefit, if the person fails to understand what the text is trying to communicate.

Legacy

Ramananda is often honored as the founder of ''Sant-parampara'' (literally, the tradition of bhakti sants) in north India. His efforts, in a time when Ganges river plains of north India was under Islamic rule, helped revive and refocus Hindus to a personalized, direct devotional form of Rama worship, his liberalism and focus on the devotee's commitment rather than birth or gender set a precedent that attracted people to spirituality from various walks of life, and his use of vernacular language instead of Sanskrit for spiritual ideas made sharing and reflection easier for the masses.

Fourteen disciples of Ramananda

Thirteen influential disciples of Ramananda included 12 men and 2 women poet-sants. According to Bhaktamal, these were:

Men scholars:
# Anantananda
# Sursurananda
# Sukhanand
# Naraharidāsa
# Bhavanand
# Vitthalpant Kulkarni
# Bhagat Pipa
# Kabir
# Ravidas
# Sen
# Dhanna
# Sadhana

Women scholars:
# Sursuri
# Padyawati

Postmodern scholars have questioned some of the above guru-disciple lineage while others have supported this lineage with historical evidence.

Largest ascetic community in India: Ramanandi Sampraday

Ramananda is the founder of the eponymous Ramanandi Sampraday (Shri Ramavat or Shri Sampraday or Vairagi Sampradaya). This is the largest ascetic community in India, and their members are known as ''Ramanandis'', ''Vairagis'' or ''Bairagis''.Gerald James Larson (1995), India's Agony Over Religion, State University of New York Press, , page 116 They are known for their self-imposed highly disciplined, austere, structured and simple lifestyle. Richard Burghart acknowledges that Ramananda is revered as the founder in the Ramanandi Sampraday's tradition, but adds that historical evidence about its origin is meager and India's largest monastic community may have gathered strength a few centuries after Ramananda's death.Richard Burghart (1978)
The Founding of the Ramanandi Sect
Ethnohistory, Vol. 25, No. 2, pages 121-139

Social reforms

Ramananda was an influential social reformer of Northern India. He championed the pursuit of knowledge and direct devotional spirituality, and did not discriminate based on birth family, gender or religion.

Swami Ramanand poem

One poem of Ramananda, originally written in Hindi, is a response to an invitation to go to a temple, and the answer states there is no need to visit a temple because God is within a person, all pervasive in everything and everyone.

See also

*Bhakti movement
*Sant Mat

Further reading

* JS Hawley (2015), A Storm of Songs: India and the Idea of the Bhakti Movement, Harvard University Press, Chapter 3
* William Pinch (1996), Peasants and Monks in British India, University of California Press
* David Lorenzen (1995), Bhakti Religion in North India: Community Identity and Political Action, State University of New York Press
* Richard Burghard (1978), The Founding of the Ramanandi Sect, London: London School of Economics and Political Science

External links

Saint Ramananda
Jyotsna Kamat (2008)

Kanakadasa: The Golden Servant
Basavaraj Naikar (2007), Indian Literature, Vol. 51, No. 5, pages 88–100

References

{{reflist

Indian Hindu saints
Sikh Bhagats
Vaishnava saints
14th-century Indian poets
Sant Mat
Medieval Hindu religious leaders
People from Varanasi
Brahmins who fought against discrimination
Anti-caste activists
Indian reformers