C. Viruthachalam (25 April 1906 – 30 June 1948), better known by the pseudonym Pudhumaipithan (also spelt as Pudumaipithan or Puthumaippiththan), was one of the most influential and revolutionary writers of

Tamil Tamil may refer to: * Tamils, an ethnic group native to India and some other parts of Asia **Sri Lankan Tamils, Tamil people native to Sri Lanka also called ilankai tamils **Tamil Malaysians, Tamil people native to Malaysia * Tamil language, nativ ...

fiction. His works were characterized by social satire, progressive thinking and outspoken criticism of accepted conventions. Contemporary writers and critics found it difficult to accept his views and his works were received with extreme hostility. He as an individual and his works have been extensively reviewed and debated for over sixty years since his death. His influence has been accepted and appreciated by the present day writers and critics of Tamil fiction.Pudumaipithan's literary legacy remembered, The Hindu 7 May 2007
/ref>
/ref> In 2002, the

Government of Tamil Nadu Government of Tamil Nadu is the subnational government for the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is seated at Fort St George, Chennai. The legislature of Tamil Nadu was bicameral until 1986, when it was replaced by a unicameral legislature, l ...

nationalised the works of Pudumaippithan.

Life and career

Pudhumaipithan was born in Thiruppadirippuliyur ( Cuddalore district). His early education was obtained in places like

Gingee Gingee, also known as Senji or Jinji and originally called Singapuri, is a panchayat town in Viluppuram district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Gingee is located between three hills covering a perimeter of 3 km, and lies west of the Sa ...

Kallakurichi Kallakurichi is a Municipality in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and the administrative headquarters of Kallakurichi district in Tamil Nadu. As of 2019, the town had a population of 73528. Member of the Legislative Assembly (Tamilnadu) is M ...

and

Tindivanam Tindivanam is a town and a municipality in Viluppuram district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is the second largest town in Villupuram District after the headquarters town Villupuram. Important roads from north to south (NH 45) Tami ...

. He completed his Bachelor of Arts degree from Tirunelveli Hindu college in 1931. In the same year he married Kamala and moved to Madras. His career as a writer began in 1933 with an essay "''Gulabjaan Kaadhal''" (Love for Gulab jamun) published in the magazine ''Gandhi''. His first short story "''Aatrangarai Pillaiyaar''" (Pillaiyaar on the river bank) was published in 1934 in "''Manikodi''" and from then on his short stories appeared regularly in it. His short stories appeared in a number of magazines like ''Kalaimakal'', ''Jothi'', ''Sudantira Chanku'', ''Oozhiyan'' and ''Thamizh Mani'' and the annual issue of ''

Dina Mani ''Dinamani'' is a Tamil daily newspaper. The newspaper was established in 1933 and is owned by The New Indian Express Group. The first edition was published on 11 September. It is printed and published from Bangalore, Chennai, Coimbatore, Dharm ...

''. He worked briefly as a sub editor at ''Oozhiyan'' and later at ''Dina Mani''. In 1943, he left ''Dina Mani'' to join ''Dinasari''.Remembering Pudumaippithan – Frontline Magazine 08-21 April 2006
/ref> In 1940, his book "''Pudhumaipithan Kadhaigal''"(The stories of Pudhumaipithan), an anthology of his short stories was published. He slowly ventured into the world of

Tamil cinema Tamil cinema, also known as Kollywood is a part of Indian Cinema; primarily engaged in production of motion pictures in the Tamil language. Based out of the Kodambakkam neighbourhood in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, it is popularly called ''Kollywo ...

and worked as a scriptwriter in the films ''Avvaiyaar'' and ''KaamaValli''. In 1945, he started "Parvatha Kumari Productions" and made an abortive attempt at producing a film called "''Vasanthavalli''". While working for the movie "''Raja Mukthi''", in

Pune Pune (; ; also known as Poona, ( the official name from 1818 until 1978) is one of the most important industrial and educational hubs of India, with an estimated population of 7.4 million As of 2021, Pune Metropolitan Region is the largest i ...

he contracted

tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by '' Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections show no symptoms, i ...

. He died on 5 May 1948 at

Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram (; ), also known by its former name Trivandrum (), is the capital of the Indian state of Kerala. It is the most populous city in Kerala with a population of 957,730 as of 2011. The encompassing urban agglomeration populati ...

Works and themes

Pudumaippithan's active writing period was less than 15 years (1934–46) in which he wrote nearly 100 short stories, an equal number of essays on a variety of subjects, 15 poems, a few plays and scores of book reviews. His writings gave him a reputation as a maverick. His works were influenced by the French short story writer

Guy de Maupassant Henri René Albert Guy de Maupassant (, ; ; 5 August 1850 – 6 July 1893) was a 19th-century French author, remembered as a master of the short story form, as well as a representative of the Naturalist school, who depicted human lives, destin ...

among others. The subjects he wrote on and the characters he chose to portray were completely new to Tamil fiction. He felt that Tamil literature had been crippled by unspoken conventions and openly criticized those who adhered to them. In one of his essays he expressed his displeasure as: He was unfazed by the hostile reception that his works received from contemporary writers and critics alike. Dismissing his critics, he wrote : To voice his views he used a wide range of characters, both common – husbands wives, students, children,

rickshaw A rickshaw originally denoted a two- or three-wheeled passenger cart, now known as a pulled rickshaw, which is generally pulled by one person carrying one passenger. The first known use of the term was in 1879. Over time, cycle rickshaws (also ...

pullers, villagers, beggars, whores, oppressed people, saints, revolutionaries; and uncommon – God, ghosts, monsters, hospital beds. Some of his favourite themes were – conflicts between emotion and reason,

Hindu Hindus (; ) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism. Jeffery D. Long (2007), A Vision for Hinduism, IB Tauris, , pages 35–37 Historically, the term has also been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for ...

religion – its rules, rituals and laws, caste system, struggles for survival and oppression of women in the Indian society.Puthumaipithan – His Contribution to Modern Tamil Literature
/ref>

Short stories

Pudumaipithan is primarily known for his short stories. Of the 108 stories that have been identified as works of Pudumaipithan, only 48 had been published in book form during his lifetime. Most of his works were published in magazines like ''Manikodi'', ''Kalaimagal'', ''Jothi'', ''Sudantira Chanku'', ''Oozhiyan'', ''Thamizh Mani'', ''Dina mani'', ''Dina Sari'' and ''Nandan''. The rest have been published posthumously in various anthologies, the latest one being in 2000. He belonged to the ''Manikodi'' movement (named for the magazine) which flourished in 1930s. Ku. Paa Rajakoopaalan, B. S. Ramaiya and Va. Ramasamy were his contemporaries in the ''Manikodi'' movement.

Translations

He was also a prolific translator of literary works from other languages into Tamil. He translated around 50 short stories, including the works of

Molière Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (, ; 15 January 1622 (baptised) – 17 February 1673), known by his stage name Molière (, , ), was a French playwright, actor, and poet, widely regarded as one of the greatest writers in the French language and worl ...

Kay Boyle Kay Boyle (February 19, 1902 – December 27, 1992) was an American novelist, short story writer, educator, and political activist. She was a Guggenheim Fellow and O. Henry Award winner. Early years The granddaughter of a publisher, Boyle was ...

Maxim Gorky Alexei Maximovich Peshkov (russian: link=no, Алексе́й Макси́мович Пешко́в; – 18 June 1936), popularly known as Maxim Gorky (russian: Макси́м Го́рький, link=no), was a Russian writer and social ...

Sinclair Lewis Harry Sinclair Lewis (February 7, 1885 – January 10, 1951) was an American writer and playwright. In 1930, he became the first writer from the United States (and the first from the Americas) to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, which was ...

Ernst Toller Ernst Toller (1 December 1893 – 22 May 1939) was a German author, playwright, left-wing politician and revolutionary, known for his Expressionist plays. He served in 1919 for six days as President of the short-lived Bavarian Soviet Republic, ...

William Shakespeare William Shakespeare ( 26 April 1564 – 23 April 1616) was an English playwright, poet and actor. He is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's nation ...

, E. M. Delafield,

William Saroyan William Saroyan (; August 31, 1908 – May 18, 1981) was an Armenian-American novelist, playwright, and short story writer. He was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1940, and in 1943 won the Academy Award for Best Story for the film ''T ...

, E. V. Lucas, Moshe Smilansky,

Robert Louis Stevenson Robert Louis Stevenson (born Robert Lewis Balfour Stevenson; 13 November 1850 – 3 December 1894) was a Scottish novelist, essayist, poet and travel writer. He is best known for works such as ''Treasure Island'', ''Strange Case of Dr Jekyll a ...

Bret Harte Bret Harte (; born Francis Brett Hart; August 25, 1836 – May 5, 1902) was an American short story writer and poet best remembered for short fiction featuring miners, gamblers, and other romantic figures of the California Gold Rush. In a caree ...

, John Galsworthy,

Aleksandr Kuprin Aleksandr Ivanovich Kuprin (russian: link=no, Александр Иванович Куприн; – 25 August 1938) was a Russian writer best known for his novels ''The Duel'' (1905)Kuprin scholar Nicholas Luker, in his biography ''A ...

, Anton Chekhov,

Franz Kafka Franz Kafka (3 July 1883 – 3 June 1924) was a German-speaking Bohemian novelist and short-story writer, widely regarded as one of the major figures of 20th-century literature. His work fuses elements of realism and the fantastic. It ...

Ilya Ehrenburg Ilya Grigoryevich Ehrenburg (russian: link=no, Илья́ Григо́рьевич Эренбу́рг, ; – August 31, 1967) was a Soviet writer, revolutionary, journalist and historian. Ehrenburg was among the most prolific and notable autho ...

Valery Bryusov Valery Yakovlevich Bryusov ( rus, Вале́рий Я́ковлевич Брю́сов, p=vɐˈlʲerʲɪj ˈjakəvlʲɪvʲɪdʑ ˈbrʲusəf, a=Valyeriy Yakovlyevich Bryusov.ru.vorb.oga; – 9 October 1924) was a Russian poet, prose writer, drama ...

Anatole France (; born , ; 16 April 1844 – 12 October 1924) was a French poet, journalist, and novelist with several best-sellers. Ironic and skeptical, he was considered in his day the ideal French man of letters. He was a member of the Académie França ...

Leonid Andreyev Leonid Nikolaievich Andreyev (russian: Леони́д Никола́евич Андре́ев, – 12 September 1919) was a Russian playwright, novelist and short-story writer, who is considered to be a father of Expressionism in Russian liter ...

, Henrik Ibsen,

Nathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Hawthorne (July 4, 1804 – May 19, 1864) was an American novelist and short story writer. His works often focus on history, morality, and religion. He was born in 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts, from a family long associated with that t ...

Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe (; Edgar Poe; January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American writer, poet, editor, and literary critic. Poe is best known for his poetry and short stories, particularly his tales of mystery and the macabre. He is wid ...

, Robert Murray Gilchrist, Frances Bellerby,

Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson Bjørnstjerne Martinius Bjørnson ( , ; 8 December 1832 – 26 April 1910) was a Norwegian writer who received the 1903 Nobel Prize in Literature "as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguishe ...

, Leonard Strong,

Jack London John Griffith Chaney (January 12, 1876 – November 22, 1916), better known as Jack London, was an American novelist, journalist and activist. A pioneer of commercial fiction and American magazines, he was one of the first American authors to ...

, Peter Egge,

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov ( rus, Михаил Александрович Шолохов, p=ˈʂoləxəf; – 21 February 1984) was a Russian novelist and winner of the 1965 Nobel Prize in Literature. He is known for writing about life a ...

Thomas Wolfe Thomas Clayton Wolfe (October 3, 1900 – September 15, 1938) was an American novelist of the early 20th century. Wolfe wrote four lengthy novels as well as many short stories, dramatic works, and novellas. He is known for mixing highly origin ...

and James Hanley. He had strong views on doing translations and adaptations. He equated adaptations to literary theft and held the view that translation was the proper way to bring literary works of other languages to Tamil. In 1937, he was involved in a literary feud with

Kalki Krishnamurthy , birth_name = Ramasamy Aiyer Krishnamurthy , birth_date = , birth_place = Puthamangalam, near Manalmedu , death_date = , death_place = Chennai, India , occupation = journalist, critic and writer , nationality = Indian , education = H ...

on the issue of translations vs adaptations

Poems

Pudumaipithan wrote about fifteen poems in total. His first published poem was ''Thiru Angila arasanga thondaradipodi azhwar vaibhavam'', which appeared in 1934. Most of his poems were written as letters to his friend T. M. Chidambara Ragunathan in the form of ''

Venpa Venpa or Venba ('' வெண்பா'' in Tamil) is a form of classical Tamil poetry. Classical Tamil poetry has been classified based upon the rules of metric prosody. Such rules form a context-free grammar. Every venba consists of between two ...

s''. The fifteen poems were published posthumously in 1954. Like his short stories, his poems are full of wit and satire. The most famous of his poems is the abusive limerick ''Moonavarunasalamae'' written in review of a book on Tamil prose, which failed to mention the ''Manikodi'' movement.

Political books

Pudumaipithan's political orientation was socialist. Among his political essays and books, four are considered important – ''Fascist Jatamuni'' (a biography of Benito Mussolini), ''Gapchip Durbar'' (a biography of

Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (; 20 April 188930 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was dictator of Nazi Germany, Germany from 1933 until Death of Adolf Hitler, his death in 1945. Adolf Hitler's rise to power, He rose to power as the le ...

), ''Stalinukku Theriyum'' and ''Adhikaram yarukku'' (both endorsing communism and policies of

Joseph Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Georgian revolutionary and Soviet political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. He held power as General Secretar ...

). All the four books contain scathing indictments of fascism and a general agreement with Stalinist policies.

Writing style

Pudhumaipithan was the first Tamil writer to successfully use a dialect of Tamil other than that of

Chennai Chennai (, ), formerly known as Madras ( the official name until 1996), is the capital city of Tamil Nadu, the southernmost Indian state. The largest city of the state in area and population, Chennai is located on the Coromandel Coast of th ...

Tanjore Thanjavur (), also Tanjore, Pletcher 2010, p. 195 is a city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Thanjavur is the 11th biggest city in Tamil Nadu. Thanjavur is an important center of South Indian religion, art, and architecture. Most of the ...

. Most of his characters spoke the Tirunelveli

dialect The term dialect (from Latin , , from the Ancient Greek word , 'discourse', from , 'through' and , 'I speak') can refer to either of two distinctly different types of linguistic phenomena: One usage refers to a variety of a language that is a ...

. His stories were set either in Madras or in

Tirunelveli Tirunelveli (, ta, திருநெல்வேலி, translit=Tirunelveli) also known as Nellai ( ta, நெல்லை, translit=Nellai) and historically (during British rule) as Tinnevelly, is a major city in the Indian state of Tam ...

, the two places where he spent considerable portions of his life. His writing style had a mixture of colloquial and classical words. Gentle satire even while handling complicated and serious situations was his hallmark. He used harsh language while arguing with his literary opponents like Kalki KrishnamoorthyA Foreword to ''Pudhumaipithan katturaigal'' by M.A. Nuhman – Part 2 (in Tamil)
/ref> and wrote insulting limericks in his book reviews.

Plagiarism and other criticisms

Pudumaippithan has been accused by some of his contemporaries and later critics of having

plagiarized Plagiarism is the fraudulent representation of another person's language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions as one's own original work.From the 1995 '' Random House Compact Unabridged Dictionary'': use or close imitation of the language and thought ...

from the works of

Maupassant Henri René Albert Guy de Maupassant (, ; ; 5 August 1850 – 6 July 1893) was a 19th-century French author, remembered as a master of the short story form, as well as a representative of the Naturalist school, who depicted human lives, destin ...

.A.R. Venkatachalapathy, Foreword to ''Annai itta thee'' (in Tamil)
/ref> Chief among the accusers were his contemporaries Pe. Ko. Sundararajan (Chitty) and So. Sivapathasundaram and literary critic Kaarai Krishnamoorthy. Pudumaipitthan himself published the short story "''Tamil Paditha Pondaati''" (The wife who knew Tamil) with the foreword that it was based on Maupassant's work. Pudumaipithan's biographer T.M. Chidambara Ragunathan has identified the stories ''samadhi'', ''Nondi'', ''Bayam'', ''Kolaikaran kai'', ''Nalla velaikaran'' and ''Andha muttal venu'' as adaptations of Maupassant's works and the story ''Pithukuli'' as the adaptation of a Robert Browning poem. A few more stories like ''Doctor Sampath'', ''Naane Kondren'', ''Yaar Kurravali'' and ''Thekkangandrugal'' have also been tentatively identified as possible adaptations. His defenders (including Ragunathan and historian

A R Venkatachalapathy A R Venkatachalapathy is an Indian historian, author and translator who writes and publishes in Tamil and English. Currently he is a professor at the Madras Institute of Development Studies (MIDS). He is noted for collecting and publishing the ...

) have argued that those were adaptations and not plagiarizations. Pudumaipithan did not publish the short stories which have been identified (except ''Tamil Paditha Pondaati'') as adaptations when he was alive. They were published posthumously only after 1953. Thus, the defenders infer he would have acknowledged them as adaptations if he had published them himself (as he did in the case of ''Tamil Paditha Pondaati''). Further they contend Pudhumaipithan did not know French and during his lifetime the other Maupassant stories he has been accused of plagiarizing had not been translated into English. In their view, Pudumaipithan has had to suffer the accusation of plagiarism due to the callousness of his posthumous publishers. All of Pudhumaipithan's adaptations were written before 1937, when he became involved in a literary feud with Kalki Krishnamurthy about adapting works from other languages. During the feud he wrote biting essays equating adaptations with literary theft.Review of ''Pudhumaipithan Mozhipeyarppukal'', Kalachuvadu Magazine (in Tamil)
He has been criticized for just raising uncomfortable issues and not proposing any solutions for them. He had responded by pointing out that his job was only raising the issue and leaving the reader to figure out the solution. There have also been minor criticisms regarding his writing style like his digressing from the plot due to elaborate descriptions of environment and characters. Recently, Tamil critic A. Marx has criticised Pudumaipithan's portrayal of

Dalit Dalit (from sa, दलित, dalita meaning "broken/scattered"), also previously known as untouchable, is the lowest stratum of the castes in India. Dalits were excluded from the four-fold varna system of Hinduism and were seen as forming ...

Christians Christians () are people who follow or adhere to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. The words '' Christ'' and ''Christian'' derive from the Koine Greek title ''Christós'' (Χρ ...

Maravar Maravar (also known as Maravan and Marava) are a Tamil community in the state of Tamil Nadu. These people are one of the three branches of the Mukkulathor confederacy. Members of the Maravar community often use the honorific title '' Thevar''. T ...

s and meat eaters as derogatory.

Pseudonyms

Pudhumaipithan wrote under different pseudonyms, but the name "Pudhumaipithan" was the one that became famous. He himself preferred the name as he felt that this name was partially responsible for the appeal of his stories. Some of his other pseudonyms were ''So.Vi'', ''Rasamattam'', ''Mathru'', ''Koothan'', ''Nandhan'', ''Oozhiyan'', ''Kabhali'', ''Sukraachari'' and ''Iraval visirimadippu''. For publishing poems he used the pseudonym ''Velur Ve. Kandasamy Pillai''. Due to the accusation of plagiarism his pseudonyms have been extensively researched. T.M. Chidambara Ragunathan in his pudhumaipithan biography ''Pudumaippithan kathaigal: sila vimarsanangalum vishamangalum'', has advanced the theory that all the works published under the name of "''Nandhan''" are adaptive works rather than original ones.A.R. Venkatachalapathy – Pudumaippithan Stories in the eyes of the publisher (in Tamil)
/ref>
/ref>

Bibliography

Poems

* Thiru Angila arasanga thondaradipodi azhwar vaibhavam * Moona arunasalamae mooda * Inaiyarra India * Sellum vazhi iruttu

Political books

* Fascist Jatamuni * Kapchip Darbar * Stalinukku Theriyum * Athikaram Yaarukku

Short stories

* Ahalyai * Sellammal * Gopalayyangarin Manaivi * Idhu machine yugam * Kadavulin Pradhinidhi * Kadavulum kandasami pillayaum * Padapadappu * Oru naal kalindadhu * Theruvilakku * Kalanum Kizhaviyum * Ponnagaram * Irandu ulagangal * Aanmai * Athangarai Pillayar * Abinav snap * Andru iravu * Andha muttal venu * Avadharam * Brammarakshas * Bayam * Doctor Sampath * Eppodum mudivilae inbam * Gnanagugai * Gopalapuram * Ilakkiya mamma nayanar puranam * Indha paavi * Kaali kovil * Kapatakuram * Kalyani * Kanavu penn * Kaanchanai * Kannan kuzhal * Karuchidaivu * Kattilai vittu iranga kadhai * Kattil pesugiradhu * Kavandanum Kamamum * Kayirravu * Kodukkapuli maram * Kolaikaran kai * Konra sirippu * Kuppanin kanavu * Kurravaki yaar * Maayavalai * Magamasaanam * Manakugai oviyangal * Mana nizhal * Motcham * Naane kondren * Nalla velaikaran * Nambikkai * Nanmai bayakkumenin * Naasakara kumgal * Nigumbalai * Ninaivu padhai * Nirvigarpa samadhi * Nisamum ninaippum * Nyayam * Nyayamthan * Nondi * Oppandam * Oru kolai anubavam * Paal vannam pillai * Parimudhal * Paattiyin deepavali * Pithukuli * Poikaal kudhirai * Poosanikkai ambi * Puratchi manappanmai * Pudhiya koondu * Pudhiya kandapuranam * Pudhiya nandhan * Pudhiya oli * Ramanathanin kaditham * Saba vimosanam * Salaram * Samaavin thavaru * Sayangala mayakkam * Samaadhi * Samiyarum kuzhandhaiyum seedaiyum * Sanappan kozhi * Sangu tharmam * Selvam * Sevvai dhosham * Sirpiyin naragam * Sithan pokku * Sithi * Sivasidambara sevugam * Sonna sol * Subbaya pillayin kadhalgal * Thani oruvanukku * Thega kandrugal * Thirandha jannal * Thirukkural kumaresa pillai * Thirukkural seidha thirukoothu * Thyaga moorthi * Thunba keni * Unarchiyin adimaigal * Ubadesam * Vaada malli * Vaazhkai * Vazhi * Velipoochu * Vedhalam sonna kadhai * Vibareedha aasai * Vinayaga Chathurthi
/ref>

Translations

*Ashatapoorthi *Aattukuttithani *Amma *Andha paiyan *Ashtamasithi *Asisriyar Araichi *Adhikaalai *Bali *Sithravadhai *Daimon kanda unmai *Ini *Indha pal vivakaram *Ishtasithi *Kadhal kadhai *Kanavu *Kalappumanam *Karaiyil kanda mugam *Kizhavi *Latheefa *Magalukku manam seidhu vaithargal *Manimandhira theevu *Maniosai *Markheem *Milees *Mudhalum mudivum *Nadakakaari *Natchathira ilavarasi *Om santhi santhi *Kattukathai *Oruvanum oruthiyum *Paithiyakaari *Palingusilai *Balthazar *Poi *Poochandiyin magal *Rajya ubadhai *Roger melvinin eemachadangu *Saaraya peepai *Sagothararkal *Samathuvam *Scheherazade kadhai solli *Siritha mugakaaran *Sooniyakaari *Suvaril vazhi *Thayilla kuzhandaikal *Thayal machine *Thanthai mugarkarrum udavi *Deivam kudutha varam *Desiya geetham *Deivathukku marru *Thuravi *Uyir Aasai *Veedu thirumbal *Aei padagukaara *Yaathirai *Emanai emaarra *Yutha devadhaiyin thirumuga mandalam

References

External links

* {{Authority control Tamil-language writers 1906 births 1948 deaths People from Cuddalore district

Life and career

Works and themes

Short stories

Translations

Poems

Political books

Writing style

Plagiarism and other criticisms

Pseudonyms

Bibliography

Poems

Political books

Short stories

Translations

See also

References

External links