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Protostomia () is the clade of animals once thought to be characterized by the formation of the organism's mouth before its anus during embryogenesis, embryonic development. This nature has since been discovered to be extremely variable among Protostomia's members, although the reverse is typically true of its sister clade, Deuterostomia. Well known examples of protostomes are arthropods, molluscs, annelids, flatworms and nematodes. They are also called schizocoelomates since schizocoely typically occurs in them.
Together with the Deuterostomia and Xenacoelomorpha, these form the clade Bilateria, animals with symmetry (biology)#Bilateral symmetry, bilateral symmetry, anteroposterior axis and triploblastic, three germ layers.
In animals at least as complex as earthworms, the first phase in Gut (zoology), gut development involves the embryo forming a dent on one side (the blastopore) which deepens to become its digestive tube (the archenteron). In the sister-clade, the deuterostomes (), the original dent becomes the anus while the gut eventually tunnels through to make another opening, which forms the mouth. The protostomes (from Greek 'first' + 'mouth') were so named because it was once believed that in all cases the embryological dent formed the mouth while the anus was formed later, at the opening made by the other end of the gut.
It is now known that the fate of the blastopore among protostomes is extremely variable; while the evolutionary distinction between deuterostomes and protostomes remains valid, the descriptive accuracy of the name ''protostome'' is disputable.
Protostome and deuterostome embryos differ in several other ways. Many protostomes (the Spiralia clade) undergo spiral Cleavage (embryo), cleavage during cell division instead of radial cleavage.
Spiral cleavage happens because the cells' division planes are angled to the polar major axis, instead of being parallel or perpendicular to it.
Another difference is that secondary body cavities (coeloms) generally form by schizocoely, where the coelom forms out of a solid mass of embryonic tissue splitting away from the rest, instead of by Enterocoely, enterocoelic pouching, where the coelom would otherwise form out of in-folded gut walls.
The Taxonomicon
for Karl Grobben
Protostomy
In animals at least as complex as earthworms, the first phase in Gut (zoology), gut development involves the embryo forming a dent on one side (the blastopore) which deepens to become its digestive tube (the archenteron). In the sister-clade, the deuterostomes (), the original dent becomes the anus while the gut eventually tunnels through to make another opening, which forms the mouth. The protostomes (from Greek 'first' + 'mouth') were so named because it was once believed that in all cases the embryological dent formed the mouth while the anus was formed later, at the opening made by the other end of the gut.
It is now known that the fate of the blastopore among protostomes is extremely variable; while the evolutionary distinction between deuterostomes and protostomes remains valid, the descriptive accuracy of the name ''protostome'' is disputable.
Protostome and deuterostome embryos differ in several other ways. Many protostomes (the Spiralia clade) undergo spiral Cleavage (embryo), cleavage during cell division instead of radial cleavage.
Spiral cleavage happens because the cells' division planes are angled to the polar major axis, instead of being parallel or perpendicular to it.
Another difference is that secondary body cavities (coeloms) generally form by schizocoely, where the coelom forms out of a solid mass of embryonic tissue splitting away from the rest, instead of by Enterocoely, enterocoelic pouching, where the coelom would otherwise form out of in-folded gut walls.
Evolution
The common ancestor of protostomes and deuterostomes was evidently a worm-like aquatic animal of the Ediacaran biota, Ediacaran. The two clades diverged about 600 million years ago. Protostomes evolved into over a million species alive today, compared to about 60,000 deuterostome species. Protostomes are divided into the Ecdysozoa (e.g. arthropoda, arthropods, nematoda, nematodes) and the Spiralia (e.g. mollusca, molluscs, annelida, annelids, platyhelminthes, platyhelminths, and rotifera, rotifers). A modern consensus phylogenetic tree for the protostomes is shown below. The timing of clades radiating into newer clades is given in Year#Mya, mya (millions of years ago); less certain placements are indicated with dashed lines.See also
* Embryological origins of the mouth and anusThe Taxonomicon
for Karl Grobben
References
External links
* {{Authority control Protostomes, Ediacaran first appearances Infrakingdoms Taxa named by Karl Grobben