Quality television

Quality television (also quality TV or quality artistic television) is a term used by television scholars, television critics, and broadcasting advocacy groups to describe a genre or style of television programming that they argue is of higher quality due to its subject matter, style, or content. For several decades after World War II, television that was deemed to be "quality television" was mostly associated with government-funded public television networks; however, with the development of cable TV network specialty channels in the 1980s and 1990s, US cable channels such as HBO made a number of television shows during the turn of the century that some television critics argued were "quality television", such as ''Angels in America'', ''Sex and the City'', ''The Sopranos'', ''The Wire'' and '' Six Feet Under''.

Claims that television programs are of higher quality include a number of subjective evaluations and value judgements. For example, Robert J. Thompson's claim that "quality television" programs include "...a quality pedigree, a large ensemble cast, a series memory, creation of a new genre through recombination of older ones, self-consciousness, and pronounced tendencies toward the controversial and the realistic" includes a number of subjective evaluations. The criteria for "quality television" set out by the US group Viewers for Quality Television ("A quality show is something we anticipate... tfocuses more on relationships... ndexplores character, it enlightens, challenges, involves and confronts the viewer; it provokes thought...") also require a number of subjective evaluations.

Television programs on another end of the spectrum from quality television are sometimes called B-television or blue collar television.

Fictional and non-fictional "quality television"

Fictional television programs that some television scholars and broadcasting advocacy groups argue are "quality television" include series such as ''Twin Peaks'', '' Buffy the Vampire Slayer'', and ''The Sopranos''. Kristin Thompson argues that some of these television series exhibit traits also found in art films, such as psychological realism, narrative complexity, and ambiguous plotlines. Nonfiction television programs that some television scholars and broadcasting advocacy groups argue are "quality television" include a range of serious, noncommercial programming aimed at a niche audience, such as documentaries and public affairs shows.

In the United States

Narrative complexity in television drama

At the dawn of the medium and in the Golden Age of Television in the 1950s, there had been complex dramas in the form of live anthology series each week such as '' Playhouse 90'', ''Kraft Television Theater'', '' Studio One'', ''Goodyear Television Playhouse'', and other such shows featuring writers along the lines of Rod Serling and Paddy Chayefsky who wrote stories about the human condition, often through a dark eye and a cynical or ironic outlook on life and social issues. These were live dramas broadcast for New York City 52 weeks with no hiatus, and such shows faded out of existence more and more with television dramas now being filmed in Los Angeles, California. However the essence and format of these dramas continued in the form of filmed anthology dramas such as '' Alfred Hitchcock Presents'' and ''The Twilight Zone''. With anthology series now being filmed in Los Angeles, these shows were broadcast for 39 weeks with a hiatus in the summer.

The 1960s and 1970s gave rise to two complex narrative formats which would come to dominate the American television landscape decades later. The primetime serial (radio and television) with '' Peyton Place'' based on the Grace Metalious novel and the successful movie of the same name starring Lana Turner. It was the first American television series to feature a frank discussion of sexuality in dramatic storylines. It was also the first primetime series to adopt the more serialized character-driven approach to storytelling more often seen on daytime soap operas as opposed to the typical primetime series of the era which had a more episodic plot-driven nature.

'' The Fugitive'' was the first to introduce the concept of story arc and character arc, in spite of the show's episodic nature, with David Janssen playing Dr. Richard Kimble, a man on the run to prove his innocence and to reveal that a one-armed man was in fact his wife's killer. This led to a huge showdown in the final episode which resulted the broadcast being one of the most watched television programs of all time and the concept of a series finale becoming popular ratings grabbers instead of the previous method of using a clip show as a final episode. ''The Fugitive'' also spawned a feature film starring Harrison Ford and Tommy Lee Jones (who won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor) along with a short-lived remake of the series starring Timothy Daly.

The original '' Battlestar Galactica'' was perhaps one of the first dramatic series on American television to delve into a ''show mythology'', long before ''Twin Peaks'', ''Babylon 5'', ''The X-Files'', or '' Lost'' which involved mixing both serialized and episodic narratives in a regular television series. The premise involved a ragtag fleet of survivors from the now destroyed Twelve Colonies of Man fleeing an attack from a destructive cybernetic race called the Cylons, hoping for a utopian thirteenth colony called Earth. The series starred Lorne Greene of '' Bonanza'' fame. The series was cancelled after one season due to rising budget costs but spawned '' Galactica 1980'' a year later, and a reimagined version of the series on The Sci Fi Channel which garnered much more recognition, critical acclaim, and a longer run than the original series or ''Galactica 1980''. By this time, television series were 26 weeks per season with hiatuses now in both the summer and winter.

In the 1980s, both serials and story arcs made a comeback with hit primetime soaps ''Dallas'', its spinoff '' Knots Landing'', and their sister show '' Falcon Crest'' (all three series were produced at Lorimar) along with the Aaron Spelling–produced ''Dynasty''; in spite of their mass appeal, campy nature, and sensationalism, these shows prompted more primetime dramas to use the serial format. Among these were dramas such as the Steven Bochco–produced shows ''Hill Street Blues'', '' St. Elsewhere'', '' L.A. Law'', and later '' NYPD Blue'' and '' Wiseguy''. These latter dramas were known for their deep characterization and multiple narrative threads. These serialized dramas without the melodramatic trappings of a ''soap opera'' helped popularize the term ''story arc''.

In the 1990s and 2000s, a new model of television storytelling began being used in some US television programs such as '' Oz'' and ''The Sopranos'', and later on with shows such as ''The Wire'' and '' Six Feet Under'' for HBO which adopted a business model of producing 13-week dramas over the course of five years or so. This was a marked departure from traditional network dramas which would start with thirteen episodes at the beginning of the season with another ''back nine'' episodes to finish the season, and allowed these cable dramas to have a shot at succeeding by not cancelling them within a year, but concluding them before they moved past their prime. These shows were darker and occasionally more graphic than the typical network drama, establishing dramatic television on cable as a solid alternative to network television. In the years following the end of the run of ''The Wire'', several colleges and universities such as Johns Hopkins, Brown University, and Harvard College have offered classes on ''The Wire'' in disciplines ranging from law to sociology to film studies.

Views of scholars and authors

Robert Thompson says quality television has the following characteristics:
*It must break the established rules of television and be like nothing that has come before.
*It is produced by people of quality aesthetic ancestry, who have honed their skills in other areas, particularly film. It attracts a quality audience.
*It succeeds against the odds, after initial struggles.
*It has large ensemble cast which allows for multiple plot lines.
*It has memory, referring back to previous episodes and seasons in the development of plot.
*It defies genre classification.
*It tends to be literary.
*It contains sharp social and cultural criticisms with cultural references and allusions to popular culture.
*It tends toward the controversial.
*It aspires toward realism.
*Finally, it is recognized and appreciated by critics, with awards and critical acclaim.

Paul Buhle's review of ''Quality Popular Television'' states that "high-culture critics almost uniformly considered films to be dreck until television—when they enshrined the cinema auteur. At the next stage...some television... rograms wereaccorded the status of "art." Some British professors and television writers argue that US television programming includes a number of quality shows. In April 2004, Janet McCabe (Manchester Metropolitan University) and Kim Akass (Manchester Metropolitan University) organized a conference on "American Quality Television" to examine the "particular strand of American television known as Quality TV" (e.g., ''St Elsewhere'', ''Hill Street Blues'', ''thirtysomething'', ''Twin Peaks'', ''The X-Files'', ''Buffy the Vampire Slayer'', ''ER'', ''The Sopranos'', ''Sex and the City'' and ''Six Feet Under'').

The BBC
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