A queen mother is a former queen, often a queen dowager, who is the mother of the monarch, reigning monarch. The term has been used in English since the early 1560s. It arises in hereditary monarchy, hereditary monarchies in Europe and is also used to describe a number of similar yet distinct monarchical concepts in non-European cultures around the world. " Queen Mother" usually, in English, refers to Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (queen consort, 1936–1952; queen mother, 1952–2002), who was the mother of Elizabeth II, Queen Elizabeth II and one of the few people to use the term as an official style. However, it is also used as an official title in Thailand where Sirikit, the mother of the present king, is officially styled "The Queen Mother".

Status

A queen mother is often a queen dowager, a widow of a king, who is simultaneously a former queen consort and the mother of the current monarch. As there is only one monarch, there can only be one queen mother. It is unclear if a queen consort whose husband Abdication, abdicates the throne, or a queen regnant who abdicates, and is the mother of the current monarch would be the queen mother. In many countries, such as the United Kingdom, a monarch loses the title of king or queen after abdication. For example, Juliana of the Netherlands, who abdicated and was succeeded by her daughter Beatrix of the Netherlands, Beatrix, was sometimes colloquially referred to as the queen mother despite declining the title and having reverted to being a princess. Queen Paola of Belgium, whose husband Albert II of Belgium, Albert II abdicated but retained the title of king, has generally been referred to as the queen mother of Philippe of Belgium, Philippe despite not being a queen dowager. A former queen consort who is the grandmother of the reigning monarch is sometimes called the queen grandmother. Savang Vadhana of Thailand was known by this style.

United Kingdom

The title "queen mother" evolved to distinguish a queen dowager from all other queens when she is also the mother of the reigning sovereign. Thus, upon the death of her husband, George V, King George V, Mary of Teck, Queen Mary became queen mother, retaining the status throughout the reigns of her sons, Edward VIII and George VI. The title also distinguishes former queens consort from those who are simply the mother of the current monarch. For example, Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld was "the queen's mother" when her daughter Queen Victoria, Victoria became queen regnant, but she was ''not'' "queen mother" as her husband was never a king. The title in British usage is purely a courtesy title. While the wife of a king is called "queen", there is no constitutional or statutory recognition of "queen mother" as a title. There is no male equivalent to a queen mother (i.e. "king father"). This would occur only if the husband of a queen regnant outlived the queen and was thereafter father to the new king or queen. Such a situation has never occurred. Since the title "queen mother" derives from the woman's previous title of "queen", it would also be incongruous to call such a father of a monarch the "king father", as the husbands of queens regnant are not given the title "king", but rather titled as a prince. The exact title such a person would assume has not been clarified by royal lineage experts. "Prince father" is a possibility.

Ottoman Empire

In the Ottoman Empire, ''valide sultan'' ( ota, والده سلطان) or sultana mother was the title held by the mother of a ruling List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire, Sultan. The title was first used in the 16th century for Hafsa Sultan, consort of Selim I and mother of Suleiman the Magnificent, superseding the previous title of ''mehd-i ülya'' ("cradle of the great"). The Turkish phonology, Turkish pronunciation of the word ''Valide'' is . The second position the most important position in the Ottoman Empire after the sultan himself and being at the same level of power and hierarchy as Haseki sultan. As the mother to the sultan, by Islamic tradition ("A mother's right is God's right"), the valide sultan would have a significant influence on the affairs of the empire. She had great power in the court and her own rooms (always adjacent to her son's) and state staff. In particular during the 17th century, in a period known as the "Sultanate of Women", a series of incompetent or child sultans raised the role of the valide sultan to new heights.

Ancient Israel

The Israelites had in the Kingdom of Judah a title called "Gebirah" which can be translated to Queen Mother. The mother of the Jewish Monarch was given high rank and status among the Israelites.

India

In India, a queen (usually styled rani, or in the Muslim tradition, begum) who becomes queen-mother is known in Sanskrit and Hindi as a ''rajamata'' - literally, mother of the king/monarch.

Africa

In Eswatini, the queen mother, or Ndlovukati, reigns alongside her son. She serves as a ceremonial figurehead, while her son serves as the administrative head of state. He has absolute power. She is important at festivals such as the annual Umhlanga (ceremony), reed dance ceremony. In many matrilineality, matrilineal societies of West Africa, such as the Ashanti people, Ashanti, the queen mother is the one through whom royal descent is reckoned and thus wields considerable power. One of the greatest leaders of Ashanti was Akan chieftaincy, Nana Yaa Asantewaa (1840–1921), who led her subjects against the British Empire during the War of the Golden Stool in 1900. In more symbolically driven societies such as the kingdoms of the Yoruba peoples, the ''queen mother'' may not even be a blood relative of the reigning monarch. She could be a female individual of any age who is vested with the ritual essence of the departed queens in a ceremonial sense, and who is practically regarded as the monarch's mother as a result. A good example of this is Oba (ruler)#Oloye, Oloye Erelu Kuti, Erelu Kuti I of Lagos, who has been seen as the ''iya oba'' or queen mother of every succeeding king of that realm, due to the activities of the three successors to her Imperial, royal and noble ranks, noble title that have reigned since her demise.

Notable examples

These mothers of monarchs, and others, albeit not always officially so titled have also been considered equal to queen mothers: *Adela of Champagne (1180–1206) France *Adelaide of Aquitaine (996–1004) France *Adelaide of Maurienne (1137–1154) France *Adelaide of Paris (898–901) West Francia *Agnes of Aquitaine, wife of Ramiro II of Aragon, Agnes of Aquitaine (1137–1159) Aragon *Agnes of Brandenburg (1286–1304) Denmark *Alexandra of Denmark (1910–1925) United Kingdom *Aliya bint Ali (1939–1950) Iraq *Amarindra (1810–1826) Siam *Amélie of Orléans (1908–1910) Portugal *Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1947–1952) Denmark *Anastasia of Kiev (1063–1074) Hungary *Anna Pavlovna of Russia (1849–1865) Netherlands *Anne of Austria (1643–1666) France *Anne of Kiev (1060–1075) France *Athaliah (c. 842 – 841 BCE) Judah *Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1888) Prussia *Bathsheba (11th century BC) Israel and Judah *Beatrice of Castile (1242–1303), Beatrice of Castile (1279–1303) Portugal *Beatrice of Castile (1293–1359), Beatrice of Castile (1357–1359) Portugal *Berengaria of Castile (1217–1246) Castile *Blanche of Castile (1226–1252) France *Blanche of Namur (1343–1362) Norway *Bona Sforza (1548–1557) Poland and Lithuania *Carlota Joaquina of Spain (1825–1830) *Catherine de' Medici (1559–1589) France *Catherine of Lancaster (1406–1418) Castile *Catherine of Valois (1401–1437) England *Charlotte of Savoy (1483) France *Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel (1699–1714) Denmark and Norway *Christina Hvide (1195–1200) Sweden *Christina of Denmark, Queen of Sweden, Christina of Denmark (1167–1170) Sweden *Christina of Holstein-Gottorp (1611–1625) Sweden *Christina of Saxony (1513–1521) Denmark and Norway *Clementia of Hungary (1316) France *Constance of Aragon (1204–1205) Hungary *Constance of Arles (1031–1032) France *Constance of Hungary (1230–1240) Bohemia *Constance of Portugal (1312–1313) Castile and León *Constance of Sicily, Queen of Aragon, Constance of Sicily (1285–1302) Aragon and Sicily *Désirée Clary (1844–1859) Sweden and Norway *Dorothea of Brandenburg (1481–1495) Denmark and Norway *Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg (1559–1571) Denmark and Norway *Eadgifu of Kent (939–955) Wessex *Eadgifu of Wessex (936–951) West Francia *Ealhswith (899–902) Wessex *Eleanor of Alburquerque (1416–1435) Aragon *Eleanor of Aquitaine (1189–1204) England *Eleanor of Aragon, Queen of Portugal, Eleanor of Aragon (1438–1445) Portugal *Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile, Eleanor of England (1214) Castile *Elizabeth of Poland, Queen of Hungary, Elizabeth of Poland (1342–1380) Hungary *Eleanor of Provence (1272–1291) England *Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg (1705–1720) Hungary and Bohemia *Elena of Montenegro (1946) Italy *Ælfthryth (wife of Edgar), Ælfthryth (978–1000) England *Elisabeth of Bavaria, Queen of the Belgians, Elisabeth of Bavaria (1934–1951) Belgium *Elisabeth Farnese (1759–1766) Spain *Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1745–1750) Hungary and Bohemia *Elizabeth of Austria (1436–1505), Elizabeth of Austria (1492–1505) Poland *Elizabeth of Bosnia (1382–1387) Hungary and Croatia *Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (1952–2002) United Kingdom: the widow of King George VI and mother of Queen Elizabeth II. In some of the British media, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother was often referred to as ''the Queen Mum'', and the term "Queen Mother" remained associated with her after her death. *Elizabeth the Cuman (1272–1290) Hungary *Elizabeth of Luxembourg (1440–1442) Bohemia and Hungary *Elizabeth of Portugal, Elizabeth of Aragon (1325–1336) Portugal *Elizabeth Woodville (1483) England *Emma of Italy (986–987) West Francia *Emma of Normandy (1035–1052) Denmark and England *Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont (1890–1934) Netherlands *Ermengarde de Beaumont (1214–1233) Scotland *Estrid of the Obotrites (1022–1035) Sweden *Euphrosyne of Kiev (1162–1193) Hungary *Frederica of Hanover (1964–1973) Greece *Frederica Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt (1797–1805) Prussia *Gayatri Devi (1919–2009) Jaipur (India) *Gayatri Rajapatni (1309–1350) Majapahit (Indonesia) *Gerberga of Saxony (954–984) West Francia *Giovanna of Italy (1943–1946) Bulgaria *Gunnhild, Mother of Kings (961–970) Norway *Hafsa Sultan (1520–1534) Ottoman Empire *Hamida Banu Begum (1556–1604) Mughal India *Handan Sultan (1574–1605) Ottoman Empire *Halime Sultan (1617–1618; 1622–1623) Ottoman Empire *Halaevalu Mataʻaho ʻAhomeʻe (2006–2017) Tonga David von Krafft-Porträtt av Hedvig Eleonora

David von Krafft-Porträtt av Hedvig Eleonora

*Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp, Hedvig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp (1660–1697) Sweden *Hedwig of Holstein (1290–1318) Sweden *Helen of Greece and Denmark (1940–1948) Romania *Helena of Serbia, Queen of Hungary, Helena of Serbia (1141-1146) Hungary *Henrietta Maria, Henrietta Maria of France (1649–1669) England and Scotland *Hortense de Beauharnais (1810) Holland *Huzaima bint Nasser (1933–1935) Iraq *Ingeborg of Denmark, Queen of Norway, Ingeborg of Denmark (1280-1287) Norway *Ingrid of Sweden (1972–2000) Denmark *Isabeau of Bavaria (1422–1435) France *Isabel II of Spain, Isabella II of Spain (1874–1885) Spain *Isabella of Angoulême (1216–1246) England *Isabella of France (1327–1358) England *Isabella of Portugal, Queen of Castile, Isabella of Portugal (1474–1496) *Jadwiga of Kalisz (1333–1339) Poland *Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scots (1437–1445) Scotland *Jezebel (c.852–842 BC) Israel *Josephine of Leuchtenberg (1859–1876) Sweden and Norway *Jijabai (1598–1674) Maratha Empire (India) *Juana Manuel (1379–1381) Castile and León *Keōpūolani (1778–1823) Hawaii (United States) *Queen Kesang Choden, Kesang Choden (1972–2006) Bhutan *Kösem Sultan (1623–1648) Ottoman Empire *Kunigunda of Halych (1278–1285) Bohemia *Louisa Ulrika of Prussia (1771–1782) Sweden *Louise of Sweden (1912–1926) Denmark *Luisa de Guzmán (1656–1666) Portugal *Margaret I of Denmark, Margaret of Denmark (1380–1387) Norway *Margaret of Durazzo (1386–1412) Naples *Margaret Sambiria (1259–1282) Denmark *Margaret Tudor (1513–1541) Scotland *Margaret of Provence (1270–1285) France *Margaret Skulesdatter (1263–1270) Norway *Margherita of Savoy (1900–1926) Italy *Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress, Maria of Austria (1576–1603) Hungary and Bohemia *María de Molina (1295–1312) Castile and León *Maria of Portugal, Queen of Castile, Maria of Portugal (1350–1357) Castile and León *Maria of Yugoslavia, Maria of Romania (1934–1961) Yugoslavia *Maria Amalia of Saxony (1759–1760) Naples and Sicily *Maria Anna of Austria (1750–1754) Portugal *Maria Christina of Austria (1906–1929) Spain *Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies (1833–1868) Spain *Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg (1632–1654) Sweden *María Isabella of Spain (1830–1848) Two Sicilies *Maria Laskarina (1270) Hungary *Maria Leopoldina of Austria (1826) Portugal *Maria Luisa of Parma (1808–1819) Spain *Maria Luisa of Spain (1792) Hungary and Bohemia *Maria Pia of Savoy (1889–1908) *Maria Theresa (1765–1780) Germany *Mariam-uz-Zamani (1605–1623) Mughal India *Mariana of Austria (1665–1696) Spain *Mariana Victoria of Spain (1777–1781) Portugal *Marie de Coucy (1249–1285) Scotland *Marie de' Medici (1610–1642) France *Marie of Anjou (1461–1463) France *Marie of Prussia (1864–1889) Bavaria *Marie of Romania, Marie of Edinburgh (1930–1938) Romania *Mary of Guelders (1460–1463) Scotland *Mary of Guise (1542–1560) Scotland *Mary of Teck (1936–1952) United Kingdom: widow of King George V and mother of kings Edward VIII and George VI. Queen Mary never used the title ''Queen Mother'', because she thought it implied advancing years, choosing instead to be known as "Queen Mary" and that style was used to describe her in the Court Circular. But she was a queen mother just the same. *Mary, Queen of Scots (1567–1587) *Nana Afia Kobi Serwaa Ampem II (1999–2016) Ashanti people (Ghana) *Musbah bint Nasser (1951–1952) Jordan *Narriman Sadek (1952–1953) Egypt *Nazli Sabri (1936–1950) Egypt *Norodom Monineath (from 2004) Cambodia *Nurbanu Sultan (1574–1583) Ottoman Empire *Olga Constantinovna of Russia (1913–1922) Greece *Pauline Therese of Württemberg (1864–1873) Württemberg *Phuntsho Choden (1952–1972) Bhutan *Perestu Kadın (1876-1904) Ottoman Empire *Queen Ratna of Nepal, Ratna Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah (1972–2008) Nepal *Richeza of Denmark (1216–1220) Sweden *Richeza of Poland, Queen of Hungary, Richeza of Poland (1074–1077) Hungary *Safiye Sultan (wife of Murad III), Safiye Sultan (1595–1603) Ottoman Empire *Sancha of Castile, Queen of Aragon, Sancha of Castile (1196–1208) Aragon *Sancha of León (1065–1067) León *Saovabha Phongsri (1910–1919) Thailand *Sirikit (from 2016) Thailand *Queen Sofía of Spain, Sofía of Spain (from 2014) *Sophia of Halshany (1434–1461) Poland *Sophia of Minsk (1182–1198) Denmark *Sophia of Nassau (1907–1913) Sweden *Sophia of Prussia (1917–1920, 1922–1936) Greece *Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (1588–1631) Denmark and Norway *Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Calenberg (1670–1685) Denmark and Norway *Sophia Dorothea of Hanover (1740–1757) Prussia *Sophia Magdalena of Denmark (1792–1809) Sweden *Sophie Magdalene of Brandenburg-Kulmbach (1746–1766) Denmark and Norway *Tadj ol-Molouk (1941–1979) Persia (Iran) *Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen (1848–1854) Bavaria *Tiye (14th century BC) Egypt *Tshering Yangdon (from 2006) Bhutan *Turhan Sultan (1651–1681) Ottoman Empire *Violant of Aragon (1284–1295) Castile and León *Victoria, Princess Royal (1888–1901) Prussia *Zein al-Sharaf bint Jamil, Zein al-Sharaf Talal (1952–1994) Jordan

Exceptional cases

*Ingeborg of Norway (1301–1361), Duchess of Södermanland, acted and ranked as if she were a queen regnant for a year before the Swedish reign of her son, King Magnus IV of Sweden, Magnus IV, and thereafter as if she were his queen mother, serving intermittently on his board of regents. However, though she has been called ''the King Mother'' in biographical literature, she was never officially recognized as queen or queen mother. *Her granddaughter-in-law Margaret I of Denmark, Margaret (1353–1412), who ruled all of Scandinavia as the mother of one king and the adoptive mother of another, held a similarly complicated unofficial position but for much longer, and in traditional history is given the title of Queen. Early in her career, she had been Queen consort of Norway for seventeen years and of Sweden for one year. *Jijabai (1598–1674) was neither consort of a ruling king nor a ruling queen or regent. In practical terms her husband Shahaji was a nobleman under other rulers, but her son founded Maratha Empire, an independent empire and became its sovereign. Hence she is given the title Queen Mother – ''Rajmata'' in Hindi. *Queen Mother Sadije, Sadijé Toptani (1876–1934), mother of King Zog I of Albania: after her son became king in 1928 she was raised to the title Queen Mother of the Albanians (''Nëna Mbretëreshë e Shqiptarëve'') with the style of Her Majesty, a position she held from September 1, 1928, until her death. *Helen of Greece and Denmark was the wife of the future Carol II of Romania from 1921 to 1928, and mother of King Michael of Romania. Michael first ruled 1927–30, ''before'' his father was king, and again after his father abdicated. When in 1930 Carol returned to Romania and assumed the throne, he actually retrodated his reign to 1927, the year his father (Ferdinand of Romania, King Ferdinand) died. As Helen had not yet divorced her playboy husband at the time (that was to happen in the following year), he unwittingly granted her the retroactive title of queen. Thus, in 1940, after his abdication and the second accession of their son, she rightfully became the queen mother of Romania. *Similarly, Gayatri Devi, Maharani of Jaipur (1919–2009) was the third wife of her husband, the monarch, but not the mother of his successor, a son by the king's first wife. However, she has been accorded the title of queen mother (''Rajmata'') anyway. *The Valide Sultan or Sultana mother was title which usually held by the mother of the reigning Ottoman Sultan, even though she may never have been chief consort (haseki sultan). *Shubhadrangi was mother of future emperor Ashoka, but was murdered by Susima in order to save her daughter in law. She was not able to be empress mother (rajmata) *Helena Maurya, the second wife of Chandragupta Maurya, was step mother of Bindusara, and held the title of Rajmata until her death.

King father

The male equivalent of a queen mother, being a male former monarch or consort who is the father of the reigning monarch, is sometimes known as the "king father" or another variation based on the title of the monarch or consort. If a king abdicates and passes the throne to his child, or if a reigning queen abdicates or dies and is survived by her husband, he might acquire a substantive title.

Examples

*King Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia was styled as "His Majesty King Father Norodom Sihanouk" when he abdicated the throne in favor of his son, Norodom Sihamoni. *Jigme Singye Wangchuck became the king father of Bhutan following his abdication in favor of his son, Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck. *Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani became the "Father Emir" of Qatar following his abdication as Emir of Qatar, emir in favor of his son, Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani. *After King Albert II of Belgium, Albert II of the Belgians Albert II of Belgium#Titles, styles, honours and arms, abdicated in 2013, his style was shortened to ''His Majesty King Albert'' (as did King Leopold III of Belgium, Leopold III); "king father" is the name of his role rather than a style or title. *After Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III of Brunei abdicated, he became the "Begawan Sultan" or the sultan father. He was given the title of "His Majesty The Sultan-Father", or in Malay, ''Duli Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri Begawan Sultan,'' and this office became vacant when he died. *Francisco de Asís, Duke of Cádiz, Francisco, Duke of Cádiz, the king consort of Isabella II of Spain, Isabel II of Spain, was king father to Alfonso XII, Alfonso XII of Spain. *Ferdinand II of Portugal, ''jure uxoris'' king to Maria II of Portugal, was king father to Pedro V of Portugal and Luís I of Portugal. *Following his abdication, Ludwig I of Bavaria was king father to Maximilian II of Bavaria. *In the former Chinese Empire, a living monarch who passed the throne to his son was called ''Taishang Huang''. This title was last bestowed upon Qianlong Emperor.

Current comparisons

The following individuals hold a similar role as mothers or fathers of their country's reigning monarchs: *Ntfombi of Eswatini, Ndlovukati Ntfombi of Eswatini (from 1986) *Beatrix of the Netherlands (from 2013) *Albert II of Belgium, King Albert II of Belgium (from 2013) *Queen Paola of Belgium (from 2013) *Hamad Bin Khalifa Al Thani, Father Emir of Qatar Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani (from 2013) *Juan Carlos I, King Juan Carlos I of Spain (from 2014) *Queen Sofía of Spain (from 2014) *Sirikit, Queen Sirikit of Thailand (from 2019) *Norodom Monineath, Queen Norodom the Queen Mother of Cambodia (from 2004) *Akihito, Emperor Emeritus Akihito of Japan (from 2019) *Empress Michiko, Empress Emerita Michiko of Japan (from 2019)

References

{{Reflist Queens, Mother Queens consort, * Queen mothers, * Royal titles