Psychedelic soul

Psychedelic soul (originally called black rock or conflated with psychedelic funk) is a music genre that emerged in the late 1960s and saw Black soul musicians embrace elements of psychedelic rock, including its production techniques, instrumentation, effects units (wah-wah pedal, phaser, etc.) and drug influences. It came to prominence in the late 1960s and continued into the 1970s, playing a major role in the development of funk and disco.

Pioneering acts working in the genre included Sly and the Family Stone, Jimi Hendrix, Isaac Hayes, and the Temptations. Mainstream acts that developed a psychedelic sound included the Supremes, Stevie Wonder, the Chambers Brothers, the 5th Dimension, Edwin Starr, Rare Earth, Arthur Brown and George Clinton's Parliament-Funkadelic ensemble.

History

Origins

Following the lead of Jimi Hendrix in psychedelic rock, in the late 1960s psychedelia began to have a widespread impact on Afro American musicians, particularly the stars of the Motown label."Psychedelic soul"
''AllMusic'', retrieved 27 February 2017. Influenced by the civil rights movement, it had a darker and more political edge than much psychedelic rock. Building on the funk sound of James Brown, it was pioneered by Sly and the Family Stone with songs like " Dance to the Music" (1968), "Everyday People" (1968) and "I Want to Take You Higher" (1969), which had a sound that emphasized distorted electric rhythm guitar and strong basslines.R. Gulla, ''Icons of R&B and Soul: an Encyclopedia of the Artists who Revolutionized Rhythm, Volume 2'' (London: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008), , pp. 278–81. Also important were the Temptations and their producer Norman Whitfield, who moved from a relatively light vocal group into more hard-edged and topical material like " Cloud Nine" (1968), "Runaway Child, Running Wild" (1969), and "Psychedelic Shack" (1969).

Development

Other Motown acts soon followed into psychedelic territory, including established performers like the Supremes with " Reflections" (1967), " Love Child" (1968), and " Stoned Love" (1970). Psychedelic influences could also be heard in the work of Stevie Wonder and in Marvin Gaye's socially conscious work from '' What's Going On'' (1971). Acts that broke through with psychedelic soul included the Chambers Brothers with " Time Has Come Today" (1966, but charting in 1968), the 5th Dimension with a cover of Laura Nyro's " Stoned Soul Picnic" (1968),G. Case, ''Out of Our Heads: Rock 'n' Roll Before the Drugs Wore Off'' (Milwaukie, MI: Hal Leonard Corporation, 2010), , pp. 70–1. Edwin Starr's "War" (1970) and the Undisputed Truth's "Smiling Faces Sometimes" (1971).

George Clinton's interdependent Funkadelic and Parliament ensembles and their various spin-offs, taking influence from Detroit rock groups including MC5 and The Stooges, used extended distorted guitar solos and psychedelic sound effects, coupled with surreal imagery and stage antics, especially on early Funkadelic albums such as ''Funkadelic'' (1970), '' Free Your Mind... and Your Ass Will Follow'' (1970), and ''Maggot Brain'' (1971); and Parliament album ''Osmium'' (1970),J. S. Harrington, ''Sonic Cool: the Life & Death of Rock 'n' Roll'' (Milwaukie, MI: Hal Leonard Corporation, 2002), , pp. 249–50. producing more than forty singles, including three in the US top ten, and three platinum albums.V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, ''All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul'' (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), , p. 226. Shuggie Otis's 1974 album '' Inspiration Information'' was a psychedelic soul record that emerged too late to take advantage of the style's popularity, but later found acclaim when it was reissued in 2001.

Decline and influence

While psychedelic rock began to waver at the end of the 1960s, psychedelic soul continued into the 1970s, peaking in popularity in the early years of the decade, and only disappearing in the late 1970s as tastes began to change. Isaac Hayes and Curtis Mayfield added orchestral instrumentation, creating cinematic soul, which ultimately led to disco. Acts like Earth, Wind & Fire, Kool & the Gang, and Ohio Players, who began as psychedelic soul artists, incorporated its sounds into funk music and eventually the disco which partly replaced it.A. Bennett, ''Rock and Popular Music: Politics, Policies, Institutions'' (Abingdon: Routledge, 1993), , p. 239.

Modern artists

Modern psychedelic soul artists include Erykah Badu, Bilal, Janelle Monáe, and Black Pumas.

See also

* :Psychedelic soul songs
*Psychedelic pop
*Neo-psychedelia
*Black Rock Coalition
*Afro-punk

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Psychedelic Soul

Soul music genres
Psychedelic music