Prime Minister of Brazil

Historically, the political post of Prime Minister, officially called President of the Council of Ministers ( pt, Primeiro-ministro, Presidente do Conselho de Ministros), existed in Brazil in two different periods: from 1847 to 1889 (during the Empire) and from 1961 to 1963 (under the Fourth Republic).

The parliamentary system was first introduced in the country in 1847 by Emperor Pedro II and maintained until the abolition of the monarchy in 1889. The system was briefly restored during the tenure of President João Goulart between 1961 and 1963, after a constitutional amendment approved by his opponents before the beginning of his term created the post; it was abolished with a plebiscite.

Below are more detailed descriptions of the post in each period.

Presidents of the Council of Ministers of the Empire of Brazil (1847–1889)

The political position of Prime Minister of Brazil was first created in 1847 by the Brazilian Emperor Pedro II officially as President of the Council of Ministers, but he was referred to by the press and the people as ''President of the Cabinet''. Often, the title ''President of the Council'', a shortened version of the official style, was also employed.

The 1824 Brazilian Constitution did not require the Emperor to appoint a prime minister; nor did it provide for a parliamentary system of government, instead vesting the Executive authority in the Emperor himself, and stipulating that the Emperor was to be aided by ministers that he was free to appoint and dismiss. However, Emperor Pedro II decided to appoint a president of the Council among his ministers, to lead the workings of the Government. He also chose to create a sort of parliamentary government, whereby the prime minister would be someone who could command a majority in the Chamber of Deputies, the lower House of the Brazilian Imperial Parliament, known as General Assembly. Therefore, even without being required by the Constitution, the Emperor started to exercise his authority in a manner compatible with parliamentary government, only appointing as prime minister someone who could retain parliamentary support, etc.

However, the emperor was not a figurehead monarch like other heads of State in a parliamentary system. The prime minister needed to retain the political confidence both of a majority of the Chamber of Deputies and of the Emperor, who actively scrutinized the workings of the Government. Sometimes the Emperor would dissolve the Chamber of Deputies and summon new elections (a power he possessed under the Constitution), or dismiss the prime minister, due to his own political beliefs about the efficiency of the Government. Thus, the Emperor would often dismiss a prime minister, and then appoint someone else from the same party. All this led to a succession of short-lived Cabinets. The emperor retained decision-making powers with regard to the signature or veto of bills passed by Parliament, and would not always abide by the advice of his ministers. And that was seen as normal given that the monarch wasn't required by the Constitution to reign in a parliamentary system, and the establishment of one was only a limited and voluntary decision of Pedro II.

Therefore, the parliamentary system voluntarily established by Emperor Pedro II wasn't identical to the standard of a parliamentary government with a Head of State that reigns but does not govern, given that the Emperor retained part of the control over the daily affairs of his government. Thus, the parliamentary system that was put in place in the reign of Pedro II can be termed a semi-parliamentary Government, and can be compared to the political system of some republics, such as France, that are governed under a semi-presidential system, in which the Head of State has more than just the customary reserve powers, but there is also a prime minister who needs to maintain the confidence of Parliament in order to retain his office.

This co-existence of a Head of State with real powers and influence with a prime minister responsible before Parliament was dubbed by many Brazilian political scientists as ''parlamentarismo às avessas'' (backwards parliamentarism), a criticism corresponding to their view that, in the parliamentary system created by Emperor Pedro II, the Chamber of Deputies was the weaker party, and the survival of the Cabinet depended more on the confidence of the Emperor than in that of Parliament.

Shortcomings in party loyalty, with members of Parliament and groups of members rooting for their own interests and not always abiding by the directives of the party leadership also contributed greatly to short-lived Cabinets. Indeed, it was very common for a Prime Minister to be replaced due to lack of support from his party's backbenchers, causing the Prime Minister to be replaced with somebody else from the same party, during the same Parliament.

During the forty-nine years of Pedro II's personal reign, from 1840 until 1889 there were sixteen parliamentary elections (eleven provoked by the dissolution of Parliament by the Emperor at the Prime Minister's request, with the summoning of new elections, and five others provoked by the expiration of the term of office of the members of the Chamber of Deputies). This means that, on average, each legislature of the Chamber of Deputies had a life span slightly superior to three years. However, in the forty two years between the creation of the office of Prime Minister in 1847 and its abolition in 1889, there were thirty two appointments to the presidency of the council, which means that prime ministerships lasted on average a little more than a year and four months. Certain politicians, however, like the Duke of Caxias, Marquis of Olinda, and Zacarias de Góis e Vasconcelos managed to regain the prime ministership after having lost it. Caxias and Zacarias Góis e Vasconcellos each served three times as President of the council, while Olinda held the office of Prime Minister for a record of four times.

The president of the Council owed his position to both his party's majority in the Legislature (and to his party's willingness to support him in the Chamber) and to the Emperor, and these two sources of authority (parliamentary backing and imperial appointment) could sometimes come into conflict. 19th century abolitionist leader and historian Joaquim Nabuco said:

The shortest prime-ministership was the first of the three periods of Zacarias Góis e Vasconcellos in office, when he occupied the presidency of the council for just a few days in May 1862 before being replaced. The longest continuous prime-ministership corresponded to the period when the Viscount of Rio Branco was in office: he served as President of the council from March 1871 until June 1875. The Viscount of Rio Branco served as Prime Minister only once, however, and his period of service as Prime Minister is surpassed by the total duration of the four non-consecutive premierships of the Marquis of Olinda, making Olinda the longest serving President of the Council if non-consecutive time is considered.

The position of prime minister was abolished with the deposition of the Monarchy in 1889.

List of presidents of the Council of Ministers of the Empire of Brazil

; Parties

The proclamation of the Republic as a coup to remove the Council of Ministers and its President

The events of the proclamation of the Republic on 15 November 1889 started as an unprecedented military coup to remove the Liberal Prime Minister Viscount of Ouro Preto, who had been appointed by the Emperor and who enjoyed the confidence of the Chamber of Deputies. Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca, the senior leader and military figure in the plot, was supportive of the Conservative Party and took part in the coup upon invitation by other officers who wanted to overthrow the Liberal Prime Minister. Initially, Deodoro intended to force a Cabinet change, but not to depose Emperor Pedro II. Several of his co-conspirators, however, were republicans, and later in the day the events of the military coup progressed to the abolition of the monarchy. The decision to establish a republican provisional government was taken when Deodoro (who had already proclaimed "Long Live His Majesty the Emperor" during the public acts of the coup) received, from his republican co-conspirator Benjamin Constant Botelho de Magalhães, the false news that the Emperor intended to appoint Gaspar da Silveira Martins, a declared enemy of Deodoro, as the next Prime Minister.

After the republic was proclaimed, a presidential executive replaced the parliamentary system of government.

Presidents of the Council of Ministers of the United States of Brazil (1961–1963)

After the coup d'état that abolished the monarchy and proclaimed Brazil a republic, the system of parliamentary government was not retained. The new republic instead adopted the model of a presidential executive, except for a brief period (September 7, 1961 to January 23, 1963) during the presidency of João Goulart.

The parliamentary system was adopted in 1961 as a compromise solution to a grave political crisis, and was again abolished, this time by plebiscite, in January 1963.

The official title of the head of the government during that period was Presidente do Conselho de Ministros (''President of the Council of Ministers''), the same official title possessed by the 19th-century prime ministers of the Brazilian Empire. However, the holders of the office were informally addressed and referred to as ''Premier'' or ''Prime Minister''. Often, the expression ''President of the Council'', a simplified version of the official title, was also used.

List of presidents of the Council of Ministers of the United States of Brazil

; Parties

Timeline

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from: 1847 till: 1848 color:libe text:" Manuel Alves Branco"
bar:Macae
from: 1848 till: 1848 color:libe text:" José Carlos Pereira de Almeida Torres (Viscount of Macaé)"
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from: 1848 till: 1848 color:libe text:"Francisco de Paula Sousa e Melo"
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from: 1848 till: 1849 color:cons
from: 1857 till: 1858 color:cons
from: 1862 till: 1864 color:prog
from: 1865 till: 1866 color:libe text:" Pedro de Araújo Lima (Viscount, later Marquis of Olinda)"
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from: 1849 till: 1852 color:cons text:" José da Costa Carvalho (viscount of Monte Alegre)"
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from: 1852 till: 1853 color:cons text:"
from: 1868 till: 1870 color:cons text:" Joaquim José Rodrigues Torres (later Viscount of Itaboraí)"
bar:Parana
from: 1853 till: 1856 color:cons text:" Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão (Marquis of Paraná)"
bar:Caxias
from: 1856 till: 1857 color:cons
from: 1861 till: 1862 color:cons
from: 1875 till: 1878 color:cons text:" Luís Alves de Lima e Silva (Marquis, later Duke of Caxias)"
bar:Abaete
from: 1858 till: 1859 color:cons text:" Antônio Paulino Limpo de Abreu (Viscount of Abaeté)"
bar:Uruguaiana
from: 1859 till: 1861 color:cons text:" Ângelo Moniz da Silva Ferraz (Baron of Uruguaiana)"
bar:Gois
from: 1862 till: 1862 color:prog
from: 1864 till: 1864 color:prog
from: 1866 till: 1868 color:libe text:" Zacarias de Góis"
bar:Furtado
from: 1864 till: 1865 color:libe text:" Francisco José Furtado"
bar:SaoVicente
from: 1870 till: 1871 color:cons text:" José Antônio Pimenta Bueno (Viscount of São Vicente)"
bar:RioBranco
from: 1871 till: 1875 color:cons text:" José Maria da Silva Paranhos (Viscount of Rio Branco)"
bar:Sinimbu
from: 1878 till: 1880 color:libe text:" João Lins Vieira Cansanção de Sinimbu"
bar:Saraiva
from: 1880 till: 1882 color:libe
from: 1885 till: 1885 color:libe text:"José Antônio Saraiva"
bar:SilvaCampos
from: 1882 till: 1882 color:libe text:" Martinho Álvares da Silva Campos"
bar:Paranagua
from: 1882 till: 1883 color:libe text:" João Lustosa da Cunha Paranaguá (Viscount of Paranaguá)"
bar:Pereira
from: 1883 till: 1884 color:libe text:" Lafayette Rodrigues Pereira"
bar:Dantas
from: 1884 till: 1885 color:libe text:" Manuel Pinto de Sousa Dantas"
bar:Cotegipe
from: 1885 till: 1888 color:cons text:" João Maurício Wanderley (Baron of Cotejipe)"
bar:Oliveira
from: 1888 till: 1889 color:cons text:" João Alfredo Correia de Oliveira"
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from: 1889 till: 1889 color:libe text:" Afonso Celso de Assis Figueiredo (Viscount of Ouro Preto)"

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from:12/07/1962 till:18/09/1962 color:psd text:" Brochado da Rocha"
bar:Hermes
from:18/09/1962 till:23/01/1963 color:ptb text:"Hermes Lima"

See also

*List of Brazilian monarchs
*List of governors-general of Brazil
*List of presidents of Brazil
*President of Brazil

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prime Minister of Brazil, *
Prime Ministers of Brazil
Political history of Brazil
Empire of Brazil politicians
1847 establishments in Brazil
1889 disestablishments in Brazil
1961 establishments in Brazil
1963 disestablishments in Brazil