The ''Qu'' form of poetry is a type of

Classical Chinese poetry form Classical Chinese poetry forms are Poetry#Forms, poetry forms or modes which typify the traditional Chinese poetry, Chinese poems written in Literary Chinese or Classical Chinese. Classical Chinese poetry has various characteristic forms, some ...

, consisting of words written in one of a number of certain, set

tone pattern Tone patterns () are common constraints in classical Chinese poetry. The four tones of Middle Chinese—''level'' (平), ''rising'' (上), ''departing'' (去), and ''entering'' (入) tones—are categorized into level (平) tones and oblique (仄 ...

s, based upon the tunes of various songs. Thus ''Qu'' poems are lyrics with lines of varying longer and shorter lengths, set according to the certain and specific, fixed patterns of rhyme and tone of conventional musical pieces upon which they are based and after which these matched variations in lyrics (or individual ''Qu'' poems) generally take their name.Yip, 306-308 The fixed-tone type of verse such as the ''Qu'' and the '' ci'' together with the '' shi'' and '' fu'' forms of poetry comprise the three main forms of

Classical Chinese poetry Classical Chinese poetry is traditional Chinese poetry written in Classical Chinese and typified by certain traditional forms, or modes; traditional genres; and connections with particular historical periods, such as the poetry of the Tang dy ...

Names and types

In Chinese literature, the ''Qu'' () form of poetry from the

Yuan Dynasty The Yuan dynasty (), officially the Great Yuan (; xng, , , literally "Great Yuan State"), was a Mongol-led imperial dynasty of China and a successor state to the Mongol Empire after its division. It was established by Kublai, the fift ...

may be called ''Yuanqu'' (元曲 P: ''Yuánqǔ'', W: ''Yüan-ch'ü''). Qu may be derived from Chinese opera, such as the ''

Zaju ''Zaju'' was a form of Chinese opera which provided entertainment through a synthesis of recitations of prose and poetry, dance, singing, and mime, with a certain emphasis on comedy (or, happy endings). Although with diverse and earlier roots, ''za ...

'' (雜劇), in which case these Qu may be referred to as ''

sanqu ''Sanqu'' () is a fixed-rhythm form of Classical Chinese poetry or "literary song".Crump (1990), 125 Specifically ''sanqu'' is a subtype of the '' qu'' formal type of poetry. ''Sanqu'' was a notable Chinese poetic form, possibly beginning in the ...

'' (散曲).

Sanqu

The ''San'' in ''Sanqu'' refers to the detached status of the ''Qu'' lyrics of this verse form: in other words, rather than being embedded as part of an opera performance the lyrics stand separately on their own. Since the ''Qu'' became popular during the late

Southern Song The Song dynasty (; ; 960–1279) was an imperial dynasty of China that began in 960 and lasted until 1279. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song following his usurpation of the throne of the Later Zhou. The Song conquered the rest ...

Dynasty, and reached a special height of popularity in the

poetry Poetry (derived from the Greek ''poiesis'', "making"), also called verse, is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and often rhythmic qualities of language − such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre − to evoke meanings i ...

of the

, therefore it is often called ''Yuanqu'' (元曲), specifying the type of ''Qu'' found in Chinese opera typical of the

era. Both ''Sanqu'' and ''Ci'' are lyrics written to fit a different melodies, but ''Sanqu'' differs from ''Ci'' in that it is more colloquial, and is allowed to contain ''Chenzi'' (襯字 "filler words" which are additional words to make a more complete meaning). ''Sanqu'' can be further divided into ''Xiaoling'' (小令) and ''Santao'' (散套), with the latter containing more than one melody.

Notes and references

* Yip, Wai-lim (1997). ''Chinese Poetry: An Anthology of Major Modes and Genres ''. (Durham and London: Duke University Press). {{DEFAULTSORT:Qu (Poetry) Chinese poetry forms Chinese opera Yuan poetry

Names and types

Sanqu

See also

Notes and references